Nutritional and hormonal control of skeletal-muscle cell growth and differentiation

Proceedings of the Nutrition Society

Volumn 57, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 207-217

  Brameld, John M ^a   Buttery, Peter J ^a   Dawson, Janet M ^a   Harper, Jane M M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GROWTH PROMOTOR; HORMONE;

ANIMAL; ANIMAL FOOD; CELL CULTURE; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL DIVISION; CYTOLOGY; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT; PHYSIOLOGY; PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT; REVIEW; SKELETAL MUSCLE;

ANIMAL NUTRITION PHYSIOLOGY; ANIMALS; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL DIVISION; CELLS, CULTURED; GROWTH SUBSTANCES; HORMONES; MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT; MUSCLE, SKELETAL;

EID: 0032062868     PISSN: 00296651     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1079/PNS19980033     Document Type: Article

References (113)

1. Allen RE, Luiten LS & Dodson MV (1985) Effect of insulin and linoleic acid on satellite cell differentiation. Journal of Animal Science 60, 1571-1579.
2. Arnold HH, Gerharz CD, Gabbert HE & Salminen A (1992) Retinoic acid induces myogenin synthesis and myogenic differentiation in the rat rhabdomyosarcoma cell line BA-Han-1C. Journal of Cell Biology 118, 877-887.
3. Austin L & Burgess AW (1991) Stimulation of myoblast proliferation in culture by leukaemia inhibitory factor and other cytokines. Journal of Neurological Sciences 101, 193-197.
4. Bach LA, Hsieh S, Brown AL & Rechler MM (1994) Recombinant human insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding protein-6 inhibits IGF-II-induced differentiation of L6A1 myoblasts. Endocrinology 135, 2168-2176.
5. Bach LA, Salemi R & Leeding KS (1995) Roles of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) receptors and IGF-binding proteins in IGF-II-induced proliferation and differentiation of L6A1 rat myoblasts. Endocrinology 136, 5061-5069.
6. Beguinot F, Kahn CR, Moses AC & Smith RJ (1985) Distinct biologically active receptors for insulin, insulin-like growth factor I, and insulin-like growth factor II in cultured skeletal muscle cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry 260, 15892-15898.
7. Blachowski S, Buttery PJ, Brameld J, Charlton D & Motyl T (1994a) Inhibition of proliferation and differentiation of fetal sheep myoblasts by an inhibitor of omithine decarboxylase - DFMO. Proceedings of the Society of Nutrition Physiology 3 291.
8. Blachowski S, Charlton D, Brameld J, Buttery PJ & Motyl T (1994b) Comparison of metabolic effects of EGF, IGF-I, IGF-II, and insulin in culture of fetal sheep myoblasts and fetal sheep fibroblasts. In: The Developing of Digestive and Metabolic Processes in New Born and Growing Ruminants. Proceedings of the Satellite Symposium to the VIII International Symposium on Ruminant Physiology, Warsaw, Poland, pp. 69-70 [W Barej, R Zabielski and P Ostaszewski, editors]. Warsaw: Fundacje Rozwoj SGGW.
9. Blachowski S, Motyl T, Grzelkowska K, Kasterk M, Orzechowski A & Interewicz B (1994c) Involvement of polyamines in epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor (TGF)-α and -β1 action on culture of L6 and fetal bovine myoblasts. International Journal of Biochemistry 26, 891-897.
10. Blachowski S, Motyl T, Orzechowski A, Grzelkowska K & Interewicz B (1993) Comparison of metabolic effects of EGF, TGF-α and TGF-β1 in primary culture of fetal bovine myoblasts and rat L6 myoblasts. International Journal of Biochemistry 25, 1571-1577.
11. Brameld JM (1997) Molecular mechanisms involved in the nutritional and hormonal regulation of growth in pigs. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society (In the Press).
12. Brameld JM, Atkinson JL, Saunders JC, Pell JM, Buttery PJ & Gilmour RS (1996) Effects of growth hormone administration and dietary protein intake on insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and growth hormone receptor (GHR) mRNA expression in porcine liver, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Journal of Animal Science 74, 1832-1841.
13. Breier BH, Gluckman PD & Bass JJ (1988) Influence of nutritional status and oestradiol-17β on plasma growth hormone, insulin-like growth factors-I and -II and the response to exogenous growth hormone in young steers. Journal of Endocrinology 118, 243-250.
14. Brunetti A & Goldfine ID (1990) Role of myogenin in myoblast differentiation and its regulation by fibroblast growth factor. Journal of Biological Chemistry 265, 5960-5963.
15. Brown EJ, Hsiao D & Rosenthal SM (1992) Induction and peak gene expression of insulin-like growth factor II follow that of myogenin during differentiation of BC3H-1 muscle cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 183, 1084-1089.
16. Carnac G, Albagli-Curiel O, Vandromme M, Pinset C, Montarras D, Laudet V & Bonnieu A (1992) 3,5,3′-Triiodothyronine positively regulates both MyoD1 gene transcription and terminal differentiation in C2 myoblasts. Molecular Endocrinology 6, 1185-1194.
17. Cook DR, Doumit ME & Merkel RA (1993) Transforming growth factor-beta, basic fibroblast growth factor, and platelet-derived growth factor-BB interact to affect proliferation of clonally derived porcine satellite cells. Journal of Cellular Physiology 157, 307-312.
18. Dauncey MJ, Burton KA, White P, Harrison AP, Gilmour RS, Duchamp C & Cattaneo D (1994) Nutritional regulation of growth hormone receptor gene expression. FASEB Journal 8, 81-88.
19. Dauncey MJ & Gilmour RS (1996) Regulatory factors in the control of muscle development. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 55, 543-559.
20. Dawson JM, Buttery PJ, Lammiman MJ, Soar JB, Essex CP, Gill M & Beever DE (1991) Nutritional and endocrinological manipulation of lean deposition in forage-fed steers. British Journal of Nutrition 66, 171-185.
21. Desler MM, Jones SJ, Smith CW & Woods TL (1996) Effects of dexamethasone and anabolic agents on proliferation and protein synthesis and degradation in C2C12 myogenic cells. Journal of Animal Science 74, 1265-1273.
22. Dickson MC, Saunders JC & Gilmour RS (1991) The ovine insulin-like growth factor-I gene: characterization, expression and identification of a putative promoter. Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 6, 17-31.
23. Dodson MV, McFarland DC, Grant AL, Doumit ME & Velleman SG (1996) Extrinsic regulation of domestic animal-derived satellite cells. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 13, 107-126.
24. Dodson MV, Mathison BA & Mathison BD (1990) Effects of medium and substratum on ovine satellite cell attachment, proliferation and differentiation in vitro. Cell Differentiation and Development 29, 59-66.
25. Doumit ME, Cook DR & Merkel RA (1996) Testosterone upregulates androgen receptors and decreases differentiation of porcine myogenic satellite cells in vitro. Endocrinology 137, 1385-1394.
26. Doumit ME & Merkel RA (1992) Conditions for isolation and culture of porcine myogenic satellite cells. Tissue and Cell 24, 253-262.
27. Downes M, Mynett-Johnson L & Muscat GEO (1994) The retinoic acid and retinoid X receptors are differentially expressed during myoblast differentiation. Endocrinology 134, 2658-2661.
28. Duclos MJ, Wilkie RS & Goddard C (1991) Stimulation of DNA synthesis in chicken muscle satellite cells by insulin and insulin-like growth factors: evidence for exclusive mediation by a type-I insulin-like growth factor receptor. Journal of Endocrinology 128, 35-42.
29. Dwyer CM, Fletcher JM & Stickland NC (1993) Muscle cellularity and postnatal growth in the pig. Journal of Animal Science 71, 3339-3343.
30. Dwyer CM, Stickland NC & Fletcher JM (1994) The influence of maternal nutrition on muscle fiber number development in the porcine fetus and on subsequent postnatal growth. Journal of Animal Science 72, 911-917.
31. Eisemann JH, Hammond AC & Rumsey TS (1989) Tissue protein synthesis and nucleic acid concentrations in steers treated with somatotropin. British Journal of Nutrition 62, 657-671.
32. Ernst CW, McCusker RH & White ME (1992) Gene expression and secretion of insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins during myoblast differentiation. Endocrinology 130, 607-615.
33. Ernst CW, McFarland DC & White ME (1996) Expression of insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II), IGF binding protein-2 and myogenin during differentiation of myogenic satellite cells derived from the turkey. Differentiation 61, 25-33.
34. Ewton DZ, Erwin BG, Pegg AE & Florini JR (1982) Inhibition of L6 myoblasts differentiation by DFMO and its reversal by polyamines. Journal of Cell Biology 95, 366a.
35. Ewton DZ, Erwin BG, Pegg AE & Florini JR (1984) The role of polyamines in somatomedin-stimulated differentiation of L6 myoblasts. Journal of Cellular Physiology 120, 263-270.
36. Ewton DZ, Roof SL, Magri KA, McWade FJ & Florini JR (1994) IGF-II is more active than IGF-I in stimulating L6A1 myogenesis: Greater mitogenic actions of IGF-I delay differentiation. Journal of Cellular Physiology 16, 277-284.
37. Ewton DZ, Spizz G, Olson EN & Florini JR (1988) Decrease in transforming growth factor-β binding and action during differentiation in muscle cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry 263, 4029-4032.
38. Florini JR, Ewton DZ & Coolican SA (1996) Growth hormone and the insulin-like growth factor system in myogenesis. Endocrine Reviews 17, 481-517.
39. Florini JR, Ewton DZ, Falen SL & Van Wyk JJ (1986) Biphasic concentration dependency of stimulation of myoblast differentiation by somatomedins. American Journal of Physiology 250, C771-C778.
40. Florini JR, Ewton DZ & Roof SL (1991a) Insulin-like growth factor-I stimulates terminal myogenic differentiation by induction of myogenin gene expression. Molecular Endocrinology 5, 718-724.
41. Florini JR, Magri KA, Ewton DZ, James PL, Grindstaff K & Rotwein PS (1991b) "Spontaneous" differentiation of skeletal myoblasts is dependent upon autocrine secretion of insulin-like growth factor-II. Journal of Biological Chemistry 266, 15917-15923.
42. Garcia-Martinez C, Llovera M, Agell N, López-Soriano FJ & Argilés JM (1994) Ubiquitin gene expression in skeletal muscle is increased by tumour necrosis factor-α. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 201, 682-686.
43. Gerrard DE & Grant AL (1994) Insulin-like growth factor-II expression in developing skeletal muscle of double muscled and normal cattle. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 11, 339-347.
44. Gerrard DE & Judge MD (1993) Induction of myoblast proliferation in L6 myoblast cultures by fetal serum of double muscled and normal cattle. Journal of Animal Science 71, 1464-1470.
45. Gill M, Beever DE, Buttery PJ, England P, Gibb MJ & Baker RD (1987) The effect of oestradiol-17β implantation on the response in voluntary intake, live-weight gain and body composition, to fishmeal supplementation of silage offered to growing calves. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 108, 9-16.
46. Giorgino F & Smith RJ (1995) Dexamethasone enhances insulin-like growth factor-I effects on skeletal muscle cell proliferation: Role of specific intracellular signalling pathways. Journal of Clinical Investigation 96, 1473-1483.
47. Gopinath R & Kitts WD (1984) Growth hormone secretion and clearance rate in growing beef steers implanted with oestrogenic anabolic compounds. Growth 48, 499-514.
48. Grigsby JS, Bergen WG & Merkel RA (1976) The effect of testosterone on skeletal muscle development and protein synthesis in rabbits. Growth 40, 303-316.
49. Harper JMM & Buttery PJ (1992) Muscle cell growth. In The Control of Fat and Lean Deposition, pp. 27-58 [PJ Buttery, KN Boorman and DB Lindsay, editors]. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
50. Harper JMM & Buttery PJ (1995) Muscle cell growth. Meat Focus International 4, 323-329.
51. Harper JMM, Soar JB & Buttery PJ (1987) Changes in protein metabolism of ovine primary muscle cultures on treatment with growth hormone, insulin, insulin-like growth factor I or epidermal growth factor. Journal of Endocrinology 112, 87-96.
52. Hashimoto N, Ogashiwa M & Iwashita S (1995) Role of tyrosine kinase in the regulation of myogenin expression. European Journal of Biochemistry 227, 379-387.
53. Hembree JR, Pampusch MS, Yang F, Causey JL, Hathaway MR & Dayton WR (1996) Cultured porcine myogenic cells produce insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) and transforming growth factor beta-1 stimulates IGFBP-3 production. Journal of Animal Science 74, 1530-1540.
54. Hernández-Sánchez C, Werner H, Roberts CT Jr, Woo EJ, Hum DW, Rosenthal SM & LeRoith D (1997) Differential regulation of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) receptor gene expression by IGF-I and basic fibroblastic growth factor. Journal of Biological Chemistry 272, 4663-4670.
55. Hesketh JE & Whitelaw PF (1992) The role of cellular oncogenes in myogenesis and muscle cell hypertrophy. International Journal of Biochemistry 24, 193-203.
56. Hill DJ, Crace CJ, Fowler L, Holder AT & Milner RDG (1984) Cultured fetal rat myoblasts release peptide growth factors which are immunologically and biologically similar to somatomedin. Journal of Cellular Physiology 119, 349-358.
57. Hong D-H & Forsberg NE (1994) Effects of serum and insulin-like growth factor I on protein degradation and protease gene expression in rat L8 myotubes. Journal of Animal Science 72, 2279-2288.
58. Husmann I, Soulet L, Gautron J, Martelly I & Barritault D (1996) Growth factors in skeletal muscle regeneration. Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews 7, 249-258.
59. Ivarie R (1993) The myogenic regulatory factors and the early steps of muscle cell differentiation and growth. Journal of Animal Science 71 Suppl. 2, 23-32.
60. James PL, Jones SB, Busby WH Jr, Clemmons DR & Rotwein P (1993) A highly conserved insulin-like growth factor-binding protein (IGFBP-5) is expressed during myoblast differentiation. Journal of Biological Chemistry 268, 22305-22312.
61. James PL, Stewart CEH & Rotwein P (1996) Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-5 modulates muscle differentiation through an insulin-like growth factor-dependent mechanism. Journal of Cell Biology 133, 683-693.
62. Kim YS, Lee YB, & Dalymple RH (1987) Effect of the repartitioning agent, cimaterol on growth, carcass and skeletal muscle characteristics in lambs. Journal of Animal Science 65, 1392-1399.
63. Kim YS, Sainz RD, Ferlazzo J & Tulloh NM (1994) Effect of maternal administration of salbutamol to sows on post-natal growth and carcass characteristics in the progeny. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 45, 271-278.
64. Koohmaraie M, Shackelford SD, Wheeler TL, Longergan SM & Doumit ME (1995) A muscle hypertrophy condition in lamb (callipyge): characterization of effects on muscle growth and meat quality traits. Journal of Animal Science 73, 3596-3607.
65. Kwak KB, Chung SS, Kim O-M, Kang M-S, Ha DB & Chung CH (1993) Increase in the level of m-calpain correlates with the elevated cleavage of filamin during myogenic differentiation of embryonic muscle cells. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1175, 243-249.
66. Lathrop B, Olson E & Glaser L (1985) Control by fibroblast growth factor of differentiation in the BC3H1 muscle cell line. Journal of Cell Biology 100, 1540-1547.
67. Ludolph DC & Konieczny SF (1995) Transcription factor families: muscling in on the myogenic program. FASEB Journal 9, 1595-1604.
68. McCusker RH & Clemmons DR (1994) Effects of cytokines on insulin-like growth factor-binding protein secretion by muscle cells in vitro. Endocrinology 134, 2095-2102.
69. McMillan DN, Noble BS & Maltin CA (1992) The effect of the β-adrenergic agonist clenbuterol on growth and protein metabolism in rat muscle cell cultures. Journal of Animal Science 70, 3014-3023.
70. McPherron AC, Lawler AM & Lee S-J (1997) Regulation of skeletal muscle mass in mice by a new TGF-β superfamily member. Nature 387, 83-90.
71. Magri KA, Benedict MR, Ewton DZ & Florini JR (1994) Negative feedback regulation of insulin-like growth factor-II gene expression in differentiating myoblasts in vitro. Endocrinology 135, 53-62.
72. Maltin CA, Delday MI & Hay SM (1990) The effect of clenbuterol administration in utero and throughout lactation on pre- and post-natal muscle development in the rat. Growth, Development and Aging 54, 143-150.
73. Maltin CA, Delday MI & Reeds PJ (1986) The effect of a growth promoting drug, clenbuterol, on fibre frequency and area in hind limb muscles from young rats. Bioscience Reports 6, 293-299.
74. Maltin CA, Hay SM, McMillan DN & Delday MI (1992) Tissue specific responses to clenbuterol: temporal changes in protein metabolism of striated muscle and visceral tissues from rats. Growth Regulation 2, 161-166.
75. Mangiacapra FJ, Roof SL, Ewton DZ & Florini JR (1992) Paradoxical decrease in Myf-5 messenger RNA levels during induction of myogenic differentiation by insulin-like growth factors. Molecular Endocrinology 6, 2038-2044.
76. Martinez JA, Buttery PJ & Pearson JT (1984) The mode of action of anabolic agents, the effects of testosterone on growth rates and muscle protein metabolism in female rats. British Journal of Nutrition 54, 515-521.
77. Merlie JP & Gros F (1976) In vitro myogenesis: expression of muscle specific function in the absence of cell fusion. Experimental Cell Research 97, 406-412.
78. Minshall RD, McFarland DC & Doumit ME (1990) Interaction of insulin-like growth factor I with turkey satellite cells and satellite cell-derived myotubes. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 7, 413-424.
79. Mohan S & Baylink DJ (1996) Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding proteins in serum - Do they have additional roles besides modulating the endocrine IGF actions? Endocrinology 81, 3817-3820.
80. Montarras D, Chelly J, Bober E, Arnold H, Ott MO, Gros F & Pinset C (1991) Developmental patterns in the expression of Myf5, MyoD, myogenin, and MRF4 during myogenesis. New Biologist 3, 592-600.
81. Moore JW, Dionne C, Jaye M & Swain JL (1991) The mRNAs encoding acidic FGF, basic FGF and FGF receptor are coordinately downregulated during myogenic differentiation. Development 111, 741-748.
82. Morgan JB, Wheeler TL, Koohmaraie M, Crouse JD & Savell JW (1993) Effect of castration on myofibrillar protein turnover, endogenous proteinase activities and muscle growth in bovine skeletal muscle. Journal of Animal Science 71, 408-414.
83. Morris GE, Piper M & Cole R (1976) Differential effects of calcium ion concentration on cell fusion, cell division and creatine kinase activity in muscle cell cultures. Experimental Cell Research 99, 106-114.
84. Moss FP (1968) The relationship between the dimensions of the fibres and the number of nuclei during restricted growth, regrowth and compensatory growth of skeletal muscle. American Journal of Anatomy 122, 565-569.
85. Noble BS, McMillan DN & Maltin CA (1993) Calcitonin gene related peptide stimulates differentiation of neonatal rat myogenic cultures. Growth Regulation 3, 245-248.
86. Olson EN & Klein WH (1994) bHLH factors in muscle development: dead lines and commitments, what to leave in and what to leave out. Genes and Development 8, 1-8.
87. Pell JM & Bates PC (1987) Collagen and non-collagen protein turnover in skeletal muscle of growth hormone-treated lambs. Journal of Endocrinology 115, R1-R4.
88. Pell JM, Saunders JC & Gilmour RS (1993) Differential regulation of transcription initiation from insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) leader exons and of tissue IGF-I expression in response to changed growth hormone and nutritional status in sheep. Endocrinology 132, 1797-1807.
89. Petrie L, Buskin JN & Chesters JK (1996) Zinc and the initiation of myoblast differentiation. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 7, 670-676.
90. Pinset C & Whalen RG (1984) Manipulation of medium conditions and differentiation in the rat myogenic cell line L6. Developmental Biology 102, 269-277.
91. Powell SE & Aberle ED (1981) Skeletal-muscle and adipose-tissue cellularity in runt and normal birth-weight swine. Journal of Animal Science 52, 748-756.
92. Quinn LS, Ong LD & Roeder RA (1990) Paracrine control of myoblast proliferation and differentiation by fibroblasts. Developmental Biology 140, 8-19.
93. Rawls A & Olson EN (1997) MyoD meets its maker. Cell 89, 5-8.
94. Rehfeldt C, Fiedler I, Weikard R, Kanitz E & Ender K (1993) It is possible to increase skeletal-muscle fiber number in utero. Bioscience Reports 13, 213-220.
95. 2α influence rates of protein turnover in skeletal and cardiac muscle. Journal of Biological Chemistry 257, 1632-1638.
96. Roe JA, Harper JMM & Buttery PJ (1989) Protein metabolism in ovine primary muscle cultures derived from satellite cells - effects of selected peptide hormones and growth factors. Journal of Endocrinology 122, 565-571.
97. Rosen KM, Wentworth BM, Rosenthal N & Villa-Komaroff L (1993) Specific, temporally regulated expression of the insulin-like growth factor II gene during muscle cell differentiation. Endocrinology 133, 474-481.
98. Rosenthal SM, Brown EJ, Brunetti A & Goldfine ID (1991a) Fibroblast growth factor inhibits insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) gene expression and increases IGF-I receptor abundance in BC3H-1 muscle cells. Molecular Endocrinology, 5 678-684.
99. Rosenthal SM, Brunetti A, Brown EJ, Mamula PW & Goldfine ID (1991b) Regulation of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) I receptor expression during muscle cell differentiation: Potential autocrine role of IGF-II. Journal of Clinical Investigation 87, 1212-1219.
100. Rudnicki MA, Schnegelsberg PNJ, Stead RH, Braun T, Arnold HH & Jaenisch R (1993) MyoD or Myf-5 is required for the formation of skeletal muscle. Cell 75, 1351-1359.
101. Schonberg M, Smith TJ, Krichevsky A & Bilezikian JP (1981) Glucocorticoids enhance glucose uptake and affect differentiation and beta-adrenergic responsiveness in muscle cell cultures. Cell Differentiation 10, 101-107.
102. Shackelford SD, Wheeler TL & Koohmaraie M (1995) The effects of in utero exposure of lambs to a β-adrenergic agonist on prenatal and postnatal muscle growth, carcass cutability, and meat tenderness. Journal of Animal Science 73, 2986-2993.
103. Silverman LA, Cheng Z-Q, Hsiao D & Rosenthal SM (1995) Skeletal muscle cell-derived insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding proteins inhibit IGF-I-induced myogenesis in rat L6E9 cells. Endocrinology 136, 720-726.
104. Smith CK, Janney MJ & Allen RE (1994) Temporal expression of myogenic regulatory genes during activation, proliferation, and differentiation of rat skeletal muscle satellite cells. Journal of Cellular Physiology 159, 379-385.
105. Straus DS (1994) Nutritional regulation of hormones and growth factors that control mammalian growth. FASEB Journal 8, 6-12.
106. Szebenyi G & Rotwein P (1991) Insulin-like growth factors and their receptors in muscle development. In: Molecular Biology and Physiology of Insulin and Insulin-Like Growth Factors, pp. 289-295 [MK Raizada and D LeRoith, editors]. New York: Plenum Press.
107. Thompson SH, Boxhorn LK, Wong W & Allen RE (1989) Trenbolone alters the responsiveness of skeletal muscle satellite cells to fibroblast growth factor and insulin-like growth factor I. Endocrinology 124, 2110-2117.
108. Tollefsen SE, Sadow JL & Rotwein P (1989) Coordinate expression of insulin-like growth factor II and its receptor during muscle differentiation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 86, 1543-1547.
109. Vernon BG & Buttery PJ (1976) Protein turnover in rats treated with trenbolone acetate. British Journal of Nutrition 36, 575-579.
110. Weintraub H (1993) The MyoD family and myogenesis: Redundancy, networks, and thresholds. Cell 75, 1241-1244.
111. Weller PA, Dauncey MJ, Bates PC, Brameld JM, Buttery PJ & Gilmour RS (1994). Regulation of porcine insulin-like growth factor-I and growth hormone receptor mRNA expression by energy status. American Journal of Physiology 266, E776-E785.
112. Yang YT & McElligott MA (1989) Multiple actions of β-adrenergic agonists on skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Biochemical Journal 261, 1-10.
113. Zeman RJ, Ludemann R, Easton TG & Etlinger JD (1988) Slow to fast alterations in skeletal muscle fibers caused by clenbuterol, a β2-receptor agonist. American Journal of Physiology 254, E726-E732.