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1
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0030985156
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The complex pathology of trinucleotide repeats
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Reddy PS, Housman DE. The complex pathology of trinucleotide repeats. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 9:1997;364-372.
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Curr Opin Cell Biol
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Reddy, P.S.1
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0029895568
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Molecular-clinical correlations in males with an expanded FMR1 mutation
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Merenstein SA, Sobesky WE, Taylor AK, Riddle JE, Tran HX, Hagerman RJ. Molecular-clinical correlations in males with an expanded FMR1 mutation. Am J Med Genet. 64:1996;388-394.
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Merenstein, S.A.1
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Taylor, A.K.3
Riddle, J.E.4
Tran, H.X.5
Hagerman, R.J.6
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3
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0030785355
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Epigenetic variation illustrated by DNA methylation patterns of the fragile-X gene FMR1
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of special interest. Detailed patterns were obtained for cytosine methylation within a 200 bp region of the CpG island of FMR1, using the bisulfite-conversion and PCR sequencing method of Clark and Frommer. 'Epigenotypes' were obtained for normal alleles and for expanded alleles from methylation-mosaic males of a family having five fragile-X sons with a broad range of phenotypes. Clinical implications are presented concerning the use of Eagl (100% reliable as an indicator of hypermethylation) and the nature of mosaicism (the proportion of alleles showing hypo- and hypermethylation), as well as more general implications for the nature of cytosine methylation in leukocytes.
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Stöger R, Kajimura TM, Brown WT, Laird CD. Epigenetic variation illustrated by DNA methylation patterns of the fragile-X gene FMR1. of special interest Hum Mol Genet. 6:1997;1791-1801 Detailed patterns were obtained for cytosine methylation within a 200 bp region of the CpG island of FMR1, using the bisulfite-conversion and PCR sequencing method of Clark and Frommer. 'Epigenotypes' were obtained for normal alleles and for expanded alleles from methylation-mosaic males of a family having five fragile-X sons with a broad range of phenotypes. Clinical implications are presented concerning the use of Eagl (100% reliable as an indicator of hypermethylation) and the nature of mosaicism (the proportion of alleles showing hypo- and hypermethylation), as well as more general implications for the nature of cytosine methylation in leukocytes.
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(1997)
Hum Mol Genet
, vol.6
, pp. 1791-1801
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Stöger, R.1
Kajimura, T.M.2
Brown, W.T.3
Laird, C.D.4
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4
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0031004617
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FMR1 enhancer is regulated by cAMP through a cAMP-responsive element
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of special interest. DNAse I footprinting was used to define a 22 bp region within the FMR1 promoter. This region was protected by nuclear factor(s), which binding was greatly reduced by cytosine methylation in CpG dinucleotides. Transfection assays with this 22 bp sequence demonstrated methylation-sensitive enhancer activity, with stimulation by 'cAMP-responsive element binding protein' and forskolin also being reported. Enhancer activity was abolished by point mutations, indicating a key role for this 22 bp element in cAMP-dependent regulation of PMR1 transcription.
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Hwu WL, Wang TR, Lee YM. FMR1 enhancer is regulated by cAMP through a cAMP-responsive element. of special interest DNA Cell Biol. 6:1997;449-453 DNAse I footprinting was used to define a 22 bp region within the FMR1 promoter. This region was protected by nuclear factor(s), which binding was greatly reduced by cytosine methylation in CpG dinucleotides. Transfection assays with this 22 bp sequence demonstrated methylation-sensitive enhancer activity, with stimulation by 'cAMP-responsive element binding protein' and forskolin also being reported. Enhancer activity was abolished by point mutations, indicating a key role for this 22 bp element in cAMP-dependent regulation of PMR1 transcription.
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(1997)
DNA Cell Biol
, vol.6
, pp. 449-453
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Hwu, W.L.1
Wang, T.R.2
Lee, Y.M.3
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5
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16944362592
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Characterization of FMR1 promoter elements by in vivo footprinting analysis
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of special interest. In vivo DNA footprinting analysis demonstrated four protein binding sites in the unmethylated promoter of active FMR1 alleles; no footprints were observed in the methylated promoters of inactive alleles. The authors suggest that transcriptional silencing by methylation results from lack of transcription factor binding.
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Schwemmle S, de Graaff E, Deissler H, Glaser D, Wohrle D, Kennerknecht I, Just W, Oostra BA, Dorfler W, Vogel W, Steinbach P. Characterization of FMR1 promoter elements by in vivo footprinting analysis. of special interest Am J Hum Genet. 60:1997;1354-1362 In vivo DNA footprinting analysis demonstrated four protein binding sites in the unmethylated promoter of active FMR1 alleles; no footprints were observed in the methylated promoters of inactive alleles. The authors suggest that transcriptional silencing by methylation results from lack of transcription factor binding.
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(1997)
Am J Hum Genet
, vol.60
, pp. 1354-1362
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Schwemmle, S.1
De Graaff, E.2
Deissler, H.3
Glaser, D.4
Wohrle, D.5
Kennerknecht, I.6
Just, W.7
Oostra, B.A.8
Dorfler, W.9
Vogel, W.10
Steinbach, P.11
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6
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0030440796
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Nuclease sensitivity of permeabilized cells confirms altered chromatin formation at the fragile X locus
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Eberhart DE, Warren ST. Nuclease sensitivity of permeabilized cells confirms altered chromatin formation at the fragile X locus. Somatic Cell Mol Genet. 22:1996;435-441.
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Somatic Cell Mol Genet
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Eberhart, D.E.1
Warren, S.T.2
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7
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0031033839
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Transmission electron microscopy of chromosomes by longitudinal section preparation: Application to fragile X chromosome analysis
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of special interest. Transmission electron microscopy of sections of a fragile-X chromosome suggest the possibility that chromatin at the FRAXA site may be hyper- rather than hypocondensed.
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Wen GY, Jenkins EC, Yao XL, Yoon D, Brown WT, Wisniewski HM. Transmission electron microscopy of chromosomes by longitudinal section preparation: application to fragile X chromosome analysis. of special interest Am J Med Genet. 68:1997;445-449 Transmission electron microscopy of sections of a fragile-X chromosome suggest the possibility that chromatin at the FRAXA site may be hyper- rather than hypocondensed.
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(1997)
Am J Med Genet
, vol.68
, pp. 445-449
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Wen, G.Y.1
Jenkins, E.C.2
Yao, X.L.3
Yoon, D.4
Brown, W.T.5
Wisniewski, H.M.6
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9
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0021961665
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Further segregation analysis of the fragile X syndrome with special reference to transmitting males
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Sherman SL, Jacobs PA, Morton NE, Froster-Iskenius U, Howard-Peebles PN, Nielsen KB, Partington MW, Sutherland GR, Turner G, Watson M. Further segregation analysis of the fragile X syndrome with special reference to transmitting males. Hum Genet. 9:1985;289-299.
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Hum Genet
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Sherman, S.L.1
Jacobs, P.A.2
Morton, N.E.3
Froster-Iskenius, U.4
Howard-Peebles, P.N.5
Nielsen, K.B.6
Partington, M.W.7
Sutherland, G.R.8
Turner, G.9
Watson, M.10
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10
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0026777829
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Standards for selected anthropometric measurements in males with the fragile X syndrome
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Butler MG, Brunschwig A, Miller LK, Hagerman RJ. Standards for selected anthropometric measurements in males with the fragile X syndrome. Pediatrics. 89:1992;1059-1062.
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Pediatrics
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Butler, M.G.1
Brunschwig, A.2
Miller, L.K.3
Hagerman, R.J.4
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11
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85030339039
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Identification of a cytoplasmic anchor domain responsible for the subcellular localization of the fragile X mental retardation protein, FMRP
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Eberhart DE, Feng Y, Warren ST. Identification of a cytoplasmic anchor domain responsible for the subcellular localization of the fragile X mental retardation protein, FMRP. Am J Hum Genet. 7:1995;A39.
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Eberhart, D.E.1
Feng, Y.2
Warren, S.T.3
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12
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0031046778
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Fragile X mental retardation protein: Nucleocytoplasmic shuttling and association with somatodendritic ribosomes
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of special interest. Biochemical and immunocytochemical assays indicate that FMR1 protein has a role in the translation of proteins involved in dendritic structure or function.
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Feng Y, Gutekunst CA, Eberhart DE, Yi H, Warren ST, Hersch SM. Fragile X mental retardation protein: nucleocytoplasmic shuttling and association with somatodendritic ribosomes. of special interest J Neurosci. 17:1997;1539-1547 Biochemical and immunocytochemical assays indicate that FMR1 protein has a role in the translation of proteins involved in dendritic structure or function.
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(1997)
J Neurosci
, vol.17
, pp. 1539-1547
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Feng, Y.1
Gutekunst, C.A.2
Eberhart, D.E.3
Yi, H.4
Warren, S.T.5
Hersch, S.M.6
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13
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0345528532
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Fragile X mental retardation protein is translated near synapses in response to neurotransmitter activation
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of special interest. Translation of FMR1 mRNA increases in sub-cellular fractions after stimulation of metabotropic glutamate receptors, suggesting that rapid translation of FMR1 protein occurs in response to synapse activation. The authors propose that this synapse-induced synthesis and activity of FMR1 protein are important for the normal maturation of synaptic connections.
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Weiler IJ, Irwin SA, Klintsova AY, Spencer CM, Brazelton AD, Miyashiro K, Comery TA, Patel B, Eberwine J, Greenough WT. Fragile X mental retardation protein is translated near synapses in response to neurotransmitter activation. of special interest Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 94:1997;5395-5400 Translation of FMR1 mRNA increases in sub-cellular fractions after stimulation of metabotropic glutamate receptors, suggesting that rapid translation of FMR1 protein occurs in response to synapse activation. The authors propose that this synapse-induced synthesis and activity of FMR1 protein are important for the normal maturation of synaptic connections.
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(1997)
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
, vol.94
, pp. 5395-5400
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Weiler, I.J.1
Irwin, S.A.2
Klintsova, A.Y.3
Spencer, C.M.4
Brazelton, A.D.5
Miyashiro, K.6
Comery, T.A.7
Patel, B.8
Eberwine, J.9
Greenough, W.T.10
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14
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0021921029
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A premutation that generates a defect at crossing over explains the inheritance of fragile-X mental retardation
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Pembrey ME, Winter R, Davies K. A premutation that generates a defect at crossing over explains the inheritance of fragile-X mental retardation. Am J Med Genet. 21:1985;709-717.
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Am J Med Genet
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Pembrey, M.E.1
Winter, R.2
Davies, K.3
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15
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0023440934
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Proposed mechanism of inheritance and expression of the human fragile-X syndrome of mental retardation
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Laird CD: Proposed mechanism of inheritance and expression of the human fragile-X syndrome of mental retardation. Genetics 117:587-599.
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Genetics
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Laird, C.D.1
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0000237085
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Fragile sites in human chromosomes as regions of late-replicating DNA
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Laird C, Jaffe E, Karpen G, Lamb M, Nelson R. Fragile sites in human chromosomes as regions of late-replicating DNA. Trends Genet. 3:1987;274-281.
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Laird, C.1
Jaffe, E.2
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Lamb, M.4
Nelson, R.5
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0027375859
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Allelic instability in mitosis: A unified model for dominant disorders
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Zheng CJ, Byers B, Moolgavkar SH. Allelic instability in mitosis: a unified model for dominant disorders. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 90:1993;10178-10182.
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Zheng, C.J.1
Byers, B.2
Moolgavkar, S.H.3
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18
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0026719817
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Fragile-X syndrome: Unique genetics of the heritable unstable element
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Yu S, Mulley J, Loesch D, Turner G, Donnelly A, Gedeon G, Hillen D, Kremer E, Lynch M, Pritchard M, Sutherland GR, et al. Fragile-X syndrome: unique genetics of the heritable unstable element. Am J Hum Genet. 50:1992;968-980.
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Yu, S.1
Mulley, J.2
Loesch, D.3
Turner, G.4
Donnelly, A.5
Gedeon, G.6
Hillen, D.7
Kremer, E.8
Lynch, M.9
Pritchard, M.10
Sutherland, G.R.11
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19
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0026345716
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Variation of the CGG repeat at the Fragile X site results in genetic instability: Resolution of the Sherman paradox
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Fu Y-H, Kuhl DPA, Pizzuti A, Pieretti M, Sutcliffe JS, Richards S, Verkerk AJMH, Holden JJA, Fenwick RG Jr, Warren ST, et al. Variation of the CGG repeat at the Fragile X site results in genetic instability: resolution of the Sherman paradox. Cell. 67:1991;1047-1058.
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Cell
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Fu Y-H1
Kuhl, D.P.A.2
Pizzuti, A.3
Pieretti, M.4
Sutcliffe, J.S.5
Richards, S.6
Verkerk, A.J.M.H.7
Holden, J.J.A.8
Fenwick R.G., Jr.9
Warren, S.T.10
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20
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8044254656
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The role of size, sequence and haplotype in the stability of FRAXA and FRAXE alleles during transmission
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of special interest. The stability of expanded trinucleotide repeats at FRAXA or FRAXE was studied in 139 families; four X-linked microsatellite loci were also examined. Although no correlation was observed between haplotype and the probability of expansion of FRAXA premutations, instabilities at both FRAXA and FRAXE were sometimes observed in conjunction with a second instability at a microsatellite locus, suggesting that general genomic instability is one mechanism by which triplet-repeat expansions arise.
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Murray A, Macpherson JN, Pound MC, Sharrock A, Youings SA, Dennis NR, McKechnie N, Linehan P, Morton NE, Jacobs PA. The role of size, sequence and haplotype in the stability of FRAXA and FRAXE alleles during transmission. of special interest Hum Mol Genet. 6:1997;173-184 The stability of expanded trinucleotide repeats at FRAXA or FRAXE was studied in 139 families; four X-linked microsatellite loci were also examined. Although no correlation was observed between haplotype and the probability of expansion of FRAXA premutations, instabilities at both FRAXA and FRAXE were sometimes observed in conjunction with a second instability at a microsatellite locus, suggesting that general genomic instability is one mechanism by which triplet-repeat expansions arise.
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(1997)
Hum Mol Genet
, vol.6
, pp. 173-184
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Murray, A.1
MacPherson, J.N.2
Pound, M.C.3
Sharrock, A.4
Youings, S.A.5
Dennis, N.R.6
McKechnie, N.7
Linehan, P.8
Morton, N.E.9
Jacobs, P.A.10
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21
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0026572250
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Genotype mosaicism in fragile X fetal tissues
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Wohrle D, Hirst MC, Kennerknecht I, Davies KE, Steinbach P. Genotype mosaicism in fragile X fetal tissues. Hum Genet. 89:1992;114-116.
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Hum Genet
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Wohrle, D.1
Hirst, M.C.2
Kennerknecht, I.3
Davies, K.E.4
Steinbach, P.5
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22
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0030833799
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Transition from premutation to full mutation in fragile X syndrome is likely to be prezygotic
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of special interest. This carefully reasoned paper argues that the transition from unmethylated moderate-size expansions (premutations) to methylated large expansions (full mutations) occurs either pre-zygotically, or very soon after fertilization (before day 3). The analysis is based on data for expansions and methylation in fetal tissues, mother-offspring changes in CGG repeat size, and mathematical simulations. The authors also suggest that the absence of full mutations in sperm of affected males is explained by selective growth of spermatogonial cells that have undergone loss of methylation and reduction in size of the expanded CGG repeats.
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Moutou C, Vincent MC, Biancalana V, Mandel JL. Transition from premutation to full mutation in fragile X syndrome is likely to be prezygotic. of special interest Hum Mol Genet. 6:1997;971-979 This carefully reasoned paper argues that the transition from unmethylated moderate-size expansions (premutations) to methylated large expansions (full mutations) occurs either pre-zygotically, or very soon after fertilization (before day 3). The analysis is based on data for expansions and methylation in fetal tissues, mother-offspring changes in CGG repeat size, and mathematical simulations. The authors also suggest that the absence of full mutations in sperm of affected males is explained by selective growth of spermatogonial cells that have undergone loss of methylation and reduction in size of the expanded CGG repeats.
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(1997)
Hum Mol Genet
, vol.6
, pp. 971-979
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Moutou, C.1
Vincent, M.C.2
Biancalana, V.3
Mandel, J.L.4
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0000495638
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A possible case of delayed mutation in man
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Auerbach C. A possible case of delayed mutation in man. Ann Hum Genet. 20:1956;266-268.
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Ann Hum Genet
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Auerbach, C.1
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Chromosome imprinting and the mammalian X chromosome
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Chandra H, Brown S. Chromosome imprinting and the mammalian X chromosome. Nature. 253:1975;165-168.
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Nature
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Chandra, H.1
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25
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0027176828
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Association of fragile-X syndrome with delayed replication of the FMR1 gene
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Hansen RS, Canfield TK, Lamb MM, Gartler SM, Laird CD. Association of fragile-X syndrome with delayed replication of the FMR1 gene. Cell. 73:1993;1403-1409.
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Cell
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Hansen, R.S.1
Canfield, T.K.2
Lamb, M.M.3
Gartler, S.M.4
Laird, C.D.5
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26
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0030894828
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A variable domain of delayed replication in FRAXA fragile X chromosomes: X inactivation-like spread of late replication
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of special interest. The delayed replication domain that includes FMR1 in fragile-X individuals with large, methylated CGG expansions was characterized. The boundaries of this domain can extend at least 400 kb 5′, and 600 kb 3′ of FMR1, suggesting the variable involvement of multiple replicons in delayed replication. This domain may provide a model for the spread of inactivation.
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Hansen RS, Canfield TK, Fjeld AD, Mumm S, Laird CD, Gartler SM. A variable domain of delayed replication in FRAXA fragile X chromosomes: X inactivation-like spread of late replication. of special interest Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 94:1997;4587-4592 The delayed replication domain that includes FMR1 in fragile-X individuals with large, methylated CGG expansions was characterized. The boundaries of this domain can extend at least 400 kb 5′, and 600 kb 3′ of FMR1, suggesting the variable involvement of multiple replicons in delayed replication. This domain may provide a model for the spread of inactivation.
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(1997)
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
, vol.94
, pp. 4587-4592
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Hansen, R.S.1
Canfield, T.K.2
Fjeld, A.D.3
Mumm, S.4
Laird, C.D.5
Gartler, S.M.6
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27
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0031045874
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Characterization of the full fragile X syndrome mutation in fetal gametes
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of special interest. Analysis of ovaries of fetuses carrying full mutations in somatic cells indicates that large but unmethylated expansions are present in oocytes. DNA and protein studies of two testes from 13 week and 17 week fetuses with somatic full mutations are consistent with the hypothesis that the male germline begins with full mutations, but that cells with contracted and unmethylated CGG repeats grow selectively to provide only premutation sperm.
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Malter HE, Iber JC, Willemsen R, de Graaff E, Tarleton JC, Leisti J, Warren ST, Oostra BA. Characterization of the full fragile X syndrome mutation in fetal gametes. of special interest Nat Genet. 15:1997;165-169 Analysis of ovaries of fetuses carrying full mutations in somatic cells indicates that large but unmethylated expansions are present in oocytes. DNA and protein studies of two testes from 13 week and 17 week fetuses with somatic full mutations are consistent with the hypothesis that the male germline begins with full mutations, but that cells with contracted and unmethylated CGG repeats grow selectively to provide only premutation sperm.
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(1997)
Nat Genet
, vol.15
, pp. 165-169
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Malter, H.E.1
Iber, J.C.2
Willemsen, R.3
De Graaff, E.4
Tarleton, J.C.5
Leisti, J.6
Warren, S.T.7
Oostra, B.A.8
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28
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0022911920
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The frequency of the fragile X chromosome among schoolchildren in Coventry
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Webb TP, Bundey S, Thake K, Todd J. The frequency of the fragile X chromosome among schoolchildren in Coventry. J Med Genet. 23:1986;396-399.
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J Med Genet
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Webb, T.P.1
Bundey, S.2
Thake, K.3
Todd, J.4
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29
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0031025986
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Fragile X syndrome is less common than previously estimated
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of special interest. A pivotal 1986 study reported a high prevalence of about 1/1000 for the fragile-X syndrome among school children in Coventry, England. Individuals previously diagnosed with fragile-X syndrome have now been re-evaluated using molecular tests for the expanded, hypermethylated CGG repeat. Based on the new molecular diagnostic data, revised prevalence estimates for this study population are now 3 to 6 fold lower than previously reported, approached the 1/6000 estimates of de Vries et al. [30].
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Morton JE, Bundey S, Webb TP, MacDonald F, Rindl PM, Bullock S. Fragile X syndrome is less common than previously estimated. of special interest J Med Genet. 34:1997;1-5 A pivotal 1986 study reported a high prevalence of about 1/1000 for the fragile-X syndrome among school children in Coventry, England. Individuals previously diagnosed with fragile-X syndrome have now been re-evaluated using molecular tests for the expanded, hypermethylated CGG repeat. Based on the new molecular diagnostic data, revised prevalence estimates for this study population are now 3 to 6 fold lower than previously reported, approached the 1/6000 estimates of de Vries et al. [30].
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(1997)
J Med Genet
, vol.34
, pp. 1-5
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Morton, J.E.1
Bundey, S.2
Webb, T.P.3
MacDonald, F.4
Rindl, P.M.5
Bullock, S.6
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30
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16944362509
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Screening and diagnosis for the fragile X syndrome among the mentally retarded: An epidemiological and psychological survey
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of special interest. Using DNA tests, a screening for fragile-X syndrome in the southwestern Netherlands provided a prevalence estimate of about 1 per 6000 males.
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de Vries BB, van den Ouweland AM, Mohkamsing S, Duivenvoorden HJ, Mol E, Gelsema K, van Rijn M, Halley DJ, Sandkuijl LA, Oostra BA, et al. Screening and diagnosis for the fragile X syndrome among the mentally retarded: an epidemiological and psychological survey. of special interest Collaborative Fragile X Study Group, Am J Hum Genet. 61:1997;660-667 Using DNA tests, a screening for fragile-X syndrome in the southwestern Netherlands provided a prevalence estimate of about 1 per 6000 males.
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Collaborative Fragile X Study Group, Am J Hum Genet
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De Vries, B.B.1
Van Den Ouweland, A.M.2
Mohkamsing, S.3
Duivenvoorden, H.J.4
Mol, E.5
Gelsema, K.6
Van Rijn, M.7
Halley, D.J.8
Sandkuijl, L.A.9
Oostra, B.A.10
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31
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0031038239
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Predisposition to the fragile X syndrome in Jews of Tunisian descent is due to the absence of AGG interruptions on a rare Mediterranean haplotype
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Falik-Zaccai TC, Shachak E, Yalon M, Lis Z, Borochowitz Z, Macpherson JN, Nelson DL, Eichler EE. Predisposition to the fragile X syndrome in Jews of Tunisian descent is due to the absence of AGG interruptions on a rare Mediterranean haplotype. Am J Hum Genet. 60:1997;103-112.
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MacPherson, J.N.6
Nelson, D.L.7
Eichler, E.E.8
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32
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0025952727
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Direct diagnosis by DNA analysis of the fragile-X syndrome of mental retardation
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Rousseau F, Heitz D, Biancalana V, Blumenfeld S, Kretz C, BouÄ J, Tommerup N, Van Der Hagen C, De Lozier-Blanchet C, Croquette M-F, et al. Direct diagnosis by DNA analysis of the fragile-X syndrome of mental retardation. N Engl J Med. 325:1991;1673-1681.
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Tommerup, N.7
Van Der Hagen, C.8
De Lozier-Blanchet, C.9
Croquette M-F10
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33
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Absence of expression of the FMR-1 gene in Fragile X syndrome
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Pieretti M, Zhang F, Fu Y-H, Warren ST, Oostra BA, Caskey CT, Nelson DL. Absence of expression of the FMR-1 gene in Fragile X syndrome. Cell. 66:1991;817-822.
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Cell
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Pieretti, M.1
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Oostra, B.A.5
Caskey, C.T.6
Nelson, D.L.7
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