2 Meiotic Recombination Hotspots: Shaping the Genome and Insights into Hypervariable Minisatellite DNA Change

Current Topics in Developmental Biology

Volumn 37, Issue C, 1997, Pages 37-75

  Wahls, Wayne P ^a  

^a VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DNA; DNA BINDING PROTEIN;

ANIMAL; DNA DAMAGE; GENETIC RECOMBINATION; GENETICS; GENOME; IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIABLE REGION; MEIOSIS; METABOLISM; MOUSE; REVIEW; VARIABLE NUMBER OF TANDEM REPEAT;

ANIMALS; DNA; DNA DAMAGE; DNA-BINDING PROTEINS; GENOME; IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIABLE REGION; MEIOSIS; MICE; MINISATELLITE REPEATS; RECOMBINATION, GENETIC;

EID: 0031961717     PISSN: 00702153     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0070-2153(08)60171-4     Document Type: Article

References (182)

1. Ajimura, M., Leem, S.H., Ogawa, H., Identification of new genes required for mei-otic recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 133 (1993), 51-66.
2. Alani, E., Padmore, R., Kleckner, N., Analysis of wild-type and rad50 mutants of yeast suggests an intimate relationship between meiotic chromosome synapsis and recombination. Cell 61 (1990), 419-436.
3. Andersson, L., Lunden, A., Sigurdardottir, S., Davies, C.J., Rask, L., Linkage relationships in the bovine MHC region: High recombination frequency between class II sub-regions. Immunogenetics 27 (1988), 273-280.
4. Andreassen, R., Egeland, T., Olaisen, B., Mutation rate in the hypervariable VNTR g3 (D7S22) is affected by allele length and a flanking DNA sequence polymorphism near the repeat array. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 59 (1996), 360-367.
5. Armour, J.A., Harris, P.C., Jeffreys, A.J., Allelic diversity at minisatellite MS205 (D16S309): Evidence for polarized variability. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2 (1993), 1137-1145.
6. Armour, J.A.L., Monckton, D.G., Neil, D.I., Crosier, M., Tamaka, K., Macleod, A., Jeffreys, A.J., Minisatellite mutation and recombination. Summer, A.T., Chandley, A.C., (eds.) “Chromosomes Today”, 1993, Chapman & Hall., London, 337-350.
7. Bell, G.I., Selby, M.J., Rutter, W.J., The highly polymorphic region near the human insulin gene is composed of simple tandemly repeating sequences. Nature 295 (1982), 31-35.
8. Benson, F.E., Stasiak, A., West, S.C., Purification and characterization of the human Rad51 protein, an analogue of E. coli RecA. EMBO J. 13 (1994), 5764-5771.
9. Bergerat, A., de Massy, B., Gadelle, D., Varoutas, P.-C., Nicolas, A., Forterre, P., An atypical topoisomerase II from archaea with implication for meiotic recombination. Nature 386 (1997), 414-417.
10. Bishop, D.K., RecA homologs Dmc1 and Rad51 interact to form multiple nuclear complexes prior to meiotic chromosome synapsis. Cell 79 (1994), 1081-1092.
11. Bishop, D.K., Park, D., Xu, L., Kleckner, N., DMC1: A meiosis-specific yeast homo-log of E. coli recA required for recombination, synaptonemal complex formation, and cell cycle progression. Cell 69 (1992), 439-456.
12. Blaho, J.A., Wells, R.D., Left-handed Z-DNA binding by the recA protein of Es-cherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 262 (1987), 6082-6088 [published erratum appears in J. Biol. Chem. 1988, 263, 11015].
13. Bryda, E.C., DePari, J.A., Sant'Angelo, D.B., Murphy, D.B., Passmore, H.C., Multiple sites of crossing over within the Eβ recombinational hotspot in the mouse. Mamm. Genome 2 (1992), 123-129.
14. Buard, J., Vergnaud, G., Complex recombination events at the hypermutable mini-satellite CEB1 (D2S90). EMBO J. 13 (1994), 3203-3210.
15. Bullard, S.A., Kim, S., Galbraith, A.M., Malone, R.E., Double strand breaks at the HIS2 recombination hotspot in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93 (1996), 13054-13059.
16. Bullock, P., Miller, J., Botchan, M., Effects of poly[d(pGpT)d(pApC)] and poly[d(pCpG)d(pCpG)] repeals on homologous recombination in somatic cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 6 (1986), 3948-3953.
17. Cao, L., Alani, E., Kleckner, N., A pathway for generation and processing of double-strand breaks during meiotic recombination in. S. cerevisiae. Cell 61 (1990), 1089-1101.
18. Capon, D.J., Chen, E.Y., Levinson, A.D., Seeburg, P.H., Goeddel, D.V., Complete nucleotide sequences of the T24 human bladder carcinoma oncogene and its normal homologue. Nature 302 (1983), 33-37.
19. Catcheside, D.G., “The Genetics of Recombination.”, 1977, University Park Press, Baltimore.
20. Catcheside, D.G., Angel, T., A histidine-3 mutant, in Neurospora crassa, due to an interchange. Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 27 (1974), 219-229.
21. Chandley, A.C., Mitchell, A.R., Hypervariable minisatellite regions are sites for crossing-over at meiosis in man. Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 48 (1988), 152-155.
22. Chaudhuri, S., Messing, J., Genetic analysis of a new mutation conferring cystein auxotrophy in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Updating of the sulfer metabolism pathway. Genetics 130 (1992), 51-58.
23. Collick, A., Dunn, M.G., Jeffreys, A.J., Minisatellite binding protein Msbp-1 is a sequence-specific single-stranded DNA-binding protein. Nucleic Acids Res. 19 (1991), 6399-6404.
24. de Massy, B., Nicolas, A., The control in cis of the position and the amount of the ARG4 meiotic double-strand break of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. EMBO J. 12 (1993), 1459-1466.
25. de Massy, B., Rocco, V., Nicolas, A., The nucleotide mapping of DNA double-strand breaks at the CYS3 initiation site of meiotic recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. EMBO J. 14 (1995), 4589-4598.
26. Detloff, P., White, M.A., Petes, T.D., Analysis of a gene conversion gradient at the HIS4 locus in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 132 (1992), 113-123.
27. DeVeaux, L.C., Hoagland, N.A., Smith, G.R., Seventeen complementation groups of mutations decreasing meiotic recombination in. Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Genetics 130 (1992), 251-262.
28. DeVeaux, L.C., Smith, G.R., Region-specific activators of meiotic recombination in. Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Genes Dev. 8 (1994), 203-210.
29. Dubbs, D.R., Rachmeler, M., Kit, S., Recombination between temperature-sensitive mutants of simian virus 40. Virology 57 (1974), 161-174.
30. Edelmann, W., Kroger, B., Goller, M., Horak, I., A recombination hotspot in the LTR of a mouse retrotransposon identified in an in vitro system. Cell 57 (1989), 937-946.
31. Ellsworth, D.L., Shriver, M.D., Boerwinkle, E., Nucleotide sequence analysis of the apolipoprotein B 3′ VNTR. Hum. Mol. Genet. 4 (1995), 937-944.
32. Fan, Q., Xu, F., Petes, T.D., Meiosis-specific double-strand DNA breaks at the HIS4 recombination hotspot in the yeast. Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Control in cis and trans. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15 (1995), 1679-1688.
33. Fan, Q.Q., Petes, T.D., Relationship between nuclease-hypersensitive sites and meiotic recombination hotspot activity at the H1S4 locus of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16 (1996), 2037-2043.
34. Fan, Q.-Q., Xu, F., White, M.A., Petes, T.D., Competition between adjacent meiotic recombination hotspots in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 145 (1997), 661-670.
35. Farber, R.A., Petes, T.D., Dominska, M., Hudgens, S.S., Liskay, R.M., Instability of simple sequence repeats in a mammalian cell line. Hum. Mol. Genet. 3 (1994), 253-256.
36. Fishel, R.A., Detmer, K., Rich, A., Identification of homologous pairing and strand-exchange activity form a human tumor cell line based on Z-DNA affinity chromatography. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85 (1988), 36-40.
37. Fogel, S., Mortimer, R.K., Lusnak, K., Meiotic gene conversion in yeast tetrads and the theory of recombination. Genetics 57 (1967), 455-481.
38. Fogel, S., Mortimer, R.K., Lusnak, K., Mechanisms of meiotic gene conversion, or “wanderings on a foreign strand.”. Broach, J.R., Jones, E.W., Strathern, J.N., (eds.) “The Molecular Biology of the Yeast Saccharomyces”, 1981, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory., Cold Spring Harbor., 289-339.
39. Friedberg, E.C., Walker, G.C., Siede, W., “DNA Repair and Mutagenesis,”, 1995, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C. 698.
40. Game, J.C., Pulse-field gel analysis of the pattern of DNA double-strand breaks in Sac-charomyces genome during meiosis. Dev. Genet. 13 (1992), 485-497.
41. Gibbs, M., Collick, A., Kelly, R.G., Jeffreys, A.J., A tetranucleotide repeat mouse minisatellite displaying substantial somatic instability during early preimplantation development. Genomics 17 (1993), 121-128.
42. Goller, M., Funke, B., Gehe-Becker, C., Kroger, B., Lottspeich, F., Horak, I., Murine protein which binds preferentially to oligo-C-rich single-stranded nucleic acids. Nucleic Acids Res. 22 (1994), 1885-1889.
43. Goyon, C., Lichten, M., Timing of molecular events in meiosis in Saccharomyces ce-revisiae: Stable heteroduplex DNA is formed late in meiotic prophase. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13 (1993), 373-382.
44. Green, M., Krontiris, T.G., Allelic variation of reporter gene activation by the HRAS1 minisatellite. Genomics 17 (1993), 429-434.
45. Grimm, C., Bahler, J., Kohli, J., M26 recombinational hotspot and physical conversion tract analysis in the ade6 gene of Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Genetics 136 (1994), 41-51.
46. Grimm, C., Munz, P., Kohli, J., The recombinational hotspot mutation ade-M26 of Schizosaccharomyces pombe stimulates recombination at sites in a nearby interval. Curr. Genet. 18 (1990), 193-197.
47. Grimm, C., Schaer, P., Munz, P., Kohli, J., The strong ADH1 promoter stimulates mi-totic and meiotic recombination at the ADE6 gene of Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Mol. Cell. Biol. 11 (1991), 289-298.
48. n, is not detectable in the genomes of eubacteria, archaebacteria, or mitochondria. Mol. Cell. Biol. 6 (1986), 3010-3013.
49. Gutz, H., Site specific induction of gene conversion in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Genetics 69 (1971), 331-337.
50. Heale, S.M., Petes, T.D., The stabilization of repetitive tracts of DNA by variant repeats requires a functional DNA mismatch repair system. Cell 83 (1995), 539-545.
51. Henke, J., Henke, L., Recent observations in human DNA-minisatellite mutations. Int. J. Legal Med. 107 (1995), 204-208.
52. Hepkema, B.G., Tilanus, M.G., Blankert, H.J., Albers, G.A., Grosfeld-Stulemeyer, M.C., Hensen, E.J., A high recombination frequency within the chicken major histocom-patibility (B) complex. Anim. Genet. 24 (1993), 389-391.
53. Higgs, D.R., Goodbourn, S.E., Wainscoat, J.S., Clegg, J.B., Weatherall, D.J., Highly variable regions of DNA flank the human alpha globin genes. Nucleic Acids Res. 9 (1981), 4124-4213.
54. Holliday, R., A mechanism for gene conversion in fungi. Genet. Res. 78 (1964), 273-287.
55. Ivanov, E.L., Korolev, V.G., Fabre, F., XRS2, a DNA repair gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. is needed for meiotic recombination. Genetics 132 (1992), 651-664.
56. Jaeger, U., Karth, G.D., Knapp, S., Friedl, J., Laczika, K., Kusec, R., Molecular mechanism of the t(14;18): A model for lymphoid-specilic chromosomal translocations. Leuk. Lymph. 14 (1994), 197-202.
57. Jeffreys, A.J., Wilson, V., Thein, S.L., Hypervariable “minisatellite” regions in human DNA. Nature 314 (1985), 67-73.
58. Jeffreys, A.J., Wilson, V., Thein, S.L., Individual-specific “fingerprints” of human DNA. Nature 316 (1985), 76-79.
59. Johzuka, K., Ogawa, H., Interaction of Mre11 and Rad50: Two proteins required for DNA repair and meiosis-specific double-strand break formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 139 (1995), 1521-1532.
60. Kaback, D.B., Guacci, V., Barber, D., Mahon, J.W., Chromosome size-dependent control of meiotic recombination. Science 256 (1992), 228-232.
61. Kasperezyk, A., DiMartino, N.A., Krontiris, T.G., Minisalellite allele diversification: The origin of rare alleles at the HRAS1 locus. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 47 (1990), 854-859.
62. Keeney, S., Giroux, C.N., Kleckner, N., Meiosis-specific DNA double-strand breaks are catalyzed by Spo11, a member of a widely conserved protein family. Cell 88 (1997), 375-384.
63. Keeney, S., Kleckner, N., Covalent protein-DNA complexes at the 5′ strand termini of meioses-specific double-strand breaks in yeast. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92 (1995), 11274-11278.
64. Kelly, R., Bulfield, G., Collick, A., Gibbs, M., Jeffreys, A.J., Characterization of a highly unstable mouse minisatellite locus: Evidence for somatic mutation during early development. Genomics 5 (1989), 844-856.
65. Kelly, R., Gibbs, M., Collick, A., Jeffreys, A.J., Spontaneous mutation at the hyper-variable mouse minisatellite locus Ms6-hm: Flanking DNA sequence and analysis of germ line and early somatic mutation events. Proc. R. Soc. Land. [Biol.] 245 (1991), 235-245.
66. Kitani, Y., Olive, L.S., Genetics of Sordaria fimicola. VI. Gene conversion at the g locus in mutant X wild-type crosses. Genetics 57 (1967), 767-782.
67. Klar, A.J., Bonaduce, M.J., swi6, a gene required for mating-type switching, prohibits meiotic recombination in the mat2-mat3 “cold spot” of fission yeast. Genetics 129 (1991), 1033-1042.
68. Kleckner, N., Meiosis: How could it work?. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93 (1996), 8167-8174.
69. Klysik, J., Stirdivant, S.M., Larson, J.E., Hart, P.A., Wells, R.D., Left-handed DNA in restriction fragments and a recombinant plasmid. Nature 290 (1981), 672-677.
70. Kmiec, E.B., Holloman, W.K., Heteroduplex formation and polarity during strand transfer promoted by Ustilago rec1 protein. Cell 33 (1983), 857-864.
71. Kmiec, E.B., Holloman, W.K., Synapsis promoted by Ustilago rec1 protein. Cell 36 (1984), 593-598.
72. Kmiec, E.B., Holloman, W.K., Homologous pairing of DNA molecules by Ustilago rec1 protein is promoted by sequences of Z-DNA. Cell 44 (1986), 454-545.
73. Kobori, J.A., Strauss, E., Minard, K., Hood, L., Molecular analysis of the hotspot of recombination in the murine major histocompatibility complex. Science 234 (1986), 173-179.
74. Kobori, J.A., Winoto, A., McNicholas, J., Hood, L., Molecular characterization of the recombination region of six murine major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I-region recombinants. J. Mol. Cell. Immunol. 1 (1984), 125-135.
75. Kolodner, R.D., Mismatch repair: Mechanisms and relationship to cancer susceptibility. Trends Biochem. Sci. 20 (1995), 397-401.
76. Kowalczykowski, S.C., Dixon, D.A., Eggleston, A.K., Lauder, S.D., Rehrauer, W.M., Biochemistry of homologous recombination in. Escherichia coli. Microbiol. Rev. 58 (1994), 401-465.
77. Krowczynska, A.M., Rudders, R.A., Krontiris, T.G., The human minisatellite consensus at breakpoints of oncogene translocations. Nucleic Acids Res. 18 (1990), 1121-1127.
78. Lafuse, W.P., David, C.S., Recombination hotspots within the I region of the mouse H-2 complex map to the E beta and E alpha genes. Immunogenetics 24 (1986), 352-360.
79. Lafuse, W.P., Lee, S.T., David, C.S., Molecular analysis of two recombinant mouse strains with crossovers in the E alpha recombination hotspot. J. Immunogenet. 17 (1990), 169-176.
80. Lancillotti, F., Lopez, M.C., Arias, P., Alonso, C., Z-DNA in transcriptionally active chromosomes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84 (1987), 1560-1564.
81. Leach, D.R.F., “Genetic Recombination,”, 1996, Blackwell Science, Oxford 192.
82. Leem, S.H., Ogawa, H., The MRE4 gene encodes a novel protein kinase homologue required for meiotic recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nucleic Acids Res. 20 (1992), 449-457.
83. Lichten, M., Goldman, A.S.H., Meiotic recombination hotspots. Annu. Rev. Genet. 29 (1995), 423-444.
84. Lin, Y., Smith, G.R., Transient, meiosis-induced expression of the rec6 and red2 genes of Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Genetics 136 (1994), 769-779.
85. Lissouba, P., Rizet, G., Sur l'existence d'une unite génétique polarisée ne subissant que des échanges non réciproques. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 250 (1960), 3408-3410.
86. Liu, J., Wu, T.C., Lichten, M., The location and structure of double-strand DNA breaks induced during yeast meiosis: Evidence for a covalently linked DNA-protein intermediate. EMBO J. 14 (1995), 4599-4608.
87. Maguire, M.P., Is the synaptonemal complex a disjunction machine?. J. Hered. 86 (1995), 330-340.
88. Malone, R.E., Bullard, S., Lundquist, S., Kim, S., Tarkowski, T., A meiotic gene conversion gradient opposite to the direction of transcription. Nature 359 (1992), 154-155.
89. Martin, M., Mann, D., Carrington, M., Recombination rates across the HLA complex: Use of microsatellites as a rapid screen for recombinant chromosomes. Hum. Mol. Genet. 4 (1995), 423-428.
90. McAdam, S.N., Boyson, J.E., Liu, X., Garber, T.L., Hughes, A.L., Bontrop, R.E., Wat-kins, D.I., A uniquely high level of recombination at the HLA-B locus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91 (1994), 5893-5897.
91. Melmer, G., Hybridization of the variable number of tandem repeat core oligonucleotide GNNGTGGG to 350 cosmids from chromosome 7. Electrophoresis 15 (1994), 175-176.
92. Menees, T.M., Ross-MacDonald, P.B., Roeder, G.S., ME14, a meiosis-specific yeast gene required for chromosome synapsis. Mol. Cell. Biol. 12 (1992), 1340-1351.
93. Meselson, M.S., Radding, C.M., A general model for genetic recombination. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72 (1975), 358-361.
94. Meuth, M., Nalban-Toflu, J., Phear, D., Miles, C., Molecular basis of genome rearrangements at the hamster aprt locus. “Mammalian Cell Mutagenesis,”, 1987, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory., Cold Spring Harbor., 183-191 Ban-bury Report 28.
95. Mizuno, K., Koide, T., Sagai, T., Moriwaki, K., Shiroishi, T., Molecular analysis of a recombinational hotspot adjacent to Lmp2 gene in the mouse MHC: Fine location and chroma-tin structure. Mamm. Genome 7 (1996), 490-496.
96. Mizuno, K., Emura, Y., Baur, M., Kohli, J., Ohta, K., Shibata, T., The meiotic recombination hot spot created by the single-base substitution ade6-M26 results in remodeling of chromatin structure fission yeast. Genes Dev. 11 (1997), 876-886.
97. Monckton, D.G., Neumann, R., Guram, T., Fretwell, N., Tamaki, K., MacLeod, A., Jeffreys, A.J., Minisatellite mutation rate variation associated with a flanking DNA sequence polymorphism. Nature Genet. 8 (1994), 162-170.
98. Moore, S.P., Erdile, L., Kelly, T., Fishel, R., The human homologous pairing protein HPP-1 is specifically stimulated by the cognate single-stranded binding protein hRP-A. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88 (1991), 9067-9071.
99. Moore, S.P., Fishel, R., Purification and characterization of a protein from human cells which promotes homologous pairing of DNA. J. Biol. Chem. 265 (1990), 11108-11117.
100. Mosig, G., Distances separating genetic markers in T4 DNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 56 (1966), 1177-1183.
101. Muller, B., West, S.C., Processing of Holliday junctions by the Escherichia coli RuvA, RuvB, RuvC and RecG proteins. Experientia 50 (1994), 216-222.
102. Murray, N.E., Complementation and recombination between methionine-I alleles in Neu-rospora crassa. Genetics 48 (1960), 1163-1183.
103. Murray, N.E., Polarized intragenic recombination in chromosome rearrangements in. Neu-rospora. Genetics 58 (1968), 181-191.
104. Nag, D.K., Petes, T.D., Physical detection of heteroduplexes during meiotic recombination in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13 (1993), 2324-2331.
105. Nicolas, A., Petes, T.D., Polarity of meiotic gene conversion in fungi: Contrasting views. Experientia 50 (1994), 242-252.
106. Nicolas, A., Treco, D., Schultes, N.P., Szostak, J.W., An initiation site for meiotic gene conversion in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nature 338 (1989), 35-39.
107. Ohta, K., Shibata, T., Nicolas, A., Changes in chromatin structure at recombination initiation sites during yeast meiosis. EMBO J. 13 (1994), 5754-5763.
108. Orr-Weaver, T.L., Szostak, J.W., Rothstein, R.J., Yeast transformation: A model system for the study of recombination. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78 (1981), 6354-6358.
109. Orr-Weaver, T.L., Szostak, J.W., Rothstein, R.J., Genetic applications of yeast transformation with linear and gapped plasmids. Methods Enzymol. 101 (1983), 228-245.
110. Pees, E., Genetic line structure and polarized negative interference at the lys-51 (FL) locus of. Aspergillus nidulans. Genetica 38 (1966), 275-304.
111. Petes, T.D., Malone, R.E., Symington, L.S., Recombination in yeast. Broach, J.R., Jones, E.W., Pringle, J.R., (eds.) “The Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Yeast Saccharomyces”, 1991, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, 407-521.
112. Ponticelli, A.S., Sena, E.P., Smith, G.R., Genetic and physical analysis of the M26 recombination hotspot of Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Genetics 119 (1988), 491-497.
113. Ponticelli, A.S., Smith, G.R., Meiotic recombination-deficient mutants of. Schizosac-charomyces pombe. Genetics 123 (1989), 45-54.
114. Ramachandra, L., Rao, M.R., Identification and sequence characterization of a 1.3 Kb EcoRI repeat fragment that harbors a DNA repair site of rat pachytene spermatocytes. Chro-mosoma 103 (1994), 486-501.
115. Resnick, M.A., The repair of double-strand breaks in DNA: A model involving recombination. J. Theor. Biol. 59 (1976), 97-106.
116. Resnick, M.A., Martin, P., The repair of double-strand breaks in the nuclear DNA of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its genetic control. Mol. Gen. Genet. 143 (1976), 119-129.
117. Rocco, V., de Massy, B., Nicolas, A., The Saccharomyces cerevisiae ARG4 initiator of meiotic gene conversion and its associated double-strand DNA breaks can be inhibited by tran-scriptional interference. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89 (1992), 12068-12072.
118. Rockmill, B., Engebrecht, J.A., Scherthan, H., Loidl, J., Roeder, G.S., The yeast MER2 gene is required for chromosome synapsis and the initiation of meiotic recombination. Genetics 141 (1995), 49-59.
119. Savage, E.A., Hastings, P.J., Marker effects and the nature of the recombination event at the HIS1 locus of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Curr. Genet. 3 (1981), 37-47.
120. Schar, P., Kohli, J., Preferential strand transfer and hybrid DNA formation at the recombination hotspot ade6-M26 of Schizosaccharomyces pombe. EMBO J. 13 (1994), 5212-5219.
121. Schmidt, H., Kapitza, P., Gutz, H., Switching genes in Schizosaccharomyces pombe: Their influence on cell viability and recombination. Curr Genet. 11 (1987), 303-308.
122. Schuchert, P., Kohli, J., The ade6-M26 mutation of Schizosaccharomyces pombe increases the frequency of crossing over. Genetics 119 (1988), 507-515.
123. Schuchert, P., Langsford, M., Kaslin, E., Kohli, J., A specific DNA sequence is required for high frequency of recombination in the ade6 gene of fission yeast. EMBO J. 10 (1991), 2157-2163.
124. Schultes, N.P., Szostak, J.W., Decreasing gradients of gene conversion on both sides of the initiation site for meiotic recombination at the ARG4 locus in yeast. Genetics 126 (1990), 813-822.
125. Schultes, N.P., Szostak, J.W., A poly(dA-dT) tract is a component of the recombination initiation site at the ARG4 locus in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Cell. Biol. 11 (1991), 322-328.
126. Shah, R., Bennett, R.J., West, S.C., Genetic recombination in E. coli: RuvC protein cleaves Holliday junctions at resolution hotspots in vitro. Cell 79 (1994), 853-864.
127. Shenkar, R., Shen, M.H., Arnheim, N., DNase I-hypcrsensitive sites and transcription factor-binding motifs within the mouse E beta meiotic recombination hotspot. Mol. Cell. Biol. 11 (1991), 1813-1819.
128. Shinder, G.A., Manam, S., Ledwith, B.J., Nichols, W.W., Minisatellite DNA-binding proteins in mouse brain, liver, and kidney. Exp. Cell Res. 213 (1994), 107-112.
129. Shinohara, A., Ogawa, H., Ogawa, T., Rad51 protein involved in repair and recombination in S. cerevisiae is a RecA-like protein. Cell 69 (1992), 457-470 [published erratum appears in Cell 1992, 71, following p. 180].
130. Shiozaki, K., Russell, P., Conjugation, meiosis, and the osmotic stress response are regulated by Spcl kinase through Atfl transcription factor in fission yeast. Genes Dev. 10 (1996), 2228-2276.
131. Shiroishi, T., Hanzawa, N., Sagai, T., Ishiura, M., Gojobori, T., Steinmetz, M., Moriwaki, K., Recombinational hotspot specific to female meiosis in the mouse major histocom-patibility complex. Immunogenetics 31 (1990), 79-88.
132. Shiroishi, T., Koide, T., Yoshino, M., Sagai, T., Moriwaki, K., Hotspots of homologous recombination in mouse meiosis. Adv. Biophys. 31 (1995), 119-132.
133. Shiroishi, T., Sagai, T., Hanzawa, N., Gotoh, H., Moriwaki, K., Genetic control of sex-dependent meiotic recombination in the major histocompatibility complex of the mouse. EMBO J. 10 (1991), 681-686.
134. Shiroishi, T., Sagai, T., Moriwaki, K., A new wild-derived H-2 haplotype enhancing K-1A recombination. Nature 300 (1982), 370-372.
135. Shiroishi, T., Sagai, T., Moriwaki, K., Hotspots of meiotic recombination in the mouse major histocompatibility complex. Genetica 88 (1993), 187-196.
136. Singleton, C.K., Klysik, J., Stirdivant, S.M., Wells, R.D., Left-handed Z-DNA is induced by supercoiling in physiological ionic conditions. Nature 299 (1982), 312-316.
137. Smith, G.R., Conjugational recombination in E. coli: Myths and mechanisms. Cells 64 (1991), 19-27.
138. Super, L.A., Stein, M.B., Passmore, H.C., The E beta hotspot of recombination in wild-derived natural recombinant MHC haplotypes: Cross-over site mapping and the identification of a 1.0-kb E beta deletion in the p and w14 haplotypes. J. Immunol. 140 (1988), 984-990.
139. Southern, P.J., Berg, P., Transformation of mammalian cells to antibiotic resistance with a bacterial gene under control of SV40 early region promoter. J. Mol. Appl. Genet. 1 (1982), 327-341.
140. Steinmetz, M., Stephan, D., Fischer Lindahl, K., Gene organization and recombinational hotspots in the murine major histocompatibility complex. Cell 44 (1986), 895-904.
141. Strand, M., Prolla, T.A., Liskay, R.M., Petes, T.D., Destabilization of tracts of simple repetitive DNA in yeast by mutations affecting DNA mismatch repair. Nature 365 (1993), 274-276 [published erratum appears in Nature 1994, 368, 569].
142. Stringer, J.R., Recombination between poly[d(GT)d(CA)] sequences in simian virus 40-infected cultured cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 5 (1985), 1247-1259.
143. Subramani, S., Seaton, B.L., Homologous recombination in mitotically dividing mammalian cells. Kucherlapati, R., Smith, G.R., (eds.) “Genetic Recombination”, 1988, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C., 549-573.
144. Subrainani, S., Southern, P.J., Analysis of gene expression using simian virus 40 vectors. Anal. Biochem. 135 (1983), 1-15.
145. Sun, H., Treco, D., Schultes, N.P., Szostak, J.W., Double-strand breaks at an initiation site for meiotic gene conversion. Nature 338 (1989), 87-90.
146. Sun, H., Treco, D., Szostak, J.W., Extensive 3′-overhanging, single-stranded DNA associated with the meiosis-specific double-strand breaks at the ARG4 recombination initiation site. Cell 64 (1991), 1155-1161.
147. Sym, M., Engebrecht, J.A., Roeder, G.S., ZIPI is a synaptonemal complex protein required for meiotic chromosome synapsis. Cell 72 (1993), 365-378.
148. Sym, M., Roeder, G.S., Crossover interference is abolished in the absence of a synap-tonemal complex protein. Cell 79 (1994), 283-292.
149. Szankasi, P., Heyer, W.D., Schuchert, P., Kohli, J., DNA sequence analysis of the ade6 gene of Schizosaccharomyces pombe: Wild-type and mutant alleles including the recombination host spot allele ade6-M26. J. Mol. Biol. 204 (1988), 917-925.
150. Szankasi, P., Smith, G.R., A DNA exonuclease induced during meiosis of Schizosaccharomyces pombe. J. Biol. Chem. 267 (1992), 3014-3023.
151. Szankasi, P., Smith, G.R., A role for exonuclease I from S. pombe in mutation avoidance and mismatch correction. Science 267 (1995), 1166-1169.
152. Szostak, J.W., Orr-Weaver, T.L., Rothstein, R.J., Stahl, F.W., The double-strand-break repair model for recombination. Cell 33 (1983), 25-35.
153. + encodes a transcription factor required for sexual development and entry into stationary phase. EMBO J. 14 (1995), 6193-6208.
154. Tavassoli, M., Shayeghi, M., Nasim, A., Watts, F.Z., Cloning and characterisation of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe rad32 gene: A gene required for repair of double strand breaks and recombination. Nucleic Acids Res. 23 (1995), 383-388.
155. Thon, G., Cohen, A., Klar, A.J., Three additional linkage groups that repress transcription and meiotic recombination in the mating-type region of Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Genetics 138 (1994), 29-38.
156. Thon, G., Klar, A.J., Directionality of fission yeast mating-type interconversion is controlled by the location of the donor loci. Genetics 134 (1993), 1045-1054.
157. n promotes reciprocal exchange and generates unusual recombinant tetrads during yeast meiosis. Mol. Cell. Biol. 6 (1986), 3934-3947.
158. Trepicchio, W.L., Krontiris, T.G., Members of the rel/NF-kappa B family of tran-scriptional regulatory proteins bind the HRAS1 minisatellite DNA sequence. Nucleic Acids Res. 20 (1992), 2427-2434.
159. van Endert, P.M., Lopez, M.T., Patel, S.D., Monaco, J.J., McDevitt, H.O., Ge-nomic polymorphism, recombination, and linkage disequilibrium in human major histocom-patibility complex-encoded antigen-processing genes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89 (1992), 11594-11597.
160. Wahls, W.P., “DNA sequences that stimulate homologous recombination in mammalian cells,”, 1989, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, 197.
161. 30 is abrogated by simian virus 40 T antigen binding to adjacent DNA sequences. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10 (1990), 794-800.
162. Wahls, W.P., Smith, G.R., A heteromeric protein that binds to a meiotic homologous recombination hotspot: Correlation of binding and hotspot activity. Genes Dev. 8 (1994), 1693-1702.
163. Wahls, W.P., Swenson, G., Moore, P.D., Two hypervariable minisatellite DNA binding proteins. Nucleic Acids Res. 19 (1991), 3269-3274.
164. Wahls, W.P., Wallace, L.J., Moore, P.D., Hypervariable minisatellite DNA is a hot-spot for homologous recombination in human cells. Cell 60 (1990), 95-103.
165. 30 promotes reception of information during gene conversion events while stimulating homologous recombination in human cells in culture. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10 (1990), 785-793.
166. + encodes a CREB/ATF protein involved in regulation of gene expression for sexual development. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16 (1996), 704-711.
167. White, J.H., Lusnak, K., Fogel, S., Missmatch-specific post-meiotic segregation frequency in yeast suggests a heteroduplex recombination intermediate. Nature 315 (1985), 350-352.
168. White, M.A., Detloff, P., Strand, M., Petes, T.D., A promoter deletion reduces the rate of mitotic, but not meiotic, recombination at the HIS4 locus in yeast. Curr. Genet. 21 (1992), 109-116.
169. White, M.A., Dominska, M., Petes, T.D., Transcription factors are required for the meiotic recombination hotspot at the HIS4 locus in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90 (1993), 6621-6625.
170. White, M.A., Wierdl, M., Metloff, P., Petes, T.D., DNA-binding protein RAPI stimulates meiotic recombination at the HIS4 locus in yeast. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88 (1991), 9755-9759.
171. Wilkinson, M.G., Samuels, M., Takeda, T., Toone, W.M., Shieh, J.-C., Toda, T., Millar, J.B.A., Jones, N., The Atfl transcription factor is a target for the Styl stress-activated MAP kinase pathway in fission yeast. Genes Dev. 10 (1996), 2289-2301.
172. Wolff, R.K., Plaetke, R., Jeffreys, A.J., White, R., Unequal crossingover between homologous chromosomes is not the major mechanism involved in the generation of new alleles at VNTR loci. Genomics 5 (1989), 382-384.
173. Wu, T.C., Lichten, M., Meiosis-induced double-strand break sites determined by yeast chromatin structure. Science 263 (1994), 515-518.
174. Wu, T.C., Lichten, M., Factors that affect the location and frequency of meiosis-induced double-strand breaks in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 140 (1995), 55-66.
175. Wyman, A., White, R., A highly polymorphic locus in human DNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77 (1980), 6754-6758.
176. Xu, L., Kleckner, N., Sequence non-specific double-strand breaks and interhomolog interactions prior to double-strand break formation at a meiotic recombination hotspot in yeast. EMBO J. 14 (1995), 5115-5128.
177. Yoshino, M., Sagai, T., Lindahl, K.F., Toyoda, Y., Moriwaki, K., Shiroishi, T., Allele-dependent recombination frequency: Homology requirement in meiotic recombination at the hotspot in the mouse major histocompatibility complex. Genomics 27 (1995), 298-305.
178. Yoshino, M., Sagai, T., Lindahl, K.F., Toyoda, Y., Shirayoshi, Y., Matsumoto, K., Sugaya, K., Ikemura, T., Moriwaki, K., Shiroishi, T., Recombination in the class III region of the mouse major histocompatibility complex. Imunogenetics 40 (1994), 280-286.
179. Yoshino, M., Sagai, T., Lindahl, K.F., Toyoda, Y., Shiroishi, T., Moriwaki, K., No dosage effect of recombinational hotspots in the mouse major histocompatibility complex. Im-munogenetics 39 (1994), 381-389.
180. Zahn-Zabal, M., Lehmann, E., Kohli, J., Hotspots of recombination in fission yeast: Inactivation of the M26 hotspot by deletion of the ade6 promoter and the novel hotspot ura4-aim. Genetics 140 (1995), 469-478.
181. Zenvirth, D., Arbel, T., Sherman, A., Goldway, M., Klein, S., Simchen, G., Multiple sites for double-strand breaks in whole meiotic chromosomes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. EMBO J. 11 (1992), 3441-3447.
182. Zimmerer, E.J., Passmore, H.C., Structural and genetic properties of the Eb recombinational hotspot in the mouse. Immunogenetics 33 (1991), 132-140.