Approaches and considerations in determining the protein and amino acid composition of term and preterm infant formula

International Dairy Journal

Volumn 8, Issue 5-6, 1998, Pages 405-412

  Benson, J ^a   Neylan, M ^a   Masor, M ^a   Paule, C ^a   O'Connor, D ^a  

^a ABBOTT LABORATORIES   (United States)

Author keywords

Amino acids; Infant formula; Infants; Protein

Indexed keywords

AMINO ACID ANALYSIS; ARTIFICIAL MILK; MILK; PROTEIN ANALYSIS;

EID: 0032076412     PISSN: 09586946     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0958-6946(98)00063-6     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (41)

1. Camerer, W. (1902) Die Chomlsche Zusammengetzung des Naugeborenen. Zeitschrift Für Biologie 39, 173-192.
2. Committee on Nutrition, American Academy of Pediatrics (1993) Pediatric Nutrition Handbook. American Academy of Pediatrics, Elk Grove Village, IL.
3. Conroy, M. M. and Williams H. (1981) Growth of preterm infants fed either their own mother's milk (MHM) or experimental formula (EF), abstracted. Pediatric Research 15, 529.
4. Cooke, R. J., Watson, D., Werkman, S. and Connor, C. (1992) Effects of type of dietary protein on acid-base status, protein nutritional status, plasma levels of amino acids, and nutrient balance in the very low birth weight infant. The Journal of Pediatrics 121, 444-451.
5. Darling, P., Lepage, G., Tremblay, P., Collet, S., Kien, L. C. and Roy, C. C. (1985) Protein quality and quantity in preterm infants receiving the same energy intake. American Journal of Diseases of Children 139, 186-190.
6. Fairey, A. K., Butte, N. F., Mehta, N., Thotathuchery, M., Schanler, R. J. and Heird, W. C. (1997) Nutrient accretion in preterm infants fed formula with different protein energy ratios. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 25, 37-45.
7. Fee, B. A. and Weil, W. B. Jr. (1963) Body composition of infants of diabetic mothers by direct analysis. Annals of New York Academ of Sciences 110, 869-897.
8. Fernstrom, J. D. and Wurtman, R. J. (1971) Brain serotonin content: physiological dependence on plasma tryptophan levels. Science 173, 149-151.
9. Guall, G. E. Rassin, D. K. Raiha, N. C. R. and Heinonen, K. (1977) Milk protein quantity and quality in low-birth-weight infants. III. Effects on sulfur amino acids in plasma and urine. Journal of Pediatrics 90, 348-355.
10. Heine, W. E., Klein, P. D. and Reeds, P. J. (1991) The importance of α-lactalbumin in infant nutrition. The Journal of Nutrition 181, 277-283.
11. Heird, W. C., Dell, R. B., Helms, R. A., Greene, H. L., Ament, M. E., Karna, P. and Storm, M. C. (1987) Amino acid mixture designated to maintain normal plasma amino acid patterns in infants and children requiring parenteral nutrition. Pediatrics 80, 401-408.
12. Heird, W. C. (1990) Protein and energy of low-birth-weight infants. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 9(5), (Abstract) 72.
13. Iob, V. and Swanson, W. W. (1934) Mineral growth of the human fetus. American Journal of Diseases of Children 47, 302-306.
14. Kashyap, S., Forsyth, M., Zucker, C., Ramakrishnan, R. Dell, R. B. and Heird, W. C. (1986) Effects of varying protein and energy intakes on growth and metabolic response in low birth weight infants. The Journal of Pediatrics 108, 955-963.
15. Kashyap, S., Schulze, K. F., Forsyth, M., Zucker, C., Dell, R. B., Ramakrishnan, R. and Heird, W. C. (1988) Growth, nutrient retention, and metabolic response in low birth weight infants fed varying intakes of protein and energy. The Journal of Pediatrics 113, 713-721.
16. Kunz, C. and Lönnerdal, B. (1992) Re-evaluation of the whey protein/casein ratio of human milk. Acta Paediatrica 81, 107-112.
17. Lucas, A., Morley, R., Cole, T. J., Gore, S. M., Lucas, P. J., Crowle, P., Pearse, R., Boon, A. J. and Powell, R. (1990) Early diet in preterm babies and development status at 18 months. Lancet 335, 1477-1481.
18. Munro, H. N. (1972) Amino acid requirements and metabolism and their relevance to parenteral nutrition. In Parenteral Nutrition, ed. A. W. Wilkinson. Churchill Livingstone, London, pp. 34-67.
19. National Research Council (1989) Recommended Dietary Allowances, 10th edn. National Academy Press, Washington DC.
20. Neu J., Roig, J. C., Meetze W. H., Veerman, M. Carter, C., Millsaps, M., Bowling, D., Dallas, M. J., Sleasman, J., Knight, T. and Auestad, N. (1997) Enteral glutamine supplementation for very low birth weight infants decreases morbidity. The Journal of Pediatrics 131, 691-699.
21. O'Connor, D. L., Masor, M. L., Paule, C. and Benson, J. (1997) Amino acid composition of cow's milk and human requirements. In Milk Composition, Production and Biotechnology, ed. Welch. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 203-213.
22. O'Tuama, L. A., Phillips, P. C., Smith, Q. R., Uno, Y., Dannals, R. F, Wilson, A. A., Ravert, H. T., Loats, S., Loats, H. A. and Wagner, H. N. (1991) L-methionine uptake by human cerebral cortex: maturation from infancy to old age. The Journal of Nuclear Medicine 32, 16-22.
23. Pardridge, W. M. (1983) Brain metabolism: a perspective from the blood-brain barrier. Physiological Reviews 63, 1481-1535.
24. Raiha, N. C. R., Heinonen, K., Rassin, K. D., and Gaull, G. E. (1976) Milk protein quantity and quality in low-birthweight infant: I. Metabolic responses and effects on growth. Pediatrics 57, 659-674.
25. Rassin, D. K. (1994) Essential and non-essential amino acids in neonatal nutrition. In Protein Metabolism During Infancy, ed. N. C. R. Räihö. Raven Press Ltd, New York, pp. 183-192.
26. Ross Laboratories. (1995) Composition of Feedings for Infants and Young Children at Home. Ross Laboratories, Columbus, OH.
27. Rudloff, S. and Kunz, C. (1997) Protein and nonprotein nitrogen components in human milk, bovine milk and infant formula: Quantitative and Qualitative Aspects in Infant Nutrition. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 24, 328-344.
28. Ryan, A. S. (1997) The resurgence of breastfeeding in the United States. Pediatrics 99, 1-5.
29. Sinclair, J. C., Driscoll, J. M Jr. and Heird, W. C. (1970) Supportive management of the sick neonate: Parenteral calories, water, and electrolytes. Pediatric Clinics of North America 17, 863-893.
30. Steinberg, L. A., O'Connell, N. C., Hatch, T. F., Picciano, M. F. and Birch, L. L. (1992) Tryptophan intake influences infants' sleep latency. The Journal of Nutrition 122, 1781-1791.
31. Smith, Q. R. (1991) The blood-brain barrier and the regulation of amino acid uptake and availability to brain. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 291, 55-71.
32. Smith, Q. R., Momma, S., Aoyagi, M., and Rapoport, S. I. (1987) Kinetics of neutral amino acid transport across the blood-brain barrier. Journal of Neurochemistry 49, 1651-1658.
33. Tyson, J. E., Lasky, R. E., Mize, C. E. et al. (1983) Growth, metabolic response, and development in very-low-birth-weight infants fed banked human milk or enriched formula: I. Neonatal findings. Journal of Pediatrics 103, 95-104.
34. Usher, R. and McLean, F. (1969) Intrauterine growth of live-born Caucasian infants at seal level: Standars obtained from measurements in 7 dimensions of infants born between 25 and 44 weeks of gestation. Journal of Pediatrics 74, 901-910.
35. Viña, J., Vento, M., Garcia-Sala, F. et al. (1995) L-cysteine and glutathione metabolism are impaired in premature infants due to cystathionase deficiency. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 61(5), 1067-1069.
36. Widdowson, E. M. (1974) Changes in body proportions and composition during growth. In Scientific Foundations of Pediatrics, eds J. A. David and J. Dobbing. WB Saunders Co., Philadelphia, pp. 153-163.
37. Widdowson, E. M. (1982) Importance of nutrition in development, with special reference to feeding low-birth-weight infants. In Proceedings of the Second Ross Clinical Research Conference: Meeting Nutritional Goals for Low-Birth-Weight Infants. Ross Laboratories, Columbus, OH, pp. 4-11.
38. Widdowson, E. M. and Spray, C. M. (1951) Chemical development in utero. Archives of Diseases of Children 26, 205-214.
39. Yogman, M. W. and Zeisel, S. H. (1983) Diet and sleep patterns in newborn infants. The New England Journal of Medicine 309, 1147-1149.
40. Ziegler, E. E., Biga, R. L. and Fomon, S. J. (1981) Nutritional requirements of the premature infant. In Textbook of Pediatric Nutrition, ed. R. M. Suskind. Raven Press, New York, pp. 29-39.
41. Ziegler, E. E., O'Donnell, A. M, Nelson, S. E. and Fomon, S. J. (1976) Body composition of the reference fetus. Growth 40, 329-341.