Glycine and GABA receptors in the mammalian retina

Vision Research

Volumn 38, Issue 10, 1998, Pages 1411-1430

  Wässle, Heinz ^a   Koulen, Peter ^a   Brandstätter, Johann Helmut ^a   Fletcher, Erica L ^a   Becker, Cord Michael ^b  

^a MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR BRAIN RESEARCH   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ERLANGEN NUREMBERG   (Germany)

Author keywords

Bipolar cells; Directional selectivity; GABA(A) receptors; Ganglion cell; Glycine receptors; Oscillator mutant mouse; Rabbit retina; Synaptic clustering GABA(C) receptors

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; 4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID RECEPTOR; GLYCINE; GLYCINE RECEPTOR; LUCIFER YELLOW; NEUROTRANSMITTER RECEPTOR; RECEPTOR SUBUNIT;

ANIMAL CELL; ANIMAL TISSUE; CONFERENCE PAPER; DENDRITE; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY; IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE; MOUSE; NERVE FIBER; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RABBIT; RECEPTOR UPREGULATION; RETINA; RETINA AMACRINE CELL; RETINA BIPOLAR GANGLION CELL; RETINA CONE; RETINA ROD; SYNAPSE;

ANIMALS; AXONS; DENDRITES; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; MICE; MICE, MUTANT STRAINS; MUTATION; RABBITS; RATS; RECEPTORS, GABA; RECEPTORS, GLYCINE; RETINA;

EID: 0032078355     PISSN: 00426989     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0042-6989(97)00300-3     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (170)

1. Yazulla S GABAergic mechanisms in the retina. Prog Retinal Res. 5:1986;1-52.
2. Massey SC, Redburn DA Transmitter circuits in the vertebrate retina. Prog Neurobiol. 28:1987;55-96.
3. Marc RE The role of glycine in the mammalian retina. Prog Retinal Res. 8:1989;67-107.
4. Pourcho RG, Goebel DJ. Autoradiographic and immunocytochemical studies of glycine-containing neurons in the retina. In: Ottersen OP, Storm-Mathisen, J, editors. Glycine Neurotransmission. Chichester: Wiley, 1990:355-389.
5. Vaney DI The mosaic of amacrine cells in the mammalian retina. Prog Retinal Res. 9:1990;49-100.
6. Wässle H, Boycott BB Functional architecture of the mammalian retina. Physiol Rev. 71:1991;447-480.
7. Freed MA GABAergic circuits in the mammalian retina. Prog Brain Res. 90:1992;107-131.
8. 3H]-glycine-accumulating amacrine cells in the cat retina. J Comp Neurol. 233:1985;473-480.
9. 3H]-glycine-accumulating cone bipolar cells in the cat retina. J Neurosci. 7:1987;1178-1188.
10. Wässle H, Schäfer-Trenkler I, Voigt T Analysis of a glycinergic inhibitory pathway in the cat retina. J Neurosci. 6:1986;594-604.
11. Pow DV, Wright LL, Vaney DI The immunocytochemical detection of amino acid neurotransmitters in paraformaldehyde-fixed tissues. J Neurosci Methods. 56:1995;115-123.
12. Famiglietti EV, Kolb H A bistratified amacrine cell and synaptic circuitry in the inner plexiform layer of the retina. Brain Res. 84:1975;293-300.
13. Sterling P Microcircuitry of the cat retina. Annu Rev Neurosci. 6:1983;149-185.
14. Strettoi E, Raviola E, Dacheux RF Synaptic connections of the narrow-field, bistratified rod amacrine cell (AII) in the rabbit retina. J Comp Neurol. 325:1992;152-168.
15. Boos R, Schneider H, Wässle H Voltage- and transmitter-gated currents of AII-amacrine cells in a slice preparation of the rat retina. J Neurosci. 13:1993;2874-2888.
16. Koontz MA, Hendrickson LE, Brace ST, Hendrickson AE Immunocytochemical localization of GABA and glycine in amacrine and displaced amacrine cells of macaque monkey retina. Vis Res. 33:1993;2617-2628.
17. Vardi N, Kaufman DL, Sterling P Horizontal cells in cat and monkey retina express different isoforms of glutamic-acid decarboxylase. Vis Neurosci. 11:1994;135-142.
18. Vardi N, Auerbach P Specific cell types in cat retina express different forms of glutamic acid decarboxylase. J Comp Neurol. 351:1995;374-384.
19. 3H)muscimol: a combined Golgi and autoradiographic study. J Comp Neurol. 219:1983;25-35.
20. Langosch D, Becker D-M, Betz H The inhibitory glycine receptor: a ligand-gated chloride channel of the central nervous system. Eur J Biochem. 194:1990;1-8.
21. Betz H Glycine receptors: heterogeneous and widespread in the mammalian brain. Trends Neurosci. 14:1991;458-461.
22. Becker C-M Glycine receptors: molecular heterogeneity and implications for disease. The Neuroscientist. 1:1995;130-141.
23. Pfeiffer F, Graham D, Betz H Purification by affinity chromatography of the glycine receptor of rat spinal cord. J Biol Chem. 257:1982;9389-9393.
24. Graham D, Pfeiffer F, Simler R, Betz H Purification and characterization of the glycine receptor of pig spinal cord. Biochemistry. 24:1985;990-994.
25. Grenningloh G, Rienitz A, Schmitt B et al. The strychnine-binding subunit of the glycine receptor shows homology with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Nature. 328:1987;215-220.
26. Grenningloh G, Pribilla I, Prior P et al. Cloning and expression of the 58 kDa β subunit of the inhibitory glycine receptor. Neuron. 4:1990;963-970.
27. Grenningloh G, Schmieden V, Schofield PR et al. Alpha subunit variants of the human glycine receptor: primary structures, functional expression and chromosomal localization of the corresponding gene. EMBO J. 9:1990;771-776.
28. Kuhse J, Schmieden V, Betz H A single amino acid exchange alters the pharmacology of neonatal rat glycine receptor subunit. Neuron. 5:1990;867-873.
29. Kuhse J, Schmieden V, Betz H Identification and functional expression of a novel ligand binding subunit of the inhibitory glycine receptor. J Biol Chem. 265:1990;22317-22320.
30. Becker C-M, Hoch W, Betz H Glycine receptor heterogeneity in rat spinal cord during postnatal development. EMBO J. 7:1988;3717-3726.
31. Hoch W, Betz H, Becker C-M Primary cultures of mouse spinal cord express the neonatal isoform of the inhibitory glycine receptor. Neuron. 3:1989;339-348.
32. Malosio M-L, Marquèze-Pouey B, Kuhse J, Betz H Widespread expression of glycine receptor subunit mRNAs in the adult and developing rat brain. EMBO J. 10:1991;2401-2409.
33. Bormann J, Rundström N, Betz H, Langosch D Residues within transmembrane segment M2 determine chloride conductance of glycine receptor homo- and hetero-oligomers. EMBO J. 12:1993;3729-3737.
34. Bormann J, Hamill OP, Sakmann B Mechanism of anion permeation through channels gated by glycine and γ-aminobutyric acid in mouse cultured spinal neurones. J Physiol. 385:1987;243-286.
35. A receptor channels. Annu Rev Neurosci. 17:1994;569-602.
36. Sieghart W Structure and pharmacology of gamma-aminobutyric acid(A) receptor subtypes. Pharmacol Rev. 47:1995;181-234.
37. B receptors uncovers similarity to metabotropic glutamate receptors. Nature. 386:1997;239-246.
38. B receptors and their significance in mammalian pharmacology. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 10:1989;401-407.
39. C receptors. Trends Neurosci. 12:1995;515-521.
40. C receptor: relatively simple transmitter-gated ion channels? Trends Pharmacol Sci. 17:1996;319-323.
41. B receptors in the vertebrate retina. Prog Brain Res. 90:1992;47-60.
42. A receptor family: Molecular and functional diversity. Cold Spring Habor Symp Quant Biol. 55:1990;29-40.
43. A receptors studied with subunit-specific antibodies. Mol Neurobiol. 12:1996;55-71.
44. A-receptor subtypes really occur in the brain? Trends Neurosci. 19:1996;139-143.
45. A receptor subunit mRNAs in the rat brain. II. Olfactory bulb and cerebellum. J Neurosci. 12:1992;1063-1076.
46. A receptor subunit mRNAs in the rat brain. I. Telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon. J Neurosci. 12:1992;1040-1062.
47. A receptor subunit mRNAs in monkey visual cortex. J Neurosci. 14:1994;2236-2259.
48. A-receptor in rat brain. J Recept Res. 11:1991;407-424.
49. A receptor subtypes containing the δ-subunit in rat brain. FEBS Lett. 283:1991;145-149.
50. Fritschy JM, Benke D, Mertens S, Oertel WH, Bachi T, Möhler H Five subtypes of type A γ-aminobutyric acid receptors in neurons by double and triple immunofluorescence staining with subunit-specific antibodies. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 89:1992;6726-6730.
51. A-receptor heterogeneity in the adult rat brain differential regional and cellular distribution of seven major subunits. J Comp Neurol. 359:1995;154-194.
52. Polenzani L, Woodward RM, Miledi R Expression of mammalian γ-aminobutyric acid receptors with distinct pharmacology in Xenopus oocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 84:1991;4318-4322.
53. C receptors in the vertebrate retina. Mol Neurobiol. 12:1996;181-194.
54. Cutting GR, Lu L, O'Hara BF, Kasch LM et al. Cloning of γ-aminobutyric (GABA) ρ1 cDNA: A GABA receptor subunit highly expressed in the retina. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 88:1991;2673-2677.
55. Cutting RR, Curristin S, Zoghbi H, O'Hara BF, Selding MF, Uhl GR Identification of a putative γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor subunit rho2 cDNA and colocalization of the genes encoding rho2 (GABRR2) and rho1 (GABRR1) to human chromosome 6q14-q21 and mouse chromosome 4. Genomics. 12:1992;801-806.
56. Albrecht BE, Darlison MG Localization of the ρ1- and ρ2-subunit messenger RNAs in chick retina by in situ hybridization predicts the existence of γ-aminobutyric acid type C receptor subtypes. Neurosci Lett. 189:1995;155-158.
57. Enz R, Brandstätter JH, Hartveit E, Wässle H, Bormann J Expression of GABA receptor ρ1 and ρ2 subunits in the retina and brain of the rat. Eur J Neurosci. 7:1995;1495-1501.
58. A receptor ρ2-subunit cDNA. J Neurochem. 65:1995;964-968.
59. Zhang D, Pan Z-H, Zhang X, Brideau AD, Lipton SA Cloning of a γ-aminobutyric acid type C receptor subunit in rat retina with a methionine residue critical for picrotoxinin channel block. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 92:1995;11756-11760.
60. Zhang D, Pan Z-H, Brideau AD, Lipton SA GABA ρ subunits in rat retina: structure and function. Soc Neurosci Abstr. 21:1995;1035.
61. Ogurusu T, Shingai R Cloning of a putative γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor subunit ρ3 cDNA. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1305:1996;15-18.
62. Schröder S, Hoch W, Becker C-M, Grenningloh G, Betz H Mapping of antigenic epitopes on the α1 subunit of the inhibitory glycine receptor. Biochem Abstr. 30:1991;4247A.
63. Kirsch J, Betz H Widespread expression of gephyrin, a putative glycine receptor-tubulin linker protein, in rat brain. Brain Res. 621:1993;301-310.
64. A receptors: drug binding profile and distribution of receptors containing the α2-subunit in situ. J Recept Res. 13:1993;467-477.
65. A receptor subtypes: differential association of the α1- and α3-subunits with serotonergic and GABAergic neurons. Neuroscience. 54:1993;881-892.
66. A-receptor subtypes differing in the β-subunit isoform. J Biol Chem. 269:1994;27100-27107.
67. A receptors and benzodiazepine receptors in the brain shown by monoclonal antibodies. Nature. 314:1985;168-171.
68. A receptor subtypes differentiated by their γ-subunit variants: Prevalence, pharmacology and subunit architecture. Neuropharmacology. 35:1996;1413-1423.
69. C receptor ρ subunits in the mammalian retina. J Neurosci. 16:1996;4479-4490.
70. Sassoè-Pognetto M, Wässle H, Grünert U Glycinergic synapses in the rod pathway of the rat retina: cone bipolar cells express the α1 subunit of the glycine receptor. J Neurosci. 14:1994;5131-5146.
71. Euler T, Wässle H Immunocytochemical identification of cone bipolar cells in the rat retina. J Comp Neurol. 361:1995;461-478.
72. Grünert U, Wässle H Glycine receptors in the rod pathway of the macaque monkey retina. Vis Neurosci. 13:1996;101-115.
73. Buckwalter MS, Cook SA, Davisson MT, White WF, Camper S A frameshift mutation in the mouse α1 glycine receptor gene (Glra1) results in progressive neurological symptoms and juvenile death. Hum Mol Genet. 3:1994;2025-2030.
74. Grünert U, Wässle H Immunocytochemical localization of glycine receptors in the mammalian retina. J Comp Neurol. 335:1993;523-537.
75. A receptor subunits have differential distributions in the rat retina: in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. J Comp Neurol. 353:1995;553-571.
76. A receptor subunits in the rat retina. J Comp Neurol. 357:1995;1-14.
77. Hsu SM, Raine L, Fanger H Use of avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (ABC) in immunoperoxidase techniques: a comparison between ABC and unlabeled antibody (PAP) procedures. J Histochem Cytochem. 29:1981;577-580.
78. A receptors in the rabbit retina. Cell Tissue Res. 276:1994;295-307.
79. Enz R, Bormann J Expression of glycine receptor subunits and gephyrin in single bipolar cells of the rat retina. Vis Neurosci. 12:1995;501-507.
80. Pfeiffer F, Simler R, Grenningloh G, Betz H Monoclonal antibodies and peptide mapping reveal structural similarities between the subunits of the glycine receptor of rat spinal cord. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 81:1984;7224-7227.
81. Schmitt B, Knaus P, Becker C-M, Betz H The Mr 93 000 polypeptide of the postsynaptic glycine receptor complex is a peripheral membrane protein. Biochemistry. 26:1987;805-811.
82. Marc RE. Interplexiform cell connectivity in the outer retina. In: Djamgoz MBA, Archer SN, Vallerga S, editors. Neurobiology and Clinical Aspects of the Outer Retina. London: Chapman and Hall, 1995:369-393.
83. Peichl L Morphological types of ganglion cells in the dog and wolf retina. J Comp Neurol. 324:1992;590-602.
84. A and glycine receptors in the mammalian retina. J Neurosci. 16:1996;2127-2140.
85. Milam AH, Dacey DM, Dizhoor AM Recoverin immunoreactivity in mammalian cone bipolar cells. Vis Neurosci. 10:1993;1-12.
86. Chun M-H, Han S-H, Chung J-W, Wässle H Electron microscopic analysis of the rod pathway of the rat retina. J Comp Neurol. 332:1993;421-432.
87. spd-ot) produces a complete loss of glycine receptor α1-polypeptide in mouse central nervous system. Neuroscience. 78:1997;411-417.
88. Pinto LH, Grünert U, Studholme K, Yazulla S, Kirsch J, Becker CM Glycine receptors in the retinas of normal and spastic mutant mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 35:1994;3633-3639.
89. Mülhardt C, Fischer M, Gass P, Simon-Chazottes D et al. The spastic mouse: aberrant splicing of glycine receptor β subunit mRNA caused by intronic insertion of L1 element. Neuron. 13:1994;1003-1015.
90. A/benzodiazepine receptors: cellular and subcellular localization in the CNS with monoclonal antibodies. J Neurosci. 7:1987;1866-1886.
91. Mariani AP, Cosenza-Murphy D, Barker JL GABAergic synapses and benzodiazepine receptors are not identically distributed in the primate retina. Brain Res. 415:1987;153-157.
92. A receptors in the retina of the new world primate Saimiri sciureus. Vis Neurosci. 2:1989;565-581.
93. A receptors in the retina of the cat: an immunohistochemical study of wholemounts, sections and dissociated cells. Vis Neurosci. 6:1991;229-238.
94. A receptor subunit immunoreactivities in the rabbit retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci Suppl. 32:1991;1189.
95. A receptor in the outer plexiform layer of the cat retina. J Comp Neurol. 320:1992;394-397.
96. A receptors in the rat retina. Vis Neurosci. 10:1993;551-561.
97. A receptors. Vis Res. 33:1993;1-14.
98. A receptor in the scotopic pathway of the cat retina. Cell Tissue Res. 274:1993;267-277.
99. A receptor on bipolar cells in macaque and human retina. Vis Res. 34:1994;1235-1246.
100. A receptors in the vertebrate retina. Prog Brain Res. 90:1992;3-28.
101. A receptors in retinal neurons. Prog Brain Res. 90:1992;29-45.
102. Djamgoz MBA Diversity of GABA receptors in the vertebrate outer retina. Trends Neurosci. 18:1995;118-120.
103. A receptor β-subunits in the rat retina. Vis Neurosci. 11:1994;379-387.
104. C receptor ρ1 subunit expression in single rat retinal bipolar cells. Vis Neurosci. 13:1996;283-292.
105. A receptors with the directionally selective circuitry of the rat retina. Vis Neurosci. 12:1995;345-358.
106. A-receptor. Neurosci Lett. 163:1993;71-73.
107. Voigt T Cholinergic amacrine cells in the rat retina. J Comp Neurol. 248:1986;19-35.
108. Masland RH Amacrine cells. Trends Neurosci. 11:1988;405-410.
109. A receptors from rat brain and retina. Neuropharmacology. 35:1996;1315-1322.
110. Gutiérrez A, Khan ZU, De Blas A Immunocytochemical localization of the α6 subunit of the γ-aminobutyric acid A receptor in the rat nervous system. J Comp Neurol. 365:1996;504-510.
111. C receptor ρ subunits in the rat retina. Eur J Neurosci. 10:1998;115-127.
112. C receptor ρ subunits in the cat, goldfish and chicken retina. J Comp Neurol. 380:1997;520-532.
113. Young HM, Vaney DI Rod-signal interneurons in the rabbit retina: 1. Rod bipolar cells. J Comp Neurol. 310:1991;139-153.
114. Karschin A, Wässle H Voltage- and transmitter-gated currents in isolated rod bipolar cells of rat retina. J Neurophysiol. 63:1990;860-876.
115. Suzuki S, Tachibana M, Kaneko A Effects of glycine and GABA on isolated bipolar cells of the mouse retina. J Physiol. 421:1990;645-662.
116. Yeh HH, Lee MB, Cheun JE Properties of GABA-activated whole-cell currents in bipolar cells of the rat retina. Vis Neurosci. 4:1990;349-357.
117. Feigenspan A, Bormann J Facilitation of GABAergic signaling in the retina by receptors stimulating adenylate cyclase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 91:1994;10893-10897.
118. Gillette MA, Dacheux RF GABA- and glycine-activated currents in the rod bipolar cell of the rabbit retina. J Neurophysiol. 74:1995;856-875.
119. Froehner SC Regulation of ion channel distribution at synapses. Annu Rev Neurosci. 16:1993;347-368.
120. Craig AM, Blackstone CD, Huganir RL, Banker G Selective cluttering of glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid receptors opposite terminals releasing the corresponding neurotransmitters. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 91:1994;12373-12377.
121. Craig AM, Banker G, Chang W, McGrath ME, Serpinskaya AS. Clustering of gephyrin at GABAergic but not glutamatergic synapses in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. J Neurosci 1996;16:3166-3177.
122. Ehlers MD, Tingley WG, Huganir RL Regulated subcellular distribution of the NR1 subunit of the NMDA receptor. Science. 269:1995;1734-1737.
123. Ehlers MD, Mammen AL, Lau L-F, Huganir RL Synaptic targeting of glutamate receptors. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 8:1996;484-489.
124. Kirsch J, Kröger S Postsynaptic anchoring of receptors: a cellular approach to neuronal and muscular sensitivity. The Neuroscientist. 2:1996;100-108.
125. Kistner U, Wenzel UB, Veh RW et al. SAP90, a rat presynaptic protein related to the product of the Drosophila tumor suppresser gene dlg-A. J Biol Chem. 268:1993;4580-4583.
126. Kornau H-C, Schenker LT, Kennedy MB, Seeburg PH Domain interaction between NMDA receptor subunits and the postsynaptic density protein PSD-95. Science. 269:1995;1737-1740.
127. Cases-Langhoff C, Voss B, Garner AM et al. Piccolo, a novel 420 kDa protein associated with the presynaptic cytomatrix. Eur J Cell Biol. 69:1996;214-223.
128. DeChiara TM, Bowen DC, Valenzuela DM et al. The receptor tyrosine kinase MuSK is required for neuromuscular junction formation in vivo. Cell. 85:1996;501-512.
129. Glass DJ, Bowen DC, Stitt TN et al. Agrin acts via a MuSK receptor complex. Cell. 85:1996;513-523.
130. Müller BM, Kistner U, Kindler S et al. SAP102, a novel postsynaptic protein that interacts with NMDA receptor complexes in vivo. Neuron. 17:1996;255-265.
131. Fletscher TL, Cameron P, Decamilli P, Banker G The distribution of synapsin-I and synaptophysin in hippocampal neurons developing in culture. J Neurosci. 11:1991;1617-1626.
132. Craig AM, Blackstone CD, Huganir RL, Banker G The distribution of glutamate receptors in cultured rat hippocampal neurons: postsynaptic clustering of AMPA-selective subunits. Neuron. 10:1993;1055-1068.
133. A receptors and the anchoring protein gephyrin. J Comp Neurol. 381:1997;158-174.
134. Grünert U Anatomical evidence for rod input to the parvocellular pathway in the visual system of the primate. Eur J Neurosci. 9:1997;617-621.
135. Stone C, Pinto LH Receptive-field organization of retinal ganglion cells in the spastic mutant mouse. J Physiol. 456:1992;125-142.
136. Brecha NC, Oyster CW, Takahashi ES Identification and characterization of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive amacrine cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 25:1984;66-70.
137. Brecha NC, Johnson D, Peichl L, Wässle H Cholinergic amacrine cells of the rabbit retina contain glutamate decarboxylase and gamma-aminobutyrate immunoreactivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 85:1988;6187-6191.
138. Kosaka T, Tauchi M, Dahl JL Cholinergic neurons containing GABA-like and/or glutamic acid decarboxylase-like immunoreactivities in various brain regions of the rat. Exp Brain Res. 70:1988;605-617.
139. Vaney DI, Young HM GABA-like immunoreactivity in cholinergic amacrine cells of the rabbit retina. Brain Res. 438:1988;369-373.
140. A receptor function in bipolar cells and ganglion cells of the rat retina. J Neurophysiol. 67:1992;791-797.
141. A receptors function through cyclic AMP. Vis Neurosci. 11:1994;899-908.
142. A currents in rabbit retinal rod bipolar cells. J Neurophysiol. 76:1996;3070-3086.
143. Wyatt HJ, Daw NW Specific effects of neurotransmitter antagonists on ganglion cells in rabbit retina. Science. 191:1976;204-205.
144. Ariel M, Daw NW Pharmacological analysis of directionally sensitive rabbit retinal ganglion cells. J Physiol. 324:1982;161-185.
145. Borst A, Egelhaaf M Principles of visual motion detection. Trends Neurosci. 12:1989;297-306.
146. Grzywacz NM, Koch C Functional properties of models for direction selectivity in the retina. Synapse. 1:1987;417-434.
147. Amthor FR, Grzywacz NM Nonlinearity of the inhibition underlying retinal directional selectivity. Vis Neurosci. 6:1991;197-206.
148. Amthor FR, Grzywacz NM Inhibition in ON-OFF directionally selective ganglion cells of the rabbit retina. J Neurophysiol. 69:1993;2174-2187.
149. A receptor gating kinetics on the α-subunit isoform: implications for structure-function relations and synaptic transmission. J Physiol. 489(2):1995;529-543.
150. Euler T, Schneider H, Wässle H Glutamate responses of bipolar cells in a slice preparation of the rat retina. J Neurosci. 16:1996;2934-2944.
151. Qian H, Dowling JE Novel GABA responses from rod-driven retinal horizontal cells. Nature. 361:1993;162-164.
152. Lukasiewicz PD, Maple BR, Werblin FS A novel GABA receptor on bipolar cell terminals in the tiger salamander retina. J Neurosci. 14:1994;1202-1212.
153. Matthews G, Ayoub GS, Heidelberger R Presynaptic inhibition by GABA is mediated via two distinct GABA receptors with novel pharmacology. J Neurosci. 14:1994;1079-1090.
154. C receptors on hybrid bass retinal bipolar cells. J Neurophysiol. 74:1995;1920-1928.
155. C receptors in the amphibian retina. J Neurophysiol. 74:1995;1583-1592.
156. Blanco R, Vaquero CF, de la Villa P The effects of GABA and glycine on horizontal cells of the rabbit retina. Vis Res. 24:1996;3987-3995.
157. Chun M-H, Wässle H GABA-like immunoreactivity in the cat retina: electron microscopy. J Comp Neurol. 279:1989;55-67.
158. Schwartz EA Calcium-independent release of GABA from isolated cells of the toad retina. J Physiol. 323:1982;211-228.
159. Yazulla S Stimulation of GABA release from retinal horizontal cells by potassium and acidic amino acid agonists. Brain Res. 275:1983;61-74.
160. Ayoub GS, Lam DMK The release of γ-aminobutyric acid from horizontal cells of the goldfish (Carassius auratus) retina. J Physiol. 355:1984;191-214.
161. Schwartz EA Depolarization without calcium can release γ-aminobutyric acid from a retinal neuron. Science. 238:1987;350-355.
162. Yazulla S. Neurotransmitter release from horizontal cells. In: Djamgoz MBA, Archer SN, Vallerga S, editors. Neurobiology and Clinical Aspects of the Outer Retina. London: Chapman and Hall, 1995;249-271.
163. A receptors in goldfish and chicken retina. J Comp Neurol. 280:1989;15-26.
164. Kaneko A, Tachibana M Effects of γ-aminobutyric acid on isolated cone photoreceptors of the turtle retina. J Physiol. 373:1986;443-461.
165. Verweij J, Kamermans M, Spekreijse H Horizontal cells feed back to cones by shifting the cone calcium-current activation range. Vis Res. 36:1996;3943-3953.
166. A agonists. Vis Neurosci. 12:1995;641-650.
167. Kamermans M, Werblin F GABA-mediated positive autofeedback loop controls horizontal cell kinetics in tiger salamander retina. J Neurosci. 12:1992;2451-2463.
168. Qian H, Dowling JE Pharmacology of novel GABA receptors found on rod horizontal cells of the white perch retina. J Neurosci. 14:1994;4299-4307.
169. C-like receptors on cat fish cone- but not rod-driven horizontal cells. J Neurosci. 14:1994;2648-2658.
170. - channels in rat retinal bipolar cells. Nature. 361:1993;159-162.