Solvent replacement for green processing

Environmental Health Perspectives

Volumn 106, Issue SUPPL. 1, 1998, Pages 253-271

  Sherman, Julie ^a   Chin, Bain ^b   Huibers, Paul D T ^a   Garcia Valls, Ricard ^a   Hatton, T Alan ^a  

^a Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge   (United States)

^b MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

Coatings; Green chemistry; Pollution prevention; Property prediction; Solvent cleaning; Solvent substitutes

Indexed keywords

ORGANIC SOLVENT;

AIR POLLUTION CONTROL; CHEMICAL INDUSTRY; DATA BASE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

EID: 0031977885     PISSN: 00916765     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1289/ehp.98106s1253     Document Type: Review

References (202)

1. Grayson M, ed. Industrial Solvents. New York:Wiley and Sons, 1983.
2. Anastas PT. Benign by design chemistry. In: Benign by Design: Alternative Synthetic Design for Pollution Prevention, ACS Symposium Series 577 (Anastas PT, Farris CA, eds). Washington:American Chemical Society, 1994;1-21.
3. U.S. EPA. Clean Air Act-Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Part 60. Washington:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1990.
4. Breen JJ, Dellarco MJ. Pollution prevention: the new environmental ethic. In: Pollution Prevention in Industrial Processes (Breen JJ, Dellarco MJ, eds). Washington:American Chemical Society, 1992;2-32.
5. U.S. EPA. EPA Pollution Prevention Directory. Washington: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1990.
6. U.S. EPA. 33/50 Program EPA-741-K-92-001. Washington: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1992.
7. Englehardt JD. Pollution prevention technologies: a review and classification. J Hazard Mater 35:119-150 (1993).
8. Venkataramani ES, Vaiyda F, Olsen W, Wittmer S. Create drugs, not waste. CHEMTECH 674-679 (1992).
9. Haggin J. Innovations in catalysis create environmentally friendly THF processes. Chem Eng News 73:20-23 (1995).
10. Sheldon RA. Consider the environmental quotient. CHEMTECH 38-47 (1994).
11. Lipton S. Reduce fugitive emissions through improving process equipment. Chem Eng Prog 88:61-67 (1992).
12. Ahmad B. Synthesis of Batch Processes with Integrated Solvent Recovery [Ph.D dissertation]. Cambridge, MA:Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1997.
13. Dienemann EA, Bacher S. Pollution prevention case studies. In: Environmental Strategies Handbook (Kolluru RV, ed). New York:McGraw Hill, 1994.
14. Manousiouthakis V, Allen D. Process synthesis for waste minimization, AICHE Symposium Series 91:72-86 (1995).
15. El-Halwagi MM. Synthesis of reverse-osmosis networks for waste reduction. AICHE J 38:1185-1198 (1992).
16. D'Amico E. Alternatives finding way in a stormy market. Chem Week 157:54-55 (1995).
17. Miziolek AW, Tsang W, eds. Halon Replacements: Technology and Science. Washington:American Chemical Society, 1995.
18. Million JF, McIlroy K, Zawierucha R. A selection and evaluation protocol for alternatives to halogenated hydrocarbon solvents for oxygen-cleaning purposes. In: Alternatives to Chlorofluorocarbon Fluids in the Cleaning of Oxygen and Aerospace Systems and Components, Vol 1181 (Bryan CJ, Thompson G, eds). Philadelphia:American Society for Testing and Materials, 1993;141-152.
19. Hairston D. Industrial solvents step up to the mound. Chem Eng 102:57-60 (1995).
20. Stone KR Jr, Springer J Jr. Review of solvent cleaning in aerospace operations and pollution prevention alternatives. Environ Prog 14:261-265 (1995).
21. Basu RS, Zyhowski GJ. Environmentally safer hydrochlorofluorocarbon solvents as CFC alternatives for cleaning. Proc Inst Environ Sci 37:247-251 (1991).
22. Koelsch JR. Breathe easy. Manuf Eng 111:49-54 (1993).
23. Bonner JK. New solvent alternatives to CFC cleaning. Int Society for the Advancement of Material and Process Engineering Electron Conf 3:797-803 (1989).
24. Hey D. Cleaning chemicals for electronics. Alternatives to ozone-depleting solvents. Spec Chem 10:449-450 (1990).
25. Manzer LE. Chemistry and catalysis. In: Designing Safer Chemicals: Green Chemistry for Pollution Prevention, Vol 640 (DeVito SC, Garrett RL, eds). Washington:American Chemical Society, 1996;144-154.
26. Anderson SO. 1994 Report of the Solvents Coatings and Adhesives Technical Options Committee for the 1195 Assessment of the UNEP Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. Nairobi:United Nations Environment Program Solvents, Coatings, and Adhesives Technical Options Committee, 1995.
27. Kanegsberg B. Precision cleaning without ozone-depleting chemicals. Chem Ind (London) 20:787-791 (1996).
28. Higgins T, Thorn J. Solvents: know your options. Chem Eng 101:92-100 (1994).
29. Rupp VL, Hickman JC. Replacing 1,1,1-trichloroethane with other chlorinated solvents. Plat Surf Finish 82:34-38 (1995).
30. Reynolds JM. Cost effective replacements for chlorinated solvents and glycol ethers. Spray Technol Market 1:32-36 (1991).
31. Lea C. Solvent alternatives for the 1990's. Electron Commun Eng J 3:53-62 (1991).
32. Hairston DH. Degreasers: lift up and split out. Chem Eng 103:69-72 (1996).
33. McGill KM. Pollution prevention in army maintenance. Int SAMPE Symp 39:692-702 (1994).
34. Oxsol 100. Dallas:Oxychem, 1992.
35. Marino FA. A New process alternative for replacing ozone-depleting solvent cleaners. Plat Surf Finish 80:41-45 (1993).
36. Wolf K. The truths and myths about water-based cleaning: a systems approach to choosing the best alternatives. Pollut Prev Rev 4:141-153 (1994).
37. Brown LM, Springer J, Bower M. Chemical substitution for 1,1,1-trichloroethane and methanol in industrial cleaning operation. J Hazard Mater 29:179-188 (1992).
38. Kennedy ML. Getting to the bottom line: how TCA shows the real cost of solvent substitution. Pollut Prev Rev 4:155-164 (1994).
39. Goeders DC, Bridge DW, Boyaner MR. Investigation of the cleaning effectiveness of the alternative solvents and solvent cleaning. Int SAMPE Symp 39:1156-1170 (1994).
40. Copeland AE. Biodegradable solvent substitution. In: Solvent Substitution, Annual International Workshop. 4-7 December 1990, Phoenix, Arizona. Washington:Department of Energy, 1990;115-117.
41. Snyder JT. Aqueous degreasing: a viable alternative to vapor degreasing. In: Solvent Substitution, Annual International Workshop. 4-7 December 1990, Phoenix, Arizona. Washington:Department of Energy, 1990;177-179.
42. Thompson LM, Sinamdle RF, Richards HL. Chlorinated solvent substitution program at the Oak Ridge Y-12 plant. In: Solvent Substitution, Annual International Workshop 4-7 December 1990, Phoenix, Arizona. Washington:Department of Energy, 1990;135-142.
43. Karrs S, McMonagle M. An examination of the payback for an aqueous cleaner recovery unit. Plat Surf Finish 80:45-50 (1993).
44. Hayes M. Semi-aqueous cleaning: an alternative to halogenated solvents. Proc Electron Compon Technol Conf 40:247-252 (1990).
45. Quitmeyer J. Aqueous cleaners challenge chlorinated solvents. Pollut Eng 23:88-92 (1991).
46. Quitmeyer J. The evolution of aqueous cleaner technology. Met Finish 93:34-49 (1995).
47. Nicholls LC. Creating a better environment. Finishing 14:51-52 (1990).
48. Lowell CR, Sterritt JR. Improving aqueous cleaning power. Surf Mount Technol 4:26-28 (1990).
49. Salerno RF. High pressure supercritical carbon dioxide efficiency in removing hydrocarbon machine coolants from metal coupons and component parts. In: Solvent Substitution, Annuual International Workshop. 4-7 December 1990, Phoenix, Arizona. Washington:Department of Energy, 1990;79-86.
50. Weber DC. Precision surface cleaning with supercritical carbon dioxide. Met Finish 93:22-23 (1995).
51. McGovern WE, Moses JM, Weber DC. The use of supercritical carbon dioxide as an alternative for chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) solvents in precision parts cleaning applications. Proceedings Air Pollution Control Association Annual Meeting 11:94-RP137.03 (1994).
52. Supercritical fluids for cleaning metal parts. Hazard Waste Consult 13:1-25 (1995).
53. Hjeresen D, Silva L, Spall D, Stephenson R. National Program for Supercritical Fluids Cleaning. Int SAMPE Symp Exhibit 39:1109-1115 (1994).
54. 2 cleaning. SAMPE J 29:20-27 (1993).
55. Gallagher PM, Krukonis VJ. Precision parts cleaning with supercritical carbon dioxide. In: Solvent Substitution, Annual International Workshop. 4-7 December 1990, Phoenix, Arizona. Washington:Department of Energy, 1990;70.
56. Purtell R, Rothman L, Eldridge B, Chess C. Precision parts cleaning using supercritical fluids. J Vac Sci Technol 11:1696-1701 (1993).
57. 2 dry-cleaning process replaces toxic solvent. Environ Sci Technol 29:497A(1995).
58. Iliff RJ, Mitchell JD, Carty DT, Latham JR, Kong SB. Liquid/Supercritical Carbon Dioxide/Dry Cleaning System. Oakland, CA:The Clorox Company, 1995.
59. Lu Y, Aoyagi Y. Laser-induced dry cleaning in air: a new surface cleaning technology in lieu of CFC solvents. Jpn J Appl Phys 33:L430-L433 (1994).
60. Sapre A. Electronic assembly solvent substitutes. In: Solvent Substitution, Annual International Workshop. 4-7 December 1990, Phoenix, AZ. Washington:Department of Energy 1990;131.
61. Oil and Colour Chemists' Association, Australia. Surface Coatings: Paints and Application, Vol 2. New York:Chapman and Hall, 1984.
62. Morgan RE. Put the lid on VOC emissions from maintenance coatings. Chem Eng Prog 92:54-59 (1996).
63. Burgess WA. Recognition of Health Hazards in Industry: A Review of Materials and Processes, Vol 538. New York:John Wiley and Sons, 1995.
64. Holmberg K. High Solids Alkyd Resins. New York:Marcel Dekker, 1987.
65. Elvers B, Hawkins S, Schuly G, eds. Ulmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. New York:VCH Publishers, 1985.
66. Bittner A, Epple U. Aqueous and high solids two-pack industrial finishes complying with the regulations governing the emission of volatile organic compounds. Surf Coat Int 4:177-183 (1996).
67. Sullivan CJ. High solids performance polyesters with MPD: performance by design. Am Paint Coat J H79:80-89 (1994).
68. Thames SF, Panjnani KG. Organosilanes in low volatile organic component coatings. Prog Org Coat 26:63-71 (1995).
69. Johnson TL. Ultra-low viscosity oxazolidine and aldimaine-based reactive diluents for high-solids polyurethane coatings. J Coat Technol 67:41-47 (1995).
70. Robinson GN, Johnson TL, Hoffman MD. High performance polyurethane coating systems utilizing oxazolidine-based reactive diluents. J Coat Technol 66:69-74 (1994).
71. Adams RC. Use of isophthalic resins in high solids coatings. Polym Paint Colour J 186:17-20 (1996).
72. Rupa Vani JN, Lakeshmi VV, Sitaraman BS, Krishnamurti N. Synthesis of allyl phenyl acrylates and their evaluation as reactive diluents in UV-curable coatings. Prog Org Coat 21:339-352(1993).
73. Kuo C, Zhao C, Nirali L, Sirlikov S. Low VOC alkyd coatings using (meth)acrylate reactive diluents. Am Paint Coat J 79:41-51 (1994).
74. Huffman. A reactive diluent for flexible, high solids polyurethane coatings. Am Paint Coat J 80:46-51 (1995).
75. Dirlikov S, Islam MS, Frischinger I, Lepkowski T, Murturi P. Increasing high-solids with a weed. Ind Finish 68:17-20 (1992).
76. Banov A. Answers to VOC, HAP headaches: a linseed oil-based reactive diluent, solvent reformulation options. Am Paint Coat J 79:45-46 (1994).
77. Finzel W. Volatile methyl siloxanes as exempt solvents in protective coatings. J Coat Technol 68:69-72 (1996).
78. Kamath VR, Sargent JDJ. Production of high solids acrylic coating resins with t-amyl peroxides: a new way to meet VOC requirements. Chem Eng World 31:57-62 (1996).
79. Nakano S, Morimoto T. High-solids coatings using benzylanilinium sulfonates-II, α, α-dimethlbenzylpyridinium p-toluenesulfonate, an effective blocked sulfonic acid. J Coat Technol 68:83-90 (1996).
80. Gould ML, Dettloff ML, Whiteside RC Jr. Linear pendant anhydrides: novel building blocks for high solids, high performance coatings. Prog Org Coat 29:117-126 (1996).
81. Wicks DA, Yeske PE. Imine-isocyanate chemistry: new technology for environmentally friendly, high solids coatings. In: Developing Safer Chemicals: Green Chemistry for Pollution Prevention, Vol 640 (Devito SC, Garrett RL, eds). Washington:American Chemical Society, 1996.
82. Bieleman JH. New additives improve performance of water-borne paints. Am Paint Coat J 80:30-34 (1996).
83. Karsa DR, Davies WD, eds. Waterborne Coatings and Additives. Cambridge:The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1995.
84. Provder T, Winnik MA, Urban MW, eds. Film Formation in Waterborne Coatings. Washington:American Chemical Society, 1996.
85. Padget JC. Polymers for water-based coatings: a systematic overview. J Coat Technol 66:89-105 (1994).
86. Water-reducible resins. In: Surface Coatings: Raw Materials and Their Usage, Vol 1. New York:Chapman and Hall, 1993;263-292.
87. Mirgel V. New resin systems for high performance waterborne coatings. Prog Org Coat 22:273-277 (1993).
88. Hergernrother R, Ruttmann G. Polyurethane coatings meet VOC challenge. J Prot Coat Linings 7:40-46 (1990).
89. Brown W. Aromatic polycarbodiimides: a new class of crosslinkers for water-borne coatings. Surf Coat Int 78:238-242 (1995).
90. Eslinger DR, Aliphatic epoxy emulsion crosslinker for waterborne coatings. J Coat Technol 67:45-50 (1995).
91. Poggio T, Lenti D, Masini L. Water-borne fluoroelastomeric coatings with high barrier properties. J Am Oil Colour Chem Assoc 78:289-293 (1995).
92. Neimann J. Waterborne coatings for the automotive industry. Prog Org Coat 21:189-203 (1992).
93. Blank WJ. Novel polyurethane polyols for waterborne and high solids coatings. Prog Org Coat 20:235-259 (1992).
94. Clancy S. The paint revolution. Transp Eng 10:13-19 (1994).
95. Water-borne coating improves air quality. Prod Finish 60:59-61 (1996).
96. Cornwell DW. Developments on water-based and low VOC coatings for the protection of structural steel. Surf Coat Int 77:455-459 (1994).
97. Kobayashi T. Pigment dispersion in water-reducible paints. Prog Org Coat 28:79-87 (1996).
98. Klein RJ. Formulating low odor, low VOC interior paints. Mod Paint Coat 83:37-39 (1993).
99. Donohue MD, Geiger JL, Kaimos AA, Nielsen KA. Reduction of volatile organic compound emissions during spray painting. In: Green Chemistry: Designing Chemistry for the Environment, Vol 626 (Anastas PT, Williamson TC, eds). Washington:American Chemical Society, 1996;152-167.
100. White TF. An economic solution to meeting VOC regulations. Met Finish 89:55-58 (1991).
101. Nielsen KA, Glancy CW. Precursor Coating Composition Suitable for Spraying with Supercritical Fluids as Diluents. Danbury, CT:Union Carbide Chemicals and Plastics Technology Corporation, 1996.
102. Lee C, Hoy KL, Donohue MD. Supercritical Fluids as Diluents in Liquid Spray Application of Coatings. Danbury, CT:Union Carbide Chemicals and Plastics Company, 1990.
103. Marrion AR, ed. The Chemistry and Physics of Coatings. Cambridge:The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1994.
104. McGinniss VD. Advances in environmental benign coatings and adhesives. Prog Org Coat 27:153-161 (1996).
105. Jones FH. Toward solventless liquid coatings. J Coat Technol 68:25-36 (1996).
106. Caddick S. Microwave-assisted organic reactions. Tetrahedron 51:10403-10432 (1995).
107. Budavari S, O'Neil M, Smith A, Heckelman PE, eds. The Merck Index. Rahway:Merck and Co., 1989.
108. Femec DA, Mccaffrey RR. Solvent replacement in the synthesis of persubstituted phosphonitrilic hydroquinone prepolymer materials. J Appl Polym Sci 52:501-505 (1994).
109. Galvez N, Moreno-Manas M, Sebastian RM, Vallribera A. Dimethoxyethane as an alternative solvent for Schmidt reactions. Preparation of homochiral N-(5-Oxazolyl)oxazolidonones from N-acetoacetyl derivatives of oxazolidinones. Tetradhedron 52:1609-1616 (1996).
110. Ogawa A, Curran DP. Benzotrifluoride: a useful alternative solvent for organic reactions currently conducted in dichloromethane and related solvents. J Org Chem 62:450-451 (1997).
111. Molnar LK. Polymer Based Solvents for Minimizing Pollution During the Synthesis of Fine Chemicals [PhD. dissertation]. Cambridge, MA:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1996. Also summarized in: Molnar LK, Buchwald SL, Hatton TA. Polymer based replacement solvents forminimizing pollution during the synthesis of fine chemicals. Polym Mater Sci Eng 75:113-114 (1996).
112. Molnar LK. Polymer Based Solvents for Minimizing Pollution During the Synthesis of Fine Chemicals [PhD. dissertation]. Cambridge, MA:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1996. Also summarized in: Molnar LK, Buchwald SL, Hatton TA. Polymer based replacement solvents forminimizing pollution during the synthesis of fine chemicals. Polym Mater Sci Eng 75:113-114 (1996).
113. Seddon KR. Room-temperature ionic liquids: neoteric solvents for clean catalysis. Kinet Catal 37:693 (1996).
114. Seddon KR. Ionic liquids for clean technology. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 68:351-356 (1997).
115. Goldberg Y. Phase Transfer Catalysis: Selected Problems and Applications. Yverdon, Switzerland:Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, 1989.
116. Dehmlow EV, Dehmlow SS. Phase Transfer Catalysis. Weinheim:VCH, 1993.
117. Starks CM, Liota CL, Halpern M. Phase-Transfer Catalysis: Fundamentals, Applications, and Industrial Perspectives. New York:Chapman and Hall, 1994.
118. O'Donnell MJ. Asymmetric phase transfer reactions. In: Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis (Ojima I, ed). New York:VCH, 1993;389-412.
119. Dartt CB, Davis ME. Catalysis for environmentally benign processing. Ind Eng Chem Res 33:2887-2899 (1994).
120. Lim PK, Zhong Y. Chemically benign synthesis at organic-water interface. In: Green Chemistry: Designing Chemistry for the Environment (Anastas PT, Williamson TC, eds). Washington:American Chemical Society, 1996; 168-177.
121. Papadogianakis G, Sheldon RA. Catalytic conversions in water: environmentally attractive processes employing water soluble transition metal complexes. N J Chem 20:175-185 (1996).
122. Fendler JH, Fendler EJ. Catalysis in Micellar and Macromolecular Systems. New York:Academic Press, 1975.
123. Bunton CA, Kinetics and catalysis. In: Microheterogeneous System, Vol 38 (Gratzel M, Kalyanasundaram K, eds). New York:Marcel Dekker, 1991;13-28.
124. Monflier E, Bourdauducq P, Couturier JL, Kervennal J, Suisse I, Mortreux A. Solvent-free telomeriztion of butadiene with water into octadienols in the presence of nonionic surfactant: efficient micellar catalysis. Catal Lett 34:201-212 (1995).
125. Rathman JF, Siswanto G, Battal T. Alkylation of phenol and anilin in aqueous surfactant solutions by micellar phase-transfer catalysis. Abstr Amer Chem Soc 211:120-COLL (1996).
126. Kust PR, Rathman JF. Synthesis of surfactants by micellar autocatalysis: N,N-dimethyldodecylamine N-oxide. Langmuir 11:3007-3012 (1995).
127. Li CJ. Aqueous Barbier-Grignard type reaction: scope, mechanism, and synthetic applications. Tetrahedron 52:5643-5668 (1996).
128. Shu HY, Perlmutter HD, Shaw H. Application of a droplet column type two-phase reactor for the epoxidation of cyclooctene in water as an alternative solvent. Ind Eng Chem Res 34:3761-3765 (1995).
129. Shaw H, Perlmutter HD, Chen G, Arco SD, Quibuyen TO. Free-radical bromination of selected organic compounds in water. J Org Chem 62:236-237 (1997).
130. Tester JW, Holgate HR, Armellini FJ, Webley PA, Killilea WR, Hong GT, Barner HE. Supercritical water oxidation technology. In: ACS Symposium Series, Vol 518. Washington: American Chemical Society, 1993;35-75.
131. Savage PE, Gopalan S, Mizan TI, Martino CJ. Reactions at supercritical conditions: applications and fundamentals. AICHE J 41:1723-1778 (1995).
132. 3 catalyst. AICHE J 42:1995-2004 (1996).
133. Clercq ML. Ceramic reactor for use with corrosive supercritical fluids. AICHE J 42:1798-1799 (1996).
134. Black H. Supercritical carbon dioxide: the "greener" solvent. Environ Sci Technol 30:124A-128A (1996).
135. Eckert CA, Knutson BL, Debenedetti PG. Supercritical fluids as solvents for chemical and materials processing. Nature 383:313-318 (1996).
136. Romack TJ, Maury EE, Desimone JM. Precipitation polymerization of acrylic-acid in supercritical carbon-dioxide. Macromolecules 28:912-915 (1995).
137. Kapellen KK, Mistele CD, Desimone JM. Synthesis of poly(2,6-dimethylphenylene oxide) in carbon-dioxide. Macromolecules 29:495-496 (1996).
138. Romack TJ, Kipp BE, Desimone JM. Polymerization of tetrafluoroethylene in a hybrid carbon dioxide aqueous-medium. Macromolecules 28:8432-8434 (1995).
139. Clark MR, Desimone JM. Cationic polymerization of vinyl and cyclic ethers in supercritical and liquid carbon-dioxide. Macromolecules 28:3002-3004 (1995).
140. Canelas DA, Betts DE, DeSimone JM. Dispersion polymerization of styrene in supercritical carbon-dioxide - importance of effective surfactants. Macromolecules 29:2818-2821 (1996).
141. Mcclain JB, Betts DE, Canelas DA, Samulski ET, Desimone JM, Londono JD, Cochran HD, Wignall GD, Chilluramartino D, Triolo R. Design of nonionic surfactants for supercritical carbon-dioxide. Science 274:2049-2052 (1996).
142. Xiao JL, Nefkens SCA, Jessop PG, Ikariya T, Noyori R. Asymmetric hydrogenation of α,β-unsaturated carboxylic-acids in supercritical carbon-dioxide. Tetrahedron Lett 37:2813-2816 (1996).
143. Jessop PG, Hsiao Y, Ikariya T, Noyori R. Homogeneous catalysis in supercritical fluids: hydrogenation of supercritical carbon-dioxide to formic acid, alkyl formates, and formamides. J Am Chem Soc 118:344-355 (1996).
144. Burk MJ, Feng SG, Gross MF, Tumas W. Asymmetric catalytic-hydrogen at ion reactions in supercritical carbon-dioxide. J Am Chem Soc 117:8277-8278 (1995).
145. Molero Gomez A, Pereyra Lopez E, Martinez de la Ossa E, Recovery of grape seed oil by liquid supercritical carbon dioxide extraction: a comparison with convention solvent extraction. Chem Eng J 61:227-231 (1996).
146. Krukonis V, Brunner G, Perrut M. Industrial operations with supercritical fluids: current processes and perspectives on the future. In: 3rd International Symposium of Supercritical Fluids, 17-19 October 1994, Strasbourg, France. Vandoeuvreles-Nancy (Meurthe-et-Moselle): INPL, 1994.
147. Dolezal IS, Segebarth KP, Zennegg M, Wunderli S. Comparison between supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) using carbon dioxide/acetone and conventional Soxhlet extraction with toluene for the subsequent determination of PCDD/PCDF in a single electrofilter ash sample. Chemosphere 31:4013-4024 (1995).
148. Clement RE, Koester CJ, Eiceman GA. Environmental analysis. Anal Chem 65:85R-116R (1993).
149. Alzaga R, Bayona JM, Barcelo D. Use of supercritical fluid extraction for pirimicarb determination in soil. J Agric Food Chem 43:398-399 (1995).
150. 2 mixtures. J Chromatogr A 737:233-242 (1996).
151. Roth M. Thermodynamic prospects of alternative refrigerants as solvents for supercritical fluid extraction. Anal Chem 68:4474-4480 (1996).
152. Christian SD, Scamehorn JF. Use of micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration to remove dissolved organics from aqueous streams. In: Surfactant-based Separation Processes, Vol 33 (Scamehorn JF, Jeffrey HH, eds). New York:Marcel Dekker, 1989;3-28.
153. Hurter PN, Hatton TA. Solubilization and extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in polyethylene oxide-polypropylene oxide block copolymer micelles. Langmuir 8:1291-1299 (1992).
154. Nagarajan R, Barry M, Ruckenstein E. Unusual selectivity in solubilization by block copolymer micelles. Langmuir 2:210-215 (1986).
155. Hurter PN, Anger LA, Vojvodich LJ, Keuey CA, Cohen RE, Hatton TA. Amphiphilic polymer solutions as novel extractants for environmental applications. In: Solvent Extraction in the Process Indusrries - Proceedings of International Solvent Extraction Conference '93, Vol 3 (Logsdail DH, Slater MJ, eds). London:Elsevier, 1993;1663-1670.
156. Lebens PJM, Keurentjes JTF. Temperature-induced solubilization of hydrocarbons in aqueous block copolymer cosolution. Ind Chem Res 35:3415-3421 (1996).
157. Walter H, Brooks DE, Fisher D, Partitioning in Aqueous Two-Phase Systems. Theory, Methods, Uses and Applications to Biotechnology. Orlando, FL:Academic Press, 1985.
158. Rogers RD, Zhang J. New technologies for metal ion separations: polyethylene glycol based-aqueous biphasic systems and aqueous biphasic extraction chromatography. In: Ion Exchange and Solvent Extraction, Vol 13 (Marcus Y, Marinsky JA, eds). New York:Marcel Dekker, 1997.
159. Rogers RD, Bond AH, Bauer CB, Griffin ST, Zhang J. Polyethylene glycol-based aqueous biphasic systems for extraction and recovery of dyes and metal/dye complexes. In: Value Adding through Solvent Extraction - Proceedings of the International Solvent Extraction Conference '96, Vol 2 (Shallcross DC, Paiman R, Pavcic LM, eds). Victoria, Australia:The University of Melbourne, 1996; 1537-1542.
160. Kaminski M, Landsberger S, Nunez L, G.F. Vandegrift. Sorption capacity of ferromagnetic microparticles coates with CMPO. Sep Sci Technol 32:115-126 (1997).
161. Nunez L, Buchholz BA, Kminski M, Aase SB, Brown NR, Vandegrift GF. Actinide separation of high-level waste using solvent extractants on magnetic microparticles. Sep Sci Technol 31:1393-1407 (1996).
162. Joback KG. Solvent substitution for pollution prevention. In: Pollution Prevention via Process and Product Modifications, Vol 90 (El-Hawagi MM, Petrides DP, eds). New York:American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 1994;98-104.
163. Fredenslund A, Jones RL, Prausnitz JM. Group contribution estimation of activity coefficients in nonideal liquid mixtures. AICHE J 21:1086-1099 (1975).
164. Gani R, Brignole EA. Molecular design of solvents for liquid extraction based on UNIFAC. Fluid Phase Equilib 13:331-340 (1983).
165. Brignole EA, Bottini S, Gani R. A strategy for the design and selection of solvents for separation processes. Fluid Phase Equilib 29:125-139 (1986).
166. Gani R, Nielsen B, Fredenslund A. A group contribution approach to computer-aided molecular design. AICHE J 37 (1991).
167. Gani R, Fredenslund A, Computer-aided molecular and mixture design with specified property constraints. Fluid Phase Equlib 82:39-46 (1993).
168. Naser SF, Founier RL. A system for the design of an optimum liquid-liquid extractant molecule. Comput Chem Eng 15:397-414 (1991).
169. Macchietto S, Odele O, Omatsone O. Design of optimal solvents for liquid-liquid extraction and gas absorption processes. Trans I Chem E 68:429-433 (1990).
170. Odele O, Macchietto S. Computer-aided design: a novel method for optimal solvent selection. Fluid Phase Equilib 82:47-54 (1993).
171. Pretel EJ, Lopez PA, Bottini SB, Brignole EA. Computer-aided molecular design of solvents for separation processes. AICHE J 40:1349-1360 (1994).
172. Klein JA, Wu DT, Gani R. Computer-aided mixture design with specified property constraints. Comput Chem Eng 16:s229-s236 (1992).
173. Duvedi AP, Achenie LEK. Designing environmentally safe refrigerants using mathematical programming. Chem Eng Sci 51:3727-3739 (1996).
174. Venkatasubramanian V, Chan K, Caruthers JM. Evolutionary design of molecules with desired properties using the genetic algorithm. J Chem Inf Comput Sci 35:188-195 (1995).
175. Meniai AH, Newsham DMT. A computer-aided molecular design of solvents for liquid-liquid extraction. Trans I ChemE 74:695-702 (1996).
176. Meniai AH, Newsham DMT. The selection of solvents for liquid-liquid extraction. Trans I ChemE 74:78-87 (1996).
177. Rouvray DH. Predicting chemistry from topology. Sci Am 255:40-47 (1986).
178. Ivanciuc O. CODESSA version 2.13 for Windows. J Chem Inf Comput Sci 37:405-406 (1997).
179. Yalkowsky SH, Banerjee S. Aqueous Solubility. Methods of Estimation for Organic Compounds. New York:Marcel Dekker, 1992.
180. Kan AT, Tomson MB. UNIFAC prediction of aqueous and nonaqueous solubilities of chemicals with environmental interest. Environ Sci Technol 30:1369-1376 (1996).
181. Kier LB, Hall LH. Molecular Connectivity in Chemistry and Drug Research. New York:Academic Press, 1976.
182. Kier LB, Hall LH. Molecular Connectivity in Structure-Activity Analysis. New York:Wiley, 1986.
183. Katritzky AR, Lobanov VS, Karelson M. QSPR: the correlation and quantitative prediction of chemical and physical properties from structure. Chem Soc Rev 24:279-287 (1995).
184. Nirmalakhandan NN, Speece RE. Prediction of aqueous solubility of organic chemicals based on molecular structure. Environ Sci Technol 22:328-338 (1988).
185. Bodor N, Huang MJ. A new method for the estimation of the aqueous solubility of organic compounds. J Pharm Sci 81:954-960 (1992).
186. Nelson TM, Jurs PC. Prediction of aqueous solubility of organic compounds. J Chem Inf Comput Sci 34:601-609 (1994).
187. Sutter JM, Jurs PC. Prediction of aqueous solubility for a diverse set of heteroatom-containing organic compounds using a quantitative structure-property relationship. J Chem Inf Comput Sci 36:100-107 (1996).
188. Carlson EC. Don't gamble with physical properties for simulations. Chem Eng Prog 92:35-46 (1996).
189. DeVito SC. General principles for the design of safer chemicals: toxicological considerations for chemists. In: Designing Safer Chemicals: Green Chemistry for Pollution Prevention, Vol 640 (DeVito SC, Garrett RL, eds). Washington:American Chemical Society, 1996;16-59.
190. Lai DY, Woo Y, Argus MF, Arcos JC. Cancer risk reduction through mechanism based molecular design of chemicals. In: Designing Safer Chemicals: Green Chemistry for Pollution Prevention, Vol 640 (DeVito SC, Garrett RL, eds). Washington:American Chemical Society, 1996;62-73.
191. Milne GWA, Wang S, Fung V. Use of computers in toxicology and chemical design. In: Designing Safer Chemicals: Green Chemistry for Pollution Prevention, Vol 640 (DeVito SC, Garrett RL, eds). Washington:American Chemical Society, 1996;138-155.
192. Sanderson DM, Earnshaw CG. Computer prediction of possible toxic reaction from chemical structure: the DEREK system. Hum Exp Toxicol 10:261-273 (1991).
193. Ridings JE, Barratt MD, Cary R, Earnshaw CG, Eggington CE, Ellis MK, Judson PN, Langowski JJ, Marchant CA, Payne MP, Watson WP, Yih TD. Computer prediction of possible toxic action from chemical structure: an update on the DEREK system. Toxicology 106:267-279 (1996).
194. Bristol DW, Wachsman JT, Greenwell A. The NIEHS Predictive-Toxicology Evaluation Project. Environ Health Perspect 104(Suppl 5):1001-1010 (1996).
195. Reichardt C. Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry. New York:VCH, 1990.
196. Crabtree EW, El-Halwagi MM. Synthesis of environmentally acceptable reactions. In: Pollution Prevention via Process and Product Modifications, Vol 90 (El-Hawagi MM, Petrides DP, eds). New York:American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 1994;117-127.
197. Stefanis SK, Buxton A, Livingston AG, Pistikopoulos EN. A methodology for environmental impact minimization: solvent design and reaction path issues, Comput Chem Eng 20:S1419-S1424 (1996).
198. Modi A, Aumond JP, Mavrovouniotis M, Stephanopoulos G. Rapid plant wide screening of solvents for batch processes. Computers Chem Eng 20(Suppl):S375-S380 (1996).
199. Aumond JP. Personal communication.
200. Varerkar MP. Formulating high solids coatings: the solution to the VOC problem. Paint India 45:19-30 (1996).
201. Gendron GR. Information exchange: techniques and their effects on pollution prevention innovation in the United States Air Force [Master's thesis]. Fort Collins CO:National Technology University, 1994.
202. Kirschner EM. Environment, health concerns force shift in use of organic solvents. Chem Eng Prog 72:13-20 (1994).