Controversies in antithrombotic therapy in cardiovascular diseases

Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis

Volumn 4, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 11-24

  Altman, Raul ^a  

^a Centro de Trombosis de Buenos Aires   (Argentina)

Author keywords

Anticoagulant therapy; Antiplatelet drugs; Antithrombotic therapy; Cardiovascular disease; Coronary disease

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANTITHROMBIN; ANTITHROMBOCYTIC AGENT; CLOPIDOGREL; DICOUMAROL; FIBRINOGEN; FIBRINOGEN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; HEPARIN; HIRUDIN; LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARIN; TICLOPIDINE; TIROFIBAN; TRAPIDIL; WARFARIN;

ANTICOAGULATION; BLEEDING; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CONFERENCE PAPER; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; HEART INFARCTION; HEART VALVE REPLACEMENT; HUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESTENOSIS; STENT; THROMBOEMBOLISM; TRANSLUMINAL CORONARY ANGIOPLASTY;

EID: 0031970332     PISSN: 10760296     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/107602969800400105     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (139)

1. The Steering Committee of the Physicians' Health Study Research Group. Preliminary report: findings from the aspirin component of the ongoing Physicians' Health Study. N Engl J Med 1988;318:262.
2. Peto R, Gray R, Collins R, et al. Randomised trial of prophylactic daily aspirin in British male doctors. Br Med J 1988;296:313.
3. Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, et al. A prospective study of aspirin use and primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in women. JAMA 1991;266:521.
4. ISIS-2 (Second International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group. Randomised trial of intravenous streptokinase, oral aspirin, both, or neither among 17187 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction. ISIS-2. Lancet 1988;II:349.
5. Willard JE, Lange RA, Hillis LD. The use of aspirin in ischemic heart disease. N Engl J Med 1992;327:175.
6. Anti-platelet Trialists Collaboration. Secondary prevention of vascular disease by prolonged antiplatelet therapy. Br Med J 1988;296:320.
7. Altman R, Rouvier J, Gurfinkel E, et al. Comparison of high-dose with low-dose aspirin in patients with mechanical heart valve replacement treated with oral anticoagulant. Circulation 1996;94: 2113.
8. Hoogendijk EMG, Ten Cate JW. Aspirin and platelets. Lancet 1980;1:93.
9. Patrignani P, Filabozzi P, Patrono C. Selective cumulative inhibition of platelet thromboxane production by low-dose aspirin in healthy subjects. J Clin Invest 1982;69:1366.
10. Jakubowski JA, Stampfer MJ, Vaillancourt R, et al. Cumulative antiplatelet effect of low-dose enteric coated aspirin. Brit J Haematol 1985;60:635.
11. 2 generation by low-dose aspirin at the site of plug formation in man in vivo. Circulation 1987;75:1025.
12. 2 but not of systemic prostacyclin by controlled-release aspirin. N Engl J Med 1991;325:1137.
13. The SALT Collaborative Group. Swedish aspirin low-dose trial (SALT) of 75 mg aspirin as secondary prophylaxis after cerebrovascular ischaemic events. Lancet 1991;338:1345.
14. The Dutch TIA Trial Study Group. A comparison of two doses of aspirin (30 mg vs. 283 mg a day) in patients after a transient ischemic attack or minor ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 1991; 325:1261.
15. Ishikawa K, Kanamasa K, Ogawa I, et al. Aspirin 50 mg per day with either dipyridamole or ticlopidine significantly reduced recurrent myocardial infarction [Abstract]. Circulation 1991;84 (suppl II):367.
16. CAPRIE Steering Committee. A randomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE). Lancet 1996;348:1329.
17. Hilden T, Iversen K, Raaschou F, et al. Anticoagulants in acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1961;2:327.
18. Medical Research Council. Assessment of short-term anticoagulant administration after cardiac infarction: report of the working party on anticoagulant therapy in coronary thrombosis to the Medical Research Council. Br Med J 1969;1:335.
19. Drapkin A, Merskey C. Anticoagulant therapy after acute myocardial infarction: relation of therapeutic benefit to patients's age, sex, and severity of infarction. JAMA 1972;222:541.
20. Veterans administration cooperative study. Anticoagulants in acute myocardial infarction: results of a cooperative clinical trial. JAMA 1973;225:724.
21. Hirsh J, Fuster V. Guide to anticoagulant therapy. Part 2: Oral anticoagulants. Circulation 1994;89:1469.
22. Chalmers TC, Matte RJ, Smith J Jr, et al. Evidence favoring the use of anticoagulants in the hospital phase of acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1977;297:1091.
23. Weinreich DJ, Burke JF, Pauletto FJ. Left ventricular mural thrombi complicating acute myocardial infarction: long term follow-up with serial echocardiography. Ann Intern Med 1984;100: 789.
24. Johannessen KA, Nordrehaug JE, von der Lippe G. Left ventricular thrombosis and cerebrovascular accident in acute myocardial infarction. Br Heart J 1984;51:553.
25. Asinger RW, Mikell FI, Elsperger J, et al. Incidence of left ventricular thrombosis after acute transmural myocardial infarction: serial evaluation by two-dimensional echocardiography. N Engl J Med 1981;305:297.
26. Keating EC, Gross SA, Schlamowitz RA, et al. Mural thrombi in myocardial infarctions: prospective evaluation by two-dimensional echocardiography. Am J Med 1983;74:989.
27. Friedman MF, Carlson K, Marcus FI, et al. Clinical correlation in patients with acute myocardial infarction and left ventricular thrombi detected by two-dimensional echocardiography. Am J Med 1982;72:894.
28. Kouvaras G, Chronopoulos G, Soufras G, et al. The effects of long-term antithromhotic treatment on left ventricular thrombi in patients after an acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 1990; 119:73.
29. The Sixty Plus Reinfarction Study Group. A double-blind trial to assess long-term oral anticoagulant therapy in elderly patients after myocardial infarction. Lancet 1980;II:989.
30. Smith P, Arnesen H, Holme I. The effect of warfarin on mortality and reinfarction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1990; 323:147.
31. Anticoagulants in the secondary prevention of events in coronary thrombosis (ASPECT) research group. Effect of long-term oral anticoagulant treatment on mortality and cardiovascular morbidity after myocardial infarction. Lancet 1994;343:499.
32. Fuster V. The mural thrombus in myocardial reperfusion, concepts and controversies. Presented at the Seventh Annual International Symposium, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 1994:161.
33. Altman R, Rouvier J, Gurfinkel E. Oral anticoagulant treatment with and without aspirin. Thromb Haemost 1995;74:506.
34. Meade TW, Mellows S, Brozovic M, et al. Hemostatic function and ischaemic heart disease: principal results of the Northwick Park Heart Study. Lancet 1986;II:533.
35. Meade TW. Low-dose warfarin and low-dose aspirin in the primary prevention of ischemic heart disease. Am J Cardiol 1990; 65:7C.
36. Coumadin Aspirin Reinfarction Study (CARS) Investigators. Randomised double-blind trial of fixed low-dose warfarin with aspirin after myocardial infarction. Lancet 1997;350:389.
37. Cowburn P, Cleland JGF. SPAF-III results. Eur Heart J 1996; 17:1129.
38. Azar AJ, Cannegieter SC, Deckers JW, et al. Optimal intensity of oral anticoagulant therapy after myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;27:1349.
39. Cohen M, Adams PC, Parry G, et al. Combination antithrombotic therapy in unstable rest angina and non-Q-wave infarction in non-prior aspirin users. Circulation 1994;89:81.
40. The RISC group. Risk of myocardial infarction and death during treatment with low dose aspirin and intravenous heparin in men with unstable coronary artery disease. Lancet 1990;336:827.
41. Théroux P, Ouimet H, McCans J. et al. Aspirin, heparin or both to treat acute unstable angina. N Engl J Med 1988;319:1105.
42. Théroux P, Waters DD, Lam J, et al. Reactivation of unstable angina after the discontinuation of heparin. N Engl J Med 1992: 327:141.
43. Gurfinkel EP, Manos EJ, Mejail IR, et al. Low molecular weight heparin versus regular heparin or aspirin in the treatment of unstable angina and silent ischemia. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;26: 313.
44. Oler A, Whooley MA, Oler J, Grady D. Adding heparin to aspirin reduces the incidence of myocardial infarction and death in patients with unstable angina. A meta-analysis. JAMA 1996;276: 811.
45. Fragmin during instability in coronary artery disease (FRISC) study group. Low-molccular-weight heparin during instability in coronary artery disease. Lancet 1996;347:561.
46. Klein W, Buchwald A, Hillis SE, et al. for the FRIC investigators. Comparison of low-molecular-weight heparin with unfractionated heparin acutely and with placebo for 6 weeks in the management of unstable coronary artery disease. Fragmin in unstable coronary artery disease study (FRIC). Circulation 1997;96:61.
47. Cohen M, Demers C, Gurfinkel E, et al. for the efficacy and safety of subcutaneous enoxaparin in non-Q-wave coronary events study group. A comparison of low-molecular-weight heparin with unfractionated heparin for unstable coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 1997;337:447.
48. Armstrong PW. Heparin in acute coronary disease-Requiem for a heavyweight? [Editorial]. N Engl J Med 1997;337:492.
49. Gurfinkel E, Altman R, Scazziota A, et al. Importance of thrombosis and thrombolysis in silent ischemia: comparison of patients with acute myocardial infarction and unstable angina. Br Heart J 1884;71:151.
50. Becker RC, Hurley T, Ma Y, et al. Evolution of direct thrombin antagonists: acknowledging potential limitations [Editorial]. J Thromb Thromboly 1996;3:23.
51. Rao AK, Sun L, Chesebro JH, et al. for the hirudin in unstable angina trial. Distinct effects of recombinant desulfatohirudin (Revasc) and heparin on plasma levels of fibrinopeptide A and prothrombin fragment F1.2 in unstable angina. A multicenter trial. Circulation 1996;94:2389.
52. The global use of strategies to open occluded coronary arteries (GUSTO) IIb investigators. A comparison of recombinant hirudin with heparin for the treatment of acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 1996;335:775.
53. The GUSTO IIa Investigators. Randomized trial of intravenous heparin versus recombinant hirudin for acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 1994;90:1631.
54. Antman EM for the TIMI 9A Investigators. Hirudin in acute myocardial infarction. Safety report from the thrombolysis and thrombin inhibition in myocardial infarction (TIMI) 9A trial. Circulation 1994;90:1624.
55. Neuhaus KL, Von Essen R, Tebbe U, et al. Safety observations from the phase of the randomized r-hirudin for improvement of thromholysis (HIT-III) study. Circulation 1994;90:1638.
56. Schmaier AH. Heparin versus hirudin for acute coronary syndromes [Letter]. N Engl J Med 1997;336:730.
57. Antman EM for the TIMI 9A Investigators. Hirudin in acute myocardial infarction. Thrombolysis and thrombin inhibition in myocardial infarction (TIMI) 9B trial. Circulation 1996;94:911.
58. Topol EJ, Fuster V, Harrington RA, et al. Recombinant hirudin for unstable angina pectoris. A multicenter, randomized angiographic trial. Circulation 1994;89:1557.
59. Organization to assess strategies for ischemic syndromes (OA-SIS) investigators. Comparison of the effects of two doses of recombinant hirudin compared with heparin in patients with acute myocardial ischemia without ST elevation. A pilot study. Circulation 1997;96:769.
60. Gold HK, Torres FW, Garabedian HD, et al. Evidence of a rebound coagulation phenomenon after cessation of a 4-hours infusion of a specific thrombin inhibitor in patients with unstable angina pectoris. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993;21:1039.
61. Thrombin Inhibition in Myocardial Ischaemia (TRIM) study group. A low molecular weight, selective thrombin inhibitor, inogatran, vs heparin, in unstable coronary artery disease in 1209 patients. Eur Heart J 1997;18:1416.
62. Wood P. Acute and subacute coronary insufficiency. Br Med J 1961;1:1779.
63. Cohen M, Adams PC, Parry G, et al. and the Antithrombotic Therapy in Acute Coronary Syndromes Research Group. Combination antithrombotic therapy in unstable rest angina and non-Q-wave infarction in nonprior aspirin users. Circulation 1994;89: 81.
64. Maalej N, Folts JD. Increased shear stress overcomes the antithrombotic platelet inhibitory effect of aspirin in stenosed dog coronary arteries. Circulation 1996;93:1201.
65. Altman R, Scazziota A. Why aspirin cannot prevent arterial thrombosis [Letter]. Circulation 1996;94:3002.
66. Altman R, Scazziota A, Cordcro Funes J. Why single daily dose of aspirin may not prevent platelet aggregation. Thromb Res 1988;51:259.
67. Valles J, Santos T, Aznar J, et al. Erythrocytes metabolically enhance collagen-induced platelet responsiveness via increasing thromboxane production, adenosine diphosphate release, and recruitment. Blood 1991;78:154.
68. Balsano F, Rizzon P, Violi F, et al. and the Studio della ticlopidina nell' angina instabile group. Antiplatelet treatment with ticlopidine in unstable angina. A controlled multicenter clinical trial. Circulation 1990;82:17.
69. The EPIC Investigators. Use of a monoclonal antibody directed against the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor in high-risk coronary angioplasty. N Engl J Med 1994;330:956.
70. Ohman EM, Kleiman NS, Gacioch G, et al. for the IMPACT-AMI Investigators. Combined accelerated tissue-plasminogen activator and platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa integrin receptor blockade with in acute myocardial infarction. Results of a randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging trial. Circulation 1997;95:846.
71. Théroux P, Kouz S, Roy L, et al. on behalf of the investigators. Platelet membrane receptor glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonism in unstable angina. The Canadian Lamifiban Study. Circulation 1996;94:899.
72. Coller BS. Platelet GPIIb/IIIa antagonists: the first anti-integrin receptor therapeutics. J Clin Invest 1997;99:1467.
73. Simoons ML, de Boer MJ, van den Brand MJ, et al. and the European Cooperative Study Group. Randomized trial of a GPIIb/IIIa platelet receptor blocker in refractory unstable angina. Circulation 1994;89:596.
74. Schulman SP, Goldschmidt-Clermont PJ, Topol EJ, et al. Effects of integrelin, a platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist, in unstable angina. A randomized multicenter trial. Circulation 1996;94:2083.
75. Harrington RA, Moliterno DJ, van de Werf F, et al. for the PARAGON Investigators. Delaying and preventing ischemic events in patients with acute coronary syndromes using the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor lamifiban. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29(suppl A):409A.
76. Alexander JH, Newby LK, Moliterno DJ, et al. for the PARAGON A Investigators. Relationships of outcomes to treatment with lamifiban in patients undergoing PTCA: analysis of PARAGON A. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29(suppl A):409.
77. Ferguson JJ. Meeting Highlights. Circulation 1997;96:367.
78. Serrano CV, Ramires JAF, Venturinelli M, et al. Coronary angioplasty results in leukocyte and platelet activation with adhesion molecular expression. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29:1276.
79. Mickelson JK, Lakkis NM, Villarreal-Levy G, et al. Leukocyte activation with platelet adhesion after coronary angioplasty: a mechanism for recurrent disease? J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;28: 345.
80. Kolarov P, Tschoeligpe D, Nieuwenhuis HK, et al. PTCA: Peri-procedural platelet activation. Part II of the Dusseldorf PTCA Platelet Study (DPPS). Eur Heart J 1996;17:1261.
81. Popma JJ, Coller BS, Ohman EM, et al. Antithrombotic therapy in patients undergoing coronary angioplasty. Chest 1995;108: 486S.
82. Schwartz L, Bourassa MG, Lesperance J, et al. Aspirin and dipyridamole in the prevention of restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. N Engl J Med 1988;318:1714.
83. Mufson L, Back AJR, Roubin GS, et al. A randomized trial of aspirin in PTCA: effect of high versus low dose aspirin on major complications and restcnosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 1988;11:236A.
84. Bertrand ME, Allain H, Lablanche JM, tor the TACT Investigators. Results of a randomized trial of ticlopidine versus placebo for prevention of acute closure and restenosis after coronary angioplasty (PTCA): the TACT study. Circulation 1990;82(suppl III): 190.
85. Gregorini L, Marco J, Fajadet J, et al. Ticlopidine and aspirin pretreatment reduces coagulation and platelet activation during coronary dilation procedures. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29:13.
86. Topol EJ, Califf RM, Weisman HF, et al. Randomised trial of coronary intervention with antibody against platelet IIb/IIIa integrin for reduction of clinical restenosis: results at six months Lancet 1994;343:881.
87. The EPILOG Investigators. Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blockade and low-dose heparin during percutaneous coronary revascularization. N Engl J Med 1997;336:1689.
88. Klootwijk P, Meij S, Melkert R, et al. Reduction of recurrent ischemia with abciximab during continuous ECG-ischemia monitoring in patients with unstable angina refractory to standard treatment (CAPTURE). J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29(suppl A):367A.
89. Tardiff BE, Anderson K, Tcheng JE, et al. Reduced need for coronary bypass after percutaneous intervention in patients with abciximab. XIX Congress of Europ. Soc. Cardiol. Stockholm 24-28 August 1997 [Abstract]. Eur Heart J 1997;18:478.
90. Tcheng JE, Harrington RA, Kottke-Marchant K, et al. for the IMPACT Investigators. Multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the platelet integrin glycoprotein IIb/ IIIa blocker integrelin in elective coronary intervention. Circulation 1995;91:2151.
91. Horrigan MC, Tcheng JE, Califf RM, et al. Maximal benefit of integrilin platelet IIb/IIIa blockade 6-24 hours after therapy: results of the IMPACT-11 trial [Abstract]. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996; 27(suppl A):55A.
92. The RESTORE Investigators. Effects of platelet glycoprotein IIb/ IIIa blockade with tirofiban on adverse cardiac events in patients with unstable angina or acute myocardial infarction undergoing coronary angioplasty. Circulation 1997;96:1445.
93. Simpfendorfer C, Kottke-Marchant K, Lowrie M, et al. First chronic platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa integrin blockade. A randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study of xemilofiban in unstable angina with percutaneous coronary interventions. Circulation 1997;96:76.
94. Matsuno H, Kosawa O, Niwa M, et al. Inhibition of von Willebrand factor binding to platelet GP Ib by a fractionated aurintricarboxylic acid prevents restenosis after vascular injury in hamster carotid artery. Circulation 1997;96:1299.
95. Maresta A, Balducelli M, Cantini L, et al. for the STARC Investigators. Circulation 1994;90:2710.
96. Topol EJ, Bonan R, Jewitt D, et al. Use of a direct antithrombin, hirulog, in place of heparin during coronary angioplasty. Circulation 1993;87:1622.
97. Serruys PW, Herrman JPR, Simon R, et al. for the Helvetica Investigators. A comparison of hirudin with heparin in the prevention of restenosis after coronary angioplasty. N Engl J Med 1995;333:757.
98. Popma JJ, Coller BS, Ohman EM, et al. Antithrombotic therapy in patients undergoing coronary angioplasty. Chest 1995;108 (suppl):486S.
99. Mak KH, Topol EJ. Clinical trials to prevent restenosis after percutaneous coronary revascularization. Ann NY Acad Science 1997;811:255.
100. Bittl JA, Strony J, Brinker JA, et al. for the Hirulog Angioplasty Study Investigators. Treatment with bivalirudin (hirulog) as compared with heparin during coronary angioplasty for unstable or postinfarction angina. N Engl J Med 1995;333:764.
101. Berkowitz SD, Sane DC, Shavender JH, et al. Evaluation of 7E3 for the Prevention of Ischemic Complications (EPIC) Study Group. Analysis of the occurrence and clinical significance of thrombocytopenia with c7E3 (Abciximab) in the EPIC trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;27(suppl A):82A.
102. Handin RI. Platelets and coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 1996;334:1126.
103. Reverter JC, Beguin S, Kesels H, et al. Inhibition of platelet-mediated tissue factor-induced thrombin generation by the mouse/human chimeric 7E3 antibody. J Clin Invest 1996;98:863.
104. Neumann FJ, Gawaz M, Dickfeld T, et al. Antiplatelet effect of ticlopidine after coronary stenting. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29: 1515.
105. Gregorini L, Mardo J, Fajadet J, et al. Ticlopidine attenuates post-stent implantation thrombin generation. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;27(suppl A):334A.
106. Schöming A, Neumann FJ, Hanna W, et al. Coronary stent placement in patients with acute myocardial infarction: comparison of clinical and angiographic outcome after randomization to antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29:28.
107. Schöming A, Neumann FJ, Kastrati A, et al. A randomized comparison of antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy after the placement of coronary-artery stents. N Engl J Med 1996;334:1084.
108. Kastrati A, Schühlen H, Hausleiter J, et al. Restenosis after coronary stent placement and randomization to a 4-week combined antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy. Six-months angiographic follow-up of the intracoronary stenting and antithrombotic regimen (ISAR) trial. Circulation 1997;96:462.
109. Albiero R, Reimers B, Akimaya T, et al. Influence on angiographic restenosis of poststent therapy with aspirin alone versus a combination of aspirin and ticlopidine. Comparative analysis in matched coronary artery lesions. XIX Congress of Europ Soc Cardiol Stockholm 24-28 August 1997 [Abstract]. Eur Heart J 1997;18:3611.
110. Hall P, Nakamura S, Maiello L, et al. A randomized comparison of combined ticlopidine and aspirin therapy versus aspirin therapy alone after successful intravascular ultrasound-guided stent implantation. Circulation 1996;93:215.
111. Albiero R, Hall P, Itoh A, et al. Results of a consecutive series of patients receiving only antiplatelet therapy after optimized stent implantation. Comparison of aspirin alone versus combined ticlopidine and aspirin therapy. Circulation 1997;95:1145.
112. Baim DS, Carrozza JP. Stent Thrombosis. Closing in on the best preventive treatment [Editorial]. Circulation 1997;95:1098.
113. Leon MD, Baim DS, Gordon P, et al. Clinical and angiographic results after the Stent Anticoagulation Regimen Study (STARS) [Abstract]. Circulation 1996;94(suppl I):I-165.
114. Sullivan JM, Harken DE, Gorlin R. Effect of dipyridamole on the incidence of arterial emboli after cardiac valve replacement. Circulation 1969;39-40(suppl 1):157.
115. Sullivan JM, Harken DE, Gorlin R. Pharmacological control of thromboembolic complications of cardiac-valve replacement. N Engl J Med 1971;284:1391.
116. Arrants JL, Harrison P, Lee WH. Use of dipyridamole (Persantine) in preventing thromboembolism following valve replacement [Abstract]. Chest 1970;58:285.
117. Chesebro JH, Fuster V, Elveback LR, et al. Trial of combined warfarin plus dipyridamole or aspirin therapy in prosthetic heart valve replacement: danger of aspirin compared with dipyridamole. Am J Cardiol 1983;51:1537.
118. Altman R, Boullon F, Rouvier J, et al. Aspirin and prophylaxis of thromboembolic complications in patients with substitute heart valves. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1976;72:127.
119. Groupe de recherche P.A.C.T.E. Prevetion des accidents thromboemboliques systemiques chez les porteurs de prodthesis valvulaires artificielles:esai cooperatif controle du dipyridamole. Coeur 1978;9:915.
120. Rajah SM, Sreeharan N, Joseph A, et al. A prospective trial of dipyridamole and warfarin in heart valve patients [Abstract]. Acta Ther 1980;93(suppl 6):54.
121. Hirsh J. Mechanism of action and monitoring of anticoagulants. Semin Thromb Haemost 1986;12:1.
122. Hirsh J, Levine M. Confusion over the therapeutic range for monitoring oral anticoagulant therapy in North America. Thromb Haemost 1988;59:129.
123. Dale J, Myhre E, Storstein O, et al. Prevention of arterial thromboembolism with acetylsalicylic acid: a controlled clinical study in patients with aortic ball valves. Am Heart J 1977;94:101.
124. Turpie AGG, Gent M, Laupacis A, et al. A comparison of aspirin with placebo in patients treated with warfarin after heart-valve replacement. N Engl J Med 1993;329:524.
125. Altman R, Rouvier J, Gurfinkel E, et al. Comparison of two levels of anticoagulant therapy in patients with substitute heart valves. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1991;101:427.
126. Stein PD, Kantrowitz A. Antithrombotic therapy in mechanical and biological prosthetic valves and saphenous vein bypass grafts. Chest 1989;95:107S.
127. Stein PD, Alpert JS, Copeland J, et al. Antithrombotic therapy in patients with mechanical and biological prosthetic heart valves. Chest 1992;102:445S.
128. Saour JN, Sieck JO, Mamo LAR, et al. Trial of different intensities of anticoagulalion in patients with prosthetic heart valves. N Engl J Med 1990;322:428.
129. Turpie AGG, Gunstensen J, Hirsh J, et al. Randomised comparison of two intensities of oral anticoagulant therapy after tissue heart valve replacement. Lancet 1988;1:1242.
130. Acar J, Lung B, Boissel JP, et al. and the AREVA Group. AREVA: multicenter randomized comparison of low-dose versus standard-dose anticoagulation in patients with mechanical prosthetic heart valves. Circulation 1996;94:2107.
131. Kopf GS, Hammond GL, Gcha AS, et al. Long-term performance of the St. Jude Medical valve: low incidence of thromboembolism and hemorrhagic complications with modest doses of warfarin. Circulation 1987;76(suppl III):III132.
132. Czer LSC, Matloff J, Chaux A, et al. The St. Jude valve: analysis of thromboembolism, warfarin-related hemorrhage, and survival. Am Heart J 1987;114:389.
133. Lindblom D. Long-term clinical results after mitral valve replacement with the Björk-Shiley prosthesis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1988;95:321.
134. Cannegieter SC, Rosendaal FR, Briët E. Thromboembolic and bleeding complications in patients with mechanical heart valve prostheses. Circulation 1994;89:635.
135. Cortina JM, Martinell J, Artiz V, et al. Comparative clinical results with Omniscience (STMI), Medtronic-Hall, and Björk-Shiley convex0-concave (70 degrees) prostheses in mitral valve replacement. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1986;91:174.
136. FitzGerald GA. Dipyridamole. N Engl J Med 1987;316:1247.
137. Harada Y, Imai Y, Kurosawa H, et al. Ten-years follow-up after valve replacement with the St. Jude Medical prosthesis in children. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1990;100:175.
138. Nair Ch K, Mohiuddin SM, Hilleman DE, et al. Ten-year results with the St. Jude Medical prosthesis. Am J Cardiol 1990;65:217.
139. Kinsley RH, Antunes MJ, Colsen PR. St. Jude Medical valve replacement. An evaluation of valve performance. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1986;92:349.