Dietary determinants of iron stores in a free-living elderly population: The framingham heart study

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

Volumn 67, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 722-733

  Fleming, Diana J ^b   Jacques, Paul F ^b   Dallal, Gerard E ^b   Tucker, Katherine L ^b   Wilson, Peter W F ^b   Wood, Richard J ^a  

^a TUFTS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

Aging; Dietary pattern; Heme; Iron absorption; Iron bioavailability; Meat intake; Serum ferritin; The elderly; Vitamin C

Indexed keywords

ASCORBIC ACID; FERRITIN; HEME; IRON;

AGED; ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; ARTICLE; COFFEE; DIET; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; FEMALE; FERRITIN BLOOD LEVEL; FOOD INTAKE; HUMAN; IRON ABSORPTION; IRON STORAGE; MALE; MEAT; NORMAL HUMAN;

EID: 0031955074     PISSN: 00029165     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/67.4.722     Document Type: Article

References (144)

1. Cook JD, Finch CA, Smith NJ. Evaluation of the iron status of a population. Blood 1976;48:449-55.
2. World Health Organization. Nutritional anemias. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 1968;405.
3. Cook JD, Finch CA. Assessing iron status of a population. Am J Clin Nutr 1979;32:2115-9.
4. Hallberg L. Iron in clinical medicine - an update. J Intern Med 1989;226:281-3 (editorial).
5. Expert Scientific Working Group. Summary of a report on assessment of the iron nutritional status of the United States population. Am J Clin Nutr 1985;42:1318-30.
6. Dallman PR, Siimes MA, Stekel A. Iron deficiency in infancy and childhood. Am J Clin Nutr 1980;33:86-118.
7. Cook JD, Lipschitz DA, Miles LE, Finch CA. Serum ferritin as a measure of iron stores in normal subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 1974;7:681-7.
8. Prasad AN, Prasad C. Iron deficiency: non-hematological manifestations. Prog Food Nutr Sci 1991;15:255-83.
9. Johnson MA, Fischer JG, Bowman BA, Gunter EW. Iron nutriture in elderly individuals. FASEB J 1994;8:609-21.
10. Dallman PR. Iron deficiency: does it matter? J Intern Med 1989;226:367-72.
11. Beard J. One person's view of iron deficiency, development, and cognitive function. Am J Clin Nutr 1995;62:709-10.
12. Baynes RD. Iron deficiency. In: Brock JH, Halliday JW, Pippard MJ, Powell LW, eds. Iron metabolism in health and disease. London: WB Saunders Co Ltd, 1994.
13. Lynch SR, Finch CA, Monsen ER, Cook JD. Iron status of elderly Americans. Am J Clin Nutr 1982;36:1032-45.
14. Garry PJ, Goodwin JS, Hunt WC. Iron status and anemia in the elderly: new findings and a review of previous studies. J Am Geriatr Soc 1983;31:389-99.
15. Qvist I, Norden A, Olofsson T. Serum ferritin in the elderly. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1980;40:609-13.
16. Milman N, Andersen HC, Strandberg Pedersen N. Serum ferritin and iron status in 'healthy' elderly individuals. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1986;46:19-26.
17. Marie B, Cals M, De Jaeger C, Lowenstein W, Durand H, Ekindjian OG. Indicators of iron status in nonanemic elderly subjects: influence of sex and age. Clin Chem 1994;40:1779-81.
18. Salonen JT, Nyyssonen K, Korpela H, Tuomilehto J, Seppanen R, Salonen R. High stored iron levels are associated with excess risk of myocardial infarction in eastern Finnish men. Circulation 1992;86:803-11.
19. Lauffer RB. Iron stores and the international variation in mortality from coronary artery disease. Med Hypoth 1990;35:96-102.
20. Sullivan JL. The iron paradigm of ischaemic heart disease. Am Heart J 1989;117:1177-88.
21. Stevens RG, Jones DY, Micozzi MS, Taylor PR. Body iron stores and the risk of cancer. N Engl J Med 1988;319:1047-52.
22. Woo J, Mak YT, Law LK, Swaminathan R. Plasma ferritin in an elderly population living in the community. J Med 1989;20:123-34.
23. Dinneen SF, O'Mahony MS, O'Brien T, Cronin CC, Murray DM. Serum ferritin in newly diagnosed and poorly controlled diabetes mellitus. Ir J Med Sci 1992;161:636-8.
24. Moirand R, Mortaji AM, Loreal O, Paillard F, Brissot P, Deugnier Y. A new syndrome of liver iron overload with normal transferrin saturation. Lancet 1997;349:95-7.
25. McCance RA, Widdowson EM. The absorption and excretion of iron following oral and intravenous administration. J Physiol 1938;94:148-54.
26. McCance RA, Widdowson EM. Absorption and excretion of iron. Lancet 1937;2:680-4.
27. Hallberg L, Bjorn-Rasmussen E. Determination of iron absorption from whole diet. A new two-pool model using two radioiron isotopes given as haem and non-haem iron. Scand J Haematol 1972;9:193-7.
28. Cook JD, Layrisse M, Martinez-Torres C, Walker R, Monsen E, Finch CA. Food iron absorption measured by an extrinsic tag. J Clin Invest 1972;51:805-15.
29. Layrisse M, Martinez-Torres C, Gonzales M. Measurement of the total daily dietary iron absorption by the extrinsic tag model. Am J Clin Nutr 1974;27:152-62.
30. Bjorn-Rasmussen E. Food iron absorption in man. IV. Validity of the extrinsic tag two-pool method for measurement of dietary non-heme iron absorption in patients with various clinical disorders. Scand J Gastroenterol 1973;8:645-50.
31. Bjorn-Rasmussen E, Hallberg L, Walker RB. Food iron absorption in man. I. Isotopic exchange between food iron and inorganic iron salt added to food: studies on maize, wheat, and eggs. Am J Clin Nutr 1972;25:317-23.
32. Layrisse M, Martinez-Torres C. Model for measuring dietary absorption of heme iron: test with a complete meal. Am J Clin Nutr 1972;25:401-11.
33. Hallberg L. The pool concept in food iron absorption and some of its implications. Proc Nutr Soc 1974;33:285-91.
34. Bjorn-Rasmussen E, Hallberg L, Isaksson B, Arvidsson B. Food iron absorption in man. Applications of the two-pool extrinsic tag method to measure heme and nonheme-iron absorption from the whole diet. J Clin Invest 1974;53:247-55.
35. Martinez-Torres C, Layrisse M. Iron absorption from veal muscle. Am J Clin Nutr 1971;24:531-40.
36. Turnbull A, Cleton F, Finch CA. Iron absorption. IV. The absorption of hemoglobin iron. J Clin Invest 1962;41:1897-907.
37. Conrad ME, Weintraub LR, Sears DA, Crosby WH. Absorption of hemoglobin iron. Am J Physiol 1966;211:1123-30.
38. Callender ST, Mallett BJ, Smith MD. Absorption of hemoglobin iron. Br J Haematol 1957;3:186-92.
39. Layrisse M, Martinez-Torres C, Roche M. Effect of interaction of various foods on iron absorption. Am J Clin Nutr 1968;21:1175-83.
40. Hallberg L, Brune M, Rossander L. The role of vitamin C in iron absorption. Int J Vitam Nutr Res Suppl 1989;30:103-8.
41. Disler PB, Lynch SR, Charlton RW, et al. The effect of tea on iron absorption. Gut 1975;16:193-200.
42. Hallberg L. Bioavailability of dietary iron in man. Annu Rev Nutr 1981;1:123-47.
43. Hallberg L, Rossander-Hulthen L, Brune M, Gleerup A. Inhibition of haem-iron absorption in man by calcium. Br J Nutr 1992;69:533-40.
44. Hallberg L, Brune M, Erlandsson M, Sandberg AS, Rossander-Hulten L. Calcium: effect of different amounts on nonheme- and heme-iron absorption in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;53:112-9.
45. Brise H, Hallberg L. Effect of ascorbic acid on iron absorption. Acta Med Scand Suppl 376 1962;171:51-8.
46. Hallberg L, Brune M, Rossander L. Effect of ascorbic acid on iron absorption from different types of meals. Hum Nutr Appl Nutr 1986;40A:97-113.
47. Rossander L, Hallberg L, Bjorn-Rasmussen E. Absorption of iron from breakfast meals. Am J Clin Nutr 1979;32:2484-9.
48. Hazell T, Ledward D, Neale R. Iron availability from meat. Br J Nutr 1978;39:631-8.
49. Layrisse M, Martinez-Torres C, Leets I, Taylor P, Ramirez J. Effect of histidine, cysteine, glutathione or beef on iron absorption in humans. J Nutr 1984;114:217-23.
50. Sandberg AS. The effect of food processing on phytate hydrolysis and availability of iron and zinc. In: Friedman M, ed. Nutritional and toxicological consequences of food processing. New York: Plenum Press, 1991:499-508.
51. Brune M, Rossander-Hulten L, Hallberg L, Gleerup A, Sandberg AS. Iron absorption from bread in humans: inhibiting effects of cereal fiber, phytate and inosital phosphates with different numbers of phosphate groups. J Nutr 1992;122:442-9.
52. Morris ER, Ellis R. Bioavailability to rats of iron and zinc in wheat bran: response to low-phytate bran and effect of the phytate/zinc molar ratio. J Nutr 1980;110:2000-10.
53. Reddy MB, Hurrell RF, Juillerat MA, Cook JD. The influence of different protein sources on phytate inhibition of nonheme-iron absorption in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 1996;63:203-7.
54. Simpson KM, Morris ER, Cook JD. The inhibitory effect of bran on iron absorption in man. Am J Clin Nutr 1981;34:1469-78.
55. Widdowson EM, McCance RA. Iron exchanges of adults on white and brown bread diets. Lancet 1942;1:588-90.
56. Bjorn-Rasmussen E. Iron absorption from wheat bread. Influence of various amounts of bran. Nutr Metab 1974;16:101-10.
57. Gillooly M, Bothwell TH, Torrance JD, et al. The effects of organic acids, phytates and polyphenols on the absorption of iron from vegetables. Br J Nutr 1983;49:331-42.
58. Disler PB, Lynch SR, Torrance JD, Sayers MH, Bothwell TH, Charlton RW. The mechanism of the inhibition of iron absorption by tea. S Afr J Med Sci 1975;40:109-16.
59. Brune M, Rossander L, Hallberg L. Iron absorption and phenolic compounds: importance of different phenolic structures. Eur J Clin Nutr 1989;43:547-58.
60. Macfarlane BJ, Bezwoda WR, Bothwell TH, et al. Inhibitory effect of nuts on iron absorption. Am J Clin Nutr 1988;47:270-4.
61. Tuntawiroon M, Sritongkul N, Brune M, et al. Dose-dependent inhibitory effect of phenolic compounds in foods on nonheme-iron absorption in men. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;53:554-7.
62. Hallberg L, Rossander-Hulten L, Brune M, Gleerup A. Calcium and iron absorption: mechanism of action and nutritional importance. Eur J Clin Nutr 1992;46:317-27.
63. Galan P, Cherouvrier F, Preziosi P, Hercberg S. Effects of the increasing consumption of dairy products upon iron absorption. Eur J Clin Nutr 1991;45:553-9.
64. Reddy MB, Cook JD. Effect of calcium intake on nonheme-iron absorption from a complete diet. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;65:1820-5.
65. Bothwell TH, Baynes RD, MacFarlane BJ, MacPhail AP. Nutritional iron requirements and food iron absorption. J Intern Med 1989;226:357-65.
66. Monsen ER, Hallberg L, Layrisse M, et al. Estimation of available dietary iron. Am J Clin Nutr 1978;31:134-41.
67. Taylor PG, Mendez-Castellanos H, Martinez-Torres C, et at. Iron bioavailability from diets consumed by different socioeconomic strata of the Venezuelan population. J Nutr 1995;125:1860-8.
68. Cook JD, Dassenko SA, Lynch SR. Assessment of the role of nonheme-iron availability in iron balance. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;54:717-22.
69. Soustre Y, Dop MC, Galan P, Hercberg S. Dietary determinants of the iron status in menstruating women. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1986;56:281-6.
70. Preziosi P, Hercberg S, Galan P, Devanlay M, Cherouvrier F, Dupin H. Iron status of a healthy French population: factors determining biochemical markers. Ann Nutr Metab 1994;38:192-202.
71. Yokoi K, Alcock NW, Sandstead HH. Iron and zinc nutriture of premenopausal women: associations of diet with serum ferritin and plasma zinc disappearance and of serum ferritin with plasma zinc and plasma zinc disappearance. J Lab Clin Med 1994;124:852-61.
72. Payette H, Gray-Donald K. Dietary intake and biochemical indices of nutritional status in an elderly population, with estimates of the precision of the 7-d food record. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;54:478-88.
73. Dawber TR, Meadors GF, Moore FE. Epidemiological approaches to heart disease: the Framingham study. Am J Public Health 1951;41:279-86.
74. Willett W. Nutritional epidemiology. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.
75. Cook JD, Watson SS, Simpson KM, Lipschitz DA, Skikne BS. The effect of high ascorbic acid supplementation on body iron stores. Blood 1984;64:721-6.
76. Johnson MA. Iron: nutrition monitoring and nutrition status assessment. J Nutr 1990;120:1486-91.
77. Cartwright GE. The anemia of chronic disorders. Semin Hematol 1966;3:351-75.
78. Means RT Jr, Krantz SB. Progress in understanding the pathogenesis of the anemia of chronic disease. Blood 1992;80:1639-47.
79. Yip R, Dallman PR. The roles of inflammation and iron deficiency as causes of anemia. Am J Clin Nutr 1988;48:1295-300.
80. Means RT. Pathogenesis of the anemia of chronic disease: a cytokine-mediated anemia. Stem Cells 1995;13:32-7.
81. Cook JD, Skikne BS, Lynch SR, Reusser ME. Estimates of iron sufficiency in the US population. Blood 1986;68:726-31.
82. Lipschitz DA, Mitchell CO, Thompson C. The anemia of senescence. Am J Hematol 1981;11:47-54.
83. Holyoake TL, Stott DJ, McKay PJ, Hendry A, MacDonald JB, Lucie NP. Use of plasma ferritin concentration to diagnose iron deficiency in elderly patients. J Clin Pathol 1993;46:857-60.
84. Fairbanks VF. Iron in medicine and nutrition. In: Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M, eds. Modern nutrition in health and disease. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1994:185-213.
85. Fairbanks VF. Laboratory testing for iron status. Hosp Pract (Off Ed) 1991;3(suppl 26):17-24.
86. Halliday JW, Powell LW. Iron overload. Semin Hematol 1982;19:42-53.
87. Isselbacher KJ, Braunwald E, Wilson JD, Martin JB, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, eds. Harrison's principles of internal medicine. 13th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Inc, 1994.
88. SAS Institute. SAS/STAT user's guide, version 6. 4th ed. Cary, NC: SAS Institute, Inc, 1989.
89. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Ali M, Willan A, McIlroy W, Patterson C. Laboratory diagnosis of iron-deficiency anemia. J Gen Intern Med 1992;7:145-53.
90. Touitou Y, Proust J, Carayon A, et al. Plasma ferritin in old age. Influence of biological and pathological factors in a large elderly population. Clin Chim Acta 1985;149:37-45.
91. Cals MJ, Bories PN, Devanlay M, et al. Extensive laboratory assessment of nutritional status in fit, health-conscious, elderly people living in the Paris area. J Am Coll Nutr 1994;13:646-57.
92. Loria A, Hershko C, Konijn AM. Serum ferritin in an elderly population. J Gerontol 1979;34:521-4.
93. Freedman ML. Iron deficiency in the elderly. Hosp Pract (Off Ed) 1986;21:115-22, 127, 130 passim.
94. Charlton RW, Jacobs P, Seftel H, Bothwell TH. Effect of alcohol on iron absorption. Br Med J 1964;2:1427-9.
95. Chapman RW, Morgan MY, Boss AM, Sherlock S. Acute and chronic effects of alcohol on iron absorption. Dig Dis Sci 1983;28:321-7.
96. Celada A, Rudolf H, Donath A. Effect of a single ingestion of alcohol on iron absorption. Am J Hematol 1978;5:225-37.
97. Meyer TE, Kassianides C, Bothwell TH, Green A. Effects of heavy alcohol consumption on serum ferritin concentrations. S Afr Med J 1984;66:573-5.
98. Lundin L, Hallgren R, Birgegard G, Wide L. Serum ferritin in alcoholics and the relation to liver damage, iron state and erythropoietic activity. Acta Med Scand 1981;209:327-31.
99. Moirand R, Lescoat G, Hubert N, Dezier JF, Pasdeloup N, Brissot P. Alcohol induction of ferritin expression in a human hepatoblastoma cell line (HEP G2). Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1990;14:847-52.
100. Moirand R, Lescoat G, Delamaire D, et al. Increase in glycosylated and nonglycosylated serum ferritin in chronic alcoholism and their evolution during alcohol withdrawal. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1991;15:963-9.
101. Kristenson H, Fex G, Trell E. Serum ferritin, gammaglutamyl-transferase and alcohol consumption in healthy middle-aged men. Drug Alcohol Depend 1981;8:43-50.
102. Bezwoda WR, Bothwell TH, Torrance JD, et al. The relationship between marrow iron stores, plasma ferritin concentrations and iron absorption. Scand J Haematol 1979;22:113-20.
103. Walters GO, Miller FM, Worwood M. Serum ferritin concentration and iron stores in normal subjects. J Clin Pathol 1973;26:770-2.
104. Jacobs A, Miller F, Worwood M, Beamish MR, Wardrop CA. Ferritin in the serum of normal subjects and patients with iron deficiency and iron overload. Br Med J 1972;4:206-8.
105. National Research Council. Recommended dietary allowances. 10th ed., Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1989.
106. Lipschitz DA, Cook JD, Finch CA. A clinical evaluation of serum ferritin as an index of iron stores. N Engl J Med 1974;290:1213-6.
107. Galan P, Hercberg S, Soustre Y, Dop MC, Dupin H. Factors affecting iron stores in French female students. Hum Nutr Clin Nutr 1985;39C:279-87.
108. Hallberg L, Bengtsson C, Lapidus L, Lindstedt G, Lundberg P, Hulten L. Screening for iron deficiency: an analysis based on bone-marrow examinations and serum ferritin determinations in a population sample of women. Br J Haematol 1993;85:787-98.
109. Razagui IB, Barlow PJ, Izmeth MGA, Taylor KDA. Iron status in a group of long-stay mentally handicapped menstruating women: some dietary considerations. Eur J Clin Nutr 1991;45:331-40.
110. Milman N, Ingerslev J, Graudal N. Serum ferritin and iron status in a population of 'healthy' 85-year-old individuals. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1990;50:77-83.
111. Milman N, Schultz-Larsen K. Iron stores in 70-year-old Danish men and women. Evaluation in 469 individuals by serum ferritin and hemoglobin. Aging Clin Exp Res 1994;6:97-103.
112. Thomas AJ, Bunker VW, Stansfield MF, Sodha NK, Clayton BE. Iron status of hospitalized and housebound elderly people: dietary intake, metabolic balances, haematological and biochemical indices. Q J Med 1989;70:175-84.
113. Carry PJ, Wayne SJ, Koehler KM, Pathak DR, Baumgartner RN, Simon TL. Prediction of iron absorption based on iron status of female blood donors. Am J Clin Nutr 1992;56:691-8.
114. Lynch SR, Dassenko SA, Morck TA, Beard JL, Cook JD. Soy protein products and heme iron absorption in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 1985;41:13-20.
115. Hallberg L, Solvell L. Absorption of hemoglobin iron in man. Acta Med Scand 1967;181:335-54.
116. Hallberg L, Bjorn-Rasmussen E, Howard L, Rossander L. Dietary heme iron absorption. A discussion of possible mechanisms for the absorption-promoting effect of meat and for the regulation of iron absorption. Scand J Gastroenterol 1979;14:769-79.
117. Lynch SR, Skikne BS, Cook JD. Food iron absorption in idiopathic hemochromatosis. Blood 1989;74:2187-93.
118. Bezwoda WR, Bothwell TH, Charlton RW, et al. The relative dietary importance of haem and non-haem iron. S Afr Med J 1983;64:552-6.
119. Cook JD. Adaptation in iron metabolism. Am J Clin Nutr 1990;51:301-8.
120. Hallberg L, Hulten L, Gramatkovski E. Iron absorption from the whole diet in men: how effective is the regulation of iron absorption? Am J Clin Nutr 1997;66:347-56.
121. Borch-Iohnsen B, Meltzer HM, Stenberg V, Reinskou T, Trygg K. Bioavailability of daily low dose iron supplements in menstruating women with low iron stores. Eur J Clin Nutr 1990;44:29-34.
122. Hercberg S, Galan P, Soustre V, Dop MC, Devanlay M, Dupin H. Effects of iron supplementation on serum ferritin and other hematological indices of iron status in menstruating women. Ann Nutr Metab 1985;29:232-8.
123. Moore CV, Dubach R. Observations on the absorption of iron from foods tagged with radioiron. Trans Assoc Am Phys 1951;64:245-56.
124. Callender ST, Marney SR, Warner GT. Eggs and iron absorption. Br J Haematol 1970;19:657-65.
125. Ballot D, Baynes RD, Bothwell TH. The effects of fruit juices and fruits on the absorption of iron from a rice meal. Br J Nutr 1987;57:331-43.
126. Cook JD, Monsen ER. Vitamin C, the common cold, and iron absorption. Am J Clin Nutr 1977;30:235-41.
127. Malone HE, Kevany JP, Scott JM, O'Broin SD, O'Connor G. Ascorbic acid supplementation: its effects on body iron stores. Ir J Med Sci 1986;155:74-9.
128. Hunt JR, Gallagher SK, Johnson LK. Effect of ascorbic acid on apparent iron absorption by women with low iron stores. Am J Clin Nutr 1994;59:1381-5.
129. Hunt JR, Mullen LM, Lykken GI, Gallagher SK, Nielsen FH. Ascorbic acid: effect on ongoing iron absorption and status in iron-depleted young women. Am J Clin Nutr 1990;51:649-55.
130. Jacobs A, Worwood M. The biochemistry of ferritin and its clinical implications. In: Brown EB, ed. Progress in hematology IX. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1975.
131. Inelmen EM, D'Alessio M, Gatto MRA, et al. Descriptive analysis of the prevalence of anemia in a randomly selected sample of elderly people living at home: some results of an Italian multicentric study. Aging Clin Exp Res 1994;6:81-9.
132. Jacques PF, Sulsky S, Hartz SC, Russell RM. Moderate alcohol intake and nutritional status in nonalcoholic elderly subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 1989;50:875-83.
133. Zhang H, Loney LA, Potter BJ. Effect of chronic alcohol feeding on hepatic iron status and ferritin uptake by rat hepatocytes. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1993;17:394-400.
134. Hallberg L, Rossander L. Effect of different drinks on the absorption of non-heme iron from composite meals. Hum Nutr Appl Nutr 1982;36A:116-23.
135. Sorensen EW. Studies on iron absorption. V. The effect of ascorbic acid and ethyl alcohol on the absorption of iron in iron-deficient subjects. Acta Med Scand 1966;180:241-4.
136. Duane P, Raja KB, Simpson RJ, Peters TJ. Intestinal iron absorption in chronic alcoholics. Alcohol Alcohol 1992;27:539-44.
137. Cook JD, Reddy MB, Hurrell RF. The effect of red and white wines on nonheme-iron absorption in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 1995;61:800-4.
138. Bezwoda WR, Torrance JD, Bothwell TH, Macphail AP, Graham B, Mills W. Iron absorption from red and while wines. Scand J Haematol 1985;34:121-7.
139. MacDonald RA, Baumslag N. Iron in alcoholic beverages. Possible significance for hemochromatosis. Am J Med Sci 1964;247:649-54.
140. Zhang H, Potter BJ. The effect of ethanol metabolism on ferritin uptake by freshly isolated rat hepatocytes: is acetaldehyde responsible for this alteration? Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1992;16:301-7.
141. Siegenberg D, Baynes RD, Bothwell TH, et al. Ascorbic acid prevents the dose-dependent inhibitory effects of polyphenols and phytates on nonheme-iron absorption. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;53:537-41.
142. DeAlarcon PA, Donovan ME, Forbes GB, Landaw SA, Stockman JA. Iron absorption in the thalassemia syndromes and its inhibition by tea. N Engl J Med 1979;300:5-8.
143. Munoz LM, Lonnerdal B, Keen CL, Dewey KG. Coffee consumption as a factor in iron deficiency anemia among pregnant women and their infants in Costa Rica. Am J Clin Nutr 1988;48:645-51.
144. Morck TA, Lynch SR, Cook JD. Inhibition of food iron absorption by coffee. Am J Clin Nutr 1983;37:416-20.