Exogenic and endogenic breccias: a discussion of major problematics

Earth Science Reviews

Volumn 43, Issue 1-2, 1998, Pages 25-47

  Reimold, W U ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND   (South Africa)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

IMPACT CRATERING; MELT BRECCIA; PSEUDOTACHYLITE; SHOCK DEFORMATION; TECTONIC BRECCIA;

EID: 0032026617     PISSN: 00128252     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0012-8252(97)00037-8     Document Type: Article

References (82)

1. Allaby, A., Allaby, M. (Eds.), 1996. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Earth Sciences. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 410 pp.
2. Bates, R.L., Jackson, J.A. (Eds.), 1987. Glossary of Geology. American Geological Institute, Alexandria, VA, 788 pp.
3. Berlenbach J.W., Roering C. Sheath-fold-like structures in pseudotachylytes. J. Struct. Geol. 14:1993;847-856.
4. Boer, R.H., Reimold, W.U., Koeberl, C., Kesler, S.E., 1995. Fluid inclusion studies on drill core samples from the Manson impact crater: Evidence for post-impact hydrothermal activity. In: Koeberl, C., Anderson, R.R. (Eds.), The Manson Impact Structure, Iowa: Anatomy of an Impact Crater. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. 302, 377-382.
5. Brandt, D., 1994. Structural and petrological investigations of the Pretoria Saltpan impact crater and surrounding area. M.Sc. Thesis (unpubl.), University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 188 pp.
6. Carter, N.L., 1968. Dynamic deformation of quartz. In: French, B.M., Short, N.M. (Eds.), Shock Metamorphism of Natural Materials. Mono Book Corp., Baltimore, pp. 453-474.
7. Chen G., Tyburczy J.A., Ahrens T.J. Shock-induced devolatilization of calcium sulfate and implications for K-T extinctions. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 128:1994;615-628.
8. Chen M., Sharp T.G., El Goresy A., Wopenka B., Xie X. The high-pressure assemblage majorite-pyrope solid solution+magnesiowüstite: A new constraint on the high pressure and temperature history of shock veins in chondrites. Lunar Planet. Sci. 27:1996;211-222.
9. Degenhardt, J.J., Buchanan, P.C., Reid, A.M., Miller, R.McG., 1994. Breccia veins and dykes associated with the Roter Kamm Crater, Namibia. In: Dressler, B.O., et al. (Eds.), Large Meteorite Impacts and Planetary Evolution. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. 293, 197-208.
10. Degenhardt J.J., Reid A.M., Miller R.McG., Reimold W.U. Breccias resembling melt bombs from the Roter Kamm Crater. Meteoritics Planet. Sci. 31:1996;413-415.
11. Dence, M.R., 1996. Modes of melt generation and emplacement in large terrestrial impact structures. Annu. Meet. Geol. Soc. Am., Abstr. Progr. 28(7), A-383-A-384.
12. Deutsch A., Grieve R.A.F., Avermann M., Bischoff L., Brockmeyer P., Buhl D., Lakomy R., Müller-Mohr V., Ostermann M., Stöffler D. The Sudbury Structure (Ontario, Canada): a tectonically deformed multi-ring impact basin. Geol. Rdsch. 84:1995;697-709.
13. Deutsch, A., Dressler, B.O., French, B.M., Grieve, R.A.F., Johns, G.W., Sharpon, V.L., 1997. Conference on Large Meteorite Impacts and Planetary Evolution (Sudbury 97). Lunar Planet. Inst., Houston, Contrib. No. 922, 66 pp.
14. Dressler B.O., Sharpton V.L. Formation of impact breccias at the Slate islands Structure, Northern Lake Superior, Ontario, Canada. Lunar Planet. Sci. 27:1996;325-326.
15. Ernstson K., Fiebag J. The Azuara impact structure (Spain): new insights from geophysical and geological investigations. Geol. Rdsch. 81:1992;403-427.
16. Fedorowich, J.S., 1996. Impact crater wall processes in the North range of the Sudbury Basin. Ann. Meet. Geol. Soc. Am., Abstr. Progr. 28(7), A-383.
17. Fiske P.S., Nellis W.J., Lipp M., Lorenzana H., Kikuchi M., Syono Y. Pseudotachylites generated in shock experiments: Implications for impact cratering products and processes. Science. 270:1995;281-283.
18. Fletcher P., Reimold W.U. Some notes and speculations on the pseudotachylites in the Witwatersrand Basin and the Vredefort Dome. S. Afr. J. Geol. 92:1989;223-234.
19. GAC-MAC, 1996. Joint Annual Meeting of the Geological Association of Canada and the Mineralogical Association of Canada, Winnipeg '96. Programs with Abstracts 21, A-113.
20. Gay N.C., Comins N.R., Simpson C. The composition of spherules and other features on shatter cone surfaces from the Vredefort structure, South Africa. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 41:1978;372-380.
21. Gibson, H.-M., 1996. Shock-induced melting and vaporization of shatter cone surfaces: Evidence from the Sudbury impact structure. Annu. Meet. Geol. Soc. Am., Abstr. Progr. 28(7), A-384.
22. Gibson, H.M., Spray, J.G., 1997. Diagnostic criteria for the recognition of shatter cones. Large Meteorite Impacts and Planetary Evolution (Sudbury 97), Lunar Planet. Inst., Houston, Contrib. No. 922, pp. 16-17.
23. Glikson A.Y. Mega-impacts and mantle-melting episodes: tests of possible correlations. AGSO J. Austral. Geol. Geophys. 16:1996;587-607.
24. Goltrant O., Leroux H., Doukhan J., Cordier P. Formation mechanisms of planar deformation features in naturally shocked quartz. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 74:1992;219-240.
25. Grady D.E. Shock deformation of brittle solids. J. Geophys. Res. 85:1980;913-924.
26. Gratz A.J., Fisler D.K., Bohor B.F. Distinguishing shocked from tectonically deformed quartz by the use of the SEM and chemical etching. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 142:1996;513-521.
27. Grieve R.A.F., Cintala M.J. An analysis of differential impact melt-crater scaling and implications for the terrestrial impact record. Meteoritics. 27:1992;526-538.
28. Grieve R.A.F., Pilkington M. The signature of terrestrial impacts. AGSO J. Austral. Geol. Geophys. 16:1996;399-420.
29. Grieve R.A.F., Langenhorst F., Stöffler D. Shock metamorphism of quartz in nature and experiment: II. Significance in geoscience. Meteoritics Planet. Sci. 31:1996;6-35.
30. Hall, A.L., Molengraaff, G.A.F., 1925. The Vredefort Mountain Land in the Southern Transvaal and Northern Orange Free State. Verh. Ned. Akad. Wet., Sect. 2, part 24, No. 3, 183 pp.
31. Hargraves R.B., White J.C. Micro-shock deformation adjacent to the surface of shatter cones from the Beaverhead impact structure. Montana J. Geol. 104:1996;233-238.
32. Hemley R.J., Jephcoat A.P., Mao H.K., Ming L.C., Manghnani M.H. Pressure-induced amorphization of crystalline silica. Nature. 334:1988;52-54.
33. Henkel H., Reimold W.U. Integrated geophysical modelling of a giant, complex impact structure: anatomy of the Vredefort Structure, South Africa. Tectonophysics. 287:1998;1-20.
34. Hörz F., Bunch T.E., Oberbeck V.R. Shocked materials from the Dutch Peak diamictite, Utah. Lunar PLanet. Sci. 25:1994;565-566.
35. Huffman A.R., Reimold W.U. Experimental constraints on shock-induced microstructures in naturally deformed silicates. Tectonophysics. 256:1996;165-217.
36. Koeberl, C., 1996. Impact cratering: The mineralogical and geochemical evidence. Proc. Workshop Ames Structure and Similar features. Oklahoma Geol. Surv. Circ., in press.
37. Koeberl C., Reimold W.U., Shirey S.B. A Re-Os isotope study of the Vredefort Granophyre: Clues to the origin of the Vredefort Structure, South Africa. Geology. 24:1996;913-916.
38. Koeberl C., Armstrong R.A., Reimold W.U. Morokweng, South Africa: A large impact structure of Jurassic/Cretaceous Boundary age. Geology. 25:1997;731-734.
39. Lambert, P., 1981. Breccia dikes: Geological constraints on the formation of complex craters. In: Schultz, P.H., Merrill, R.B. (Eds.), Multi-Ring Basins. Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. 12A, 59-78.
40. Langenhorst F. Shock experiments on α- and β-quartz: II. X-ray and TEM investigations. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 128:1994;683-698.
41. Laznicka, P., 1988. Breccias and Coarse Fragmentites. Developments in Economic Geology, 25. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 832 pp.
42. Leroux H., Reimold W.U., Doukhan J.-C. A T.E.M. investigation of planar microdeformations in quartz from the Vredefort dome, South Africa. Tectonophysics. 230:1994;223-239.
43. Magloughlin, J.F., Spray, J.G. (Eds.), 1992a. Frictional melting processes and products in geological materials. Tectonophysics 204, 197-337.
44. Magloughlin J.F., Spray J.G. Frictional melting processes and products in geological materials: introduction and discussion. Tectonophysics. 204:1992;197-206.
45. Manton, W.I., 1962. The orientation and implication of shatter cones in the Vredefort Ring structure. M.Sc. Thesis (unpubl.), University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 167 pp.
46. Martini J.E.J. Coesite and stishovite in the Vredefort Dome, South Africa. Nature. 272:1978;715-717.
47. Martini J.E.J. The nature, distribution and genesis of the coesite and stishovite associated with the pseudotachylite of the Vredefort Dome, South Africa. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 103:1991;285-300.
48. McCarville, P., Crossey, L.J., 1995. Post-impact hydrothermal alteration of the Manson impact structure. In: Koeberl, C., Anderson, R.R. (Eds.), The Manson Impact Structure, Iowa: Anatomy of an Impact Crater. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. 302, 347-376.
49. Melosh, H.J., 1989. Impact Cratering - A Geologic Process. Oxford University Press, New York, 245 pp.
50. Milton, D.J., 1977. Shatter cones - an outstanding problem in shock mechanics. In: Roddy, D.J., et al. (Eds.), Impact and Explosion Cratering. Pergamon Press, New York, pp. 703-714.
51. Milton D.J., Glikson A.Y., Brett R. Gosses Bluff - a latest Jurassic impact structure, central Australia. Part 1: geological structure, stratigraphy, and origin. AGSO J. Austral. Geol. Geophys. 16:1996;453-486.
52. Nicolaysen, L.O., Reimold, W.U., 1987. Shatter cones revisited. Contrib. Int. Workshop Cryptoexplosions and Catastrophes in the Geological Record. BPI Geophysics, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 8 pp.
53. Oberbeck V.R., Marshall J.R., Aggarwal H. Impacts, tillites, and the breakup of Gondwanaland. J. Geol. 101:1993;1-19.
54. Oberbeck V.R., Marshall J.R., Aggarwal H. Impacts, tillites, and the breakup of Gondwanaland: a reply. J. Geol. 101:1993;679-683.
55. Oberbeck V.R., Hörz F., Bunch T.E. Impacts, tillites, and the breakup of Gondwanaland: a second reply. J. Geol. 102:1994;485-489.
56. Rampino M.R. Tillites, diamictites, and ballistic ejecta of large impacts. J. Geol. 102:1994;439-456.
57. Reimold W.U. Shock experiments with preheated Witwatersrand quartzite and the Vredefort microdeformation controversy. Lunar Planet. Sci. 19:1988;970-971.
58. Reimold W.U. Pseudotachylite in impact structures - generation by friction melting and shock brecciation?: A review and discussion. Earth-Sci. Rev. 39:1995;247-265.
59. Reimold, W.U., 1996. "Pseudotachylitic" breccias in impact structures. Joint Meeting Geol. Assoc. Can. and Min. Assoc. Can., Winnipeg '96, GAC-MAC Progr. Abstr. 21, A-78.
60. Reimold, W.U., Colliston, W.P., 1994. The pseudotachylites of the Vredefort Dome and the surrounding Witwatersrand Basin, South Africa. In: Dressler, B.O., et al. (Eds.), Proc. Int. Conf. Large Meteorite Impacts and Planetary Evolution. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. 293, 177-196.
61. Reimold W.U., Gibson R.L. Geology and evolution of the Vredefort impact structure, South Africa. J. Afr. Earth Sci. 23:1996;125-162.
62. Reimold, W.U., Miller, R.McG., 1989. The Roter Kamm Crater, SWA/Namibia. Proceedings 19th Lunar Planetary Science Conference. Cambridge University Press/Lunar Planet. Inst., pp. 711-732.
63. Reimold W.U., Minnitt R.C.A. Impact-induced shatter cones or sedimentary percussion features in the Klapperkop Formation of the Eastern Transvaal? S. Afr. J. Geol. 99:1996;299-308.
64. Reimold W.U., Koeberl C., Partridge T.C., Kerr S.J. Pretoria Saltpan Crater: impact origin confirmed. Geology. 20:1992;1079-1082.
65. Reimold W.U., von Brunn V., Koeberl C. Are diamictites impact ejecta? - No evidence from South African occurrences. J. Geol. 105:1997;517-530.
66. SACS, 1980. South African Committee for Stratigraphy (SACS): Stratigraphy of South Africa. Part 1: Lithostratigraphy of the Republic of South Africa, South West Africa/Namibia and the republics of Bophutatswana, Transkei and Venda. Geol. Survey Handb. 8, 690 pp.
67. Schmitt R.T., Langenhorst F. Planar deformation features in olivine from experimentally shocked H6 chondrite Kernouvé Meteoritics Planet. Sci. 31:1996;A124.
68. Schultz, P.H., 1996. Shear heating by oblique impact. Ann. Meet. Geol. Soc. Am., Progr. Abstr. 28(7), A-384.
69. Sharpton V.L., Dressler B.O., Herrick R.R., Schnieders B., Scott J. New constraints on the Slate Islands impact structure, Ontario, Canada. Geology. 24:1996;851-854.
70. Spray J.G. Pseudotachylyte controversy: Fact or friction? Geology. 23:1995;1119-1122.
71. Spray J.G. Superfaults. Geology. 25:1997;579-582.
72. Spray, J.G., 1997b. New types of fault behavior associated with hypervelocity impact. In: Large Meteorite Impact and Planetary Evolution (Sudbury 97), Lunar Planet. Inst., Houston, Contrib. No. 922, pp. 57-58.
73. Spray J.G., Thompson L.M. Friction melt distribution in a multi-ring impact basin. Nature. 373:1995;130-132.
74. Spudis, P.D., 1993. The Geology of Multi-Ring Impact Basins. Cambridge University Press, New York, 263 pp.
75. Stöffler, D., Grieve, R.A.F., 1996. IUGS Classification and nomenclature of impact metamorphic rocks: Towards a final proposal.
76. Stöffler D., Langenhorst F. Shock metamorphism of quartz in nature and experiment: I. Basic observation and theory. Meteoritics. 29:1994;155-181.
77. Stöffler, D., Knöll, H.-D., Maerz, U., 1979. Terrestrial and lunar impact breccias and the classification of lunar highland rocks. Proc. 10th Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf., pp. 639-675.
78. Taylor, S.R., 1992. Solar System Evolution - A New Perspective. Cambridge University Press, New York, 307 pp.
79. Thompson, L.M., Spray, J.G., 1994. Pseudotachylitic rock distribution and genesis within the Sudbury impact structure. In: Dressler, B.O., et al. (Eds.), Proc. Int. Conf. Large Meteorite Impacts and Planetary Evolution. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. 293, 275-287.
80. 39Ar thermochronology of pseudotachylites at the Ventersdorp Contact Reef, Witwatersrand Basin. S. Afr. J. Geol. 97:1994;365-384.
81. van der Bogert, C.H., Simpson, C., 1996. Diagnostic criteria of ultracataclasites versus ultramylonites and pseudotachylites. Annu. Meet. Geol. Soc. Am., Progr. Abstr. 28(7), A-382.
82. Wenk H.R. Are pseudotachylites products of fracture or fusion? Geology. 6:1978;507-511.