Postural control in sitting children with cerebral palsy

Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews

Volumn 22, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 591-596

  Brogren, Eva ^a   Hadders Algra, Mijna ^b   Forssberg, Hans ^a  

^a KAROLINSKA INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

^b NONE

Author keywords

Central pattern generator; Cerebral palsy; Postural adjustments; Sitting

Indexed keywords

BODY EQUILIBRIUM; BODY POSTURE; CEREBRAL PALSY; CHILD; HUMAN; HUMAN TISSUE; INFANT; MOTOR CONTROL; MOTOR COORDINATION; MUSCLE CONTRACTILITY; PARAPLEGIA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SITTING; SPASTICITY;

EID: 0031954623     PISSN: 01497634     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0149-7634(97)00049-3     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Aicardi, J.; Bax, M. Cerebral palsy. In: Aicardi, J., ed. Diseases of the nervous system in childhood. Clinics in Dev. Med. No. 115/118. Oxford: Mac Keith Press, Blackwell; 1992:330-374.
2. Allum J.H.J., Pfaltz C.R. Visual and vestibular contributions to pitch sway stabilisation in the ankle muscles of normals and patients with bilateral peripheral vestibular deficits. Exp. Brain Res. 58:1985;82-94.
3. Assaiante C. Development of locomotor balance control in healthy children. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 22:1998;527-532.
4. Berger W., Quitern J., Dietz V. Pathophysiology of gait in children with cerebral palsy. Electroencephal. Clinical Neurophysiol. 63:1982;538-548.
5. Berger W., Altenmueller E., Dietz V. Normal and impaired development of children's gait. Hum. Neurobiol. 3:1984;163-170.
6. Bernstein, N. Coordination and regulation of movements. New York: Pergamon; 1967.
7. Bleck E. Posterior rootlet rhizotomy in cerebral palsy. Arch. Disease in Childhood. 68:1993;717-718.
8. Bohannon R.W., Andrews A.W. Correlation of knee extensor muscle torque and spasticity with gait seen in patients with stroke. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 71:1990;330-333.
9. Bower E., McLellan D.L., Arney J., Campbell M.J. A randomized controlled trial of different intensities of physiotherapy and different goal-setting procedures in 44 children with cerebral palsy. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 38:1996;226-237.
10. Brogren E., Hadders-Algra M., Forssberg H. Postural control in children with spastic diplegia: Muscle activity during perturbations in sitting. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 38:1996;379-388.
11. Brouwer B., Ashby P. Altered corticospinal projections to lower limb motorneurons in subjects with cerebral palsy. Brain. 114:1991;1395-1407.
12. Brouwer B., Smits E. Corticospinal input onto motor neurons projecting to ankle muscles in individuals with cerebral palsy. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 38:1996;787-796.
13. Carmick J. Managing equinus in children with cerebral palsy: electrical stimulation to strengthen the triceps surae muscle. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 37:1995;965-975.
14. Carr L.J., Harrison L.M., Evans A.L., Stephens J.A. Patterns of central motor reorganization in hemiplegic cerebral palsy. Brain. 116:1993;1223-1247.
15. Crenna, P.; Inverno, M. Objective detection of pathophysiological factors contributing to gait disturbances in supraspinal lesions, In: Fedrizzi, E.; Avanzini, G.; Crenna, P., eds. Motor Development in Children. London: John Libbey; 1994:103-118.
16. Damiano D.L., Vaughan C.L., Abel M.F. Muscle response to heavy resistance exercise in children with spastic cerebral palsy. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 37:1995;731-739.
17. Diener H.C., Horak F.B., Nashner L.M. Influence of stimulus parameters on human postural responses. J Neurophysiol. 59:1988;1888-1905.
18. Dietz V., Horstmann G.A., Berger W. Interlimb coordination of leg-muscle activation during perturbation of stance in humans. J Neurophysiol. 62:1989;680-693.
19. Dietz V. Human neural control of automatic functional movements: interaction between central programs and afferent input. Physiol. Rev. 72:1992;149-163.
20. Ekenberg L., Eriksson A. Physiotherapy for young people with movement disorders: factors influencing commencement and duration. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 36:1994;253-262.
21. Eliasson A.C., Gordon A.M., Forssberg H. Basic co-ordination of manipulative forces of children with cerebral palsy. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 33:1991;661-670.
22. Forssberg H. Ontogeny of human locomotor control. I. Infant stepping, supported locomotion and transition to independent locomotion. Exp. Brain Res. 57:1985;480-493.
23. Forssberg H., Hirschfeld H. Postural adjustments in sitting humans following external perturbations: muscle activity and kinematics. Exp. Brain Res. 57:1994;515-527.
24. Gottlieb G.L., Mykleburst B.M., Penn R.D., Agarwal G.C. Reciprocal excitation of muscle antagonists by the primary afferent pathway. Exp. Brain Res. 46:1982;454-456.
25. Grillner S., Deliagina T., Ekeberg Ö., El Manira A., Hill R.H., Lansner A., Orlovsky G.N., Wallén P. Neural networks that co-ordinate locomotion and body orientation in lamprey. TINS. 18:1995;270-279.
26. Gurfinkel V.S., Lipshits M.I., Mori S. Postural reactions to the controlled sinusoidal displacement of the supporting platform. Agressologie. 17:1976;71-76.
27. Hadders-Algra M., Van Eykern L.A., Klip-Van den Nieuwendijk A.W.J., Prechtl H.F.R. Developmental course of general movements in early infancy. II. EMG correlates. Early Hum. Dev. 28:1992;231-251.
28. Hadders-Algra M., Brogren E., Forssberg H. Ontogeny of postural adjustments during sitting in infancy: variation, selection and modulation. J Physiol. 493.1:1996;273-288.
29. Hadders-Algra M., Brogren E., Forssberg H. Training affects the development of postural adjustments in sitting infants. J Physiol. 493.1:1996;289-298.
30. Hadders-Algra, M., Klip-Van den Nieuwendijk, A.W.J., Martijn, A., van Eykern, L.A., Assessment of general movements: towards a better understanding of a sensitive method to evaluate brain function in young infants. Dev. Med. Child Neurol., 1997 (in press).
31. Hadders-Algra M., Brogren E., Forssberg H. Development of postural control - Differences between the ventral and the dorsal muscles? Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 22:1998;501-506.
32. Hazelwood M.E., Brown J.K., Rowe P.J., Salter P.M. The use of therapeutic stimulation in the treatment of hemiplegic cerebral palsy. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 36:1994;661-673.
33. Hirschfeld H., Forssberg H. Epigenetic development postural responses for sitting during infancy. Exp. Brain Res. 97:1994;528-540.
34. Horak F.B., Nashner L.M. Central programming of postural movements: adaptation to altered support-surface configurations. J. Neurophysiol. 55:1986;1369-1381.
35. Keshner E.A., Woollacott M.H., Debû B. Neck, trunk and limb muscle responses during postural perturbations in humans. Exp. Brain Res. 71:1988;455-466.
36. Knutsson E., Richards C. Different types of disturbed motor control in gait of hemiparetic patients. Brain. 102:1989;405-430.
37. Leonard C.T., Moritani T., Hirschfeld H. Deficits in reciprocal inhibition of children with cerebral palsy as revealed by H-reflex testing. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 32:1990;974-984.
38. Leonard C.T., Moritani T., Forssberg H. Myotatic reflex development in normal children and children with cerebral palsy. Exp. Neurol. 111:1991;379-382.
39. Leonard C.T., Hirschfeld H., Forssberg H. The development of independent walking in children with cerebral palsy. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 33:1991;567-577.
40. Macpherson J.M., Rushmer D.S., Dunbar D.C. Postural responses in the cat to unexpected rotations of the supporting surface: evidence for a centrally generated synergic organization. Exp. Brain Res. 62:1986;152-160.
41. Macpherson J.M. Changes in postural strategy with interpaw distance. J. Neurophysiol. 71:1994;931-940.
42. Massion J. Postural control systems in developmental perspective. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 22:1998;465-472.
43. McClenaghan B.A., Thombs L., Milner M. Effects of seat-surface inclination in postural stability and function of the upper extremities of children with cerebral palsy. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 34:1992;40-48.
44. McLaughlin J.F., Bjornson K.F., Astley S.J., Hays R.M., Hoffinger S.A., Armantrout E.A., Roberts T.S. The role of dorsal rhizotomy in cerebral palsy: critical evaluation of a prospective clinical series. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 36:1994;755-769.
45. Moore S.P., Rushmer D.S., Windus S.L., Nashner L.M. Human automatic postural responses: response to perturbation of stance in multiple directions. Exp. Brain Res. 73:1988;648-658.
46. Mykleburst B.M., Gottlieb G.L., Penn R.D., Agarwal G.C. Reciprocal excitation of antagonistic muscles as a differentiating feature in spasticity. Ann. Neurol. 12:1986;367-374.
47. Myhr U., von Wendt L. Improvement of functional sitting position for children with cerebral palsy. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 33:1991;246-256.
48. Nashner L.M. Fixed patterns of rapid postural responses among leg muscles during stance. Exp. Brain Res. 30:1977;13-24.
49. Nashner L.M., Shumway-Cook A., Marin O. Stance posture in select groups of children with cerebral palsy: deficits in sensory organization and muscular coordination. Exp. Brain Res. 49:1983;393-409.
50. Neilson P.D., O'Dwyer N.J., Nash J. Control of isometric muscle activity In cerebral palsy. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 32:1990;778-788.
51. Nwaobi O.M. Seating orientation and upper extremity function in children with cerebral palsy. Phys. Ther. 67:1987;1209-1212.
52. Noroha J., Bundy A., Groll J. The effect of positioning on the hand function of boys with cerebral palsy. Am. J. Occup. Ther. 43:1989;507-512.
53. Pope P.M., Bowes C.E., Booth E. Postural control in sitting, The SAM system: evaluation of use over three years. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 36:1994;241-252.
54. Redon-Zouiteni C., Roll J.P., Lacert P. Reprogrammation posturale d'origin proprioceptive chez l'enfant infirme moteur cérébral: Validation de la stimulation vibratoire tendineuse comme outil therapeutique. Motricité Cerebrale. 15:1994;57-65.
55. Reid D. The effects of the saddle seat on seated postural control and upper-extremity movement in children with cerebral palsy. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 38:1996;805-815.
56. Sahrmann S.A., Norton B.S. The relationship of voluntary movement to spasticity in the upper motorneuron syndrome. Ann. Neurol. 2:1977;460-465.
57. Seeger B.R., Caudrey D.I., O'Mara N.A. Hand function in cerebral palsy: the effect of hip-flexion angle. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 26:1984;601-606.
58. Stelzner, D., The role of descending systems in maintaining intrinsic spinal function: A developmental approach. In: Sjölund, B., Björklund, A., eds. Brain stem control of spinal mechanisms. Amsterdam: Elsevier Biomedical Press; 1982:297-321.
59. Sveistrup H., Woollacott M. A longitudinal study of the development of postural control in infants. J. Motor Behav. 28:1996;58-70.
60. Tang A., Rymer W.Z. Abnormal force-EMG relations in paretic limbs of hemiparetic human subjects. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 44:1981;690-698.
61. Touwen B.C.L. How normal is variable, or how variable is normal? Early Hum. Dev. 34:1993;1-12.
62. Woollacott, M.H., Burtner, P., The development of stance postural control and adaptive postural abilities in normal children and in children with cerebral palsy. Abstract. The International Sven Jerring Symposium, Stockholm; 1995:68-71.