Fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, and myofascial pain

Current Opinion in Rheumatology

Volumn 10, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 95-103

  Bennett, Robert ^a  

^a OREGON HEALTH AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMITRIPTYLINE; AUTOANTIBODY; FLUOXETINE; GROWTH HORMONE; KETAMINE; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; SOMATOMEDIN C; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT;

ARTICLE; CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME; FIBROMYALGIA; HUMAN; HYPOTENSION; INTERSTITIAL CYSTITIS; MYOFASCIAL PAIN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; WHIPLASH INJURY;

DISABLED PERSONS; FATIGUE SYNDROME, CHRONIC; FIBROMYALGIA; HUMANS; MYOFASCIAL PAIN SYNDROMES; PREVALENCE;

EID: 0031940827     PISSN: 10408711     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00002281-199803000-00002     Document Type: Article

References (84)

1. Wolfe F, Smythe HA, Yunus MB, Bennett RM, Bombardier C, Goldenberg DL, Tugwell P, Campbell SM, Abeles M, Clark P, er al.: The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of FM: report of the Multicenter Criteria Committee. Arthritis Rheum 1990, 33:160-172.
2. Jacobsson LT, Nagi DK, Pillemer SR Knowler WC, Hanson RL, Pettitt DJ, Bennett PH: Low prevalence of chronic widespread pain and shoulder disorders among the Pima Indians. J Rheumatol 1996, 23:907-909.
3. Buskila D, Neumann L: Fibromyalgia syndrome (FM) and nonarticular tenderness In relatives of patients with FM. J Rheumatol 1997, 24:941-944. The prevalence of FM in female relatives of patients with FM is 41% compared with 14% in male relatives.
4. Abusdal UG, Bjorndal A, Botten G, Bierkedal T: Muscle pain In women between 25 and 55 years in Oslo, Norway. J Musculoskeletal Pain 1997, 5:23-31.
5. Buskila D, Neumann L, Hazanov I, Carmi R: Familial aggregation in the FM syndrome. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1996, 26:605-611. Approximately 30% of offspring of mothers with FM have FM.
6. Yunus MB, Aldag JC: Restless legs syndrome and leg cramps In FM syndrome: a controlled study. BMJ 1996, 312:1339-1339. Muscle cramps and restless leg syndrome occur in 20% to 30% of patients with FM.
7. Montplaisir J, Lapierre O, Warnes H, Pelletier G: The treatment of the restless leg syndrome with or without periodic leg movements In sleep. Sleep 1992, 15:391-395.
8. Rosenhall U, Johansson G, Orndahl G: Otoneurologic and audiologic findings in FM. Scand J Rehabil Med 1996, 28:225-232. Objective studies of hearing and balance show several distinctive changes in FM.
9. Martinez-Lavin M, Hermosillo AG, Mendoza C, Ortiz R, Cajigas JC, Pineda C, Nava A, Vallejo M: Orthostatic sympathetic derangement In subjects with FM. J Rheumatol 1997, 24:714-718.
10. Bou-Holaigah I, Calkins H, Flynn JA, Tunin C, Chang HC, Kan JS, Rowe PC: Provocation of hypotension and pain di ring upright tilt table testing in adults with FM. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1997, 15:239-246. Sixty percent of patients with FM had abnormal tilt-table testing with provocation of FM Symptoms.
11. Alagiri M, Chottiner S, Ratner V, Slade D, Hanno PM: Interstitial cystitis: unexplained associations with other chronic disease and pain syndromes. Urology 1997, 49:52-57. Patients with interstitial cystitis have an array of other symptoms similar to FM patients. In this survey of 2405 interstitial cystitis patients, 10% to 20% had FM.
12. Clauw DJ, Schmidt M, Radulovic D, Singer A, Katz P, Bresette J: The relationship between FM and interstitial cystitis. J Psychiatr Res 1997, 31:125-131. Patients with interstitial cystitis have a reduced pain threshold or tolerance and similar somatic symptoms to patients with FM.
13. Blasberg B, Chalmers A: Temporomandibular pain and dysfunction syndrome associated with generalized musculoskeletal pain: a retrospective study. J Rheumatol Suppl 1989, 19:87-90.
14. Plesh O, Wolfe F, Lane N: The relationship between FM and temporomandibular disorders: prevalence and symptom severity. J Rheumatol 1996, 23:1948-1952.
15. Fitzcharles MA, Esdaile JM: The overdiagnosis of FM syndrome. Am J Med 1997, 103:44-50.
16. Okifuji A, Turk DC, Sinclair JD, Starz TW, Marcus DA: A standardized manual tender point survey: I. Development and determination of a threshold point for the identification of positive tender points in FM syndrome. J Rheumatol 1997, 24:377-383. A useful tutorial on how to perform a FM tender point examination.
17. Smythe HA, Gladman A, Mader R, Peloso P, Abu-Shakra M: Strategies for assessing pain and pain exaggeration: controlled studies. J Rheumatol 1997, 24:1622-1629. It is difficult to imitate a FM by deliberately faking a tender point examination.
18. Wolfe F, Russell IJ, Vipraio G, Ross K, Anderson J: Serotonin levels, pain threshold, and FM symptoms in the general population. J Rheumatol 1997, 24:555-559. Reduced serotonin levels were not a uniform finding in patients with FM, in fact, patients with higher tender point scores had higher serotonin levels.
19. Tenenbaum S, Rice J, Espinoza LR, Cuellar ML, Plymale D, Sander D, Garry R: Use of antipolymer antibody assay in recipients of silicone breast Implants. Lancet 1997, 349:449-454. Antibodies reactive with a polymer in polyacrylamide gels were found in symptomatic recipients of silicone breast implants.
20. Bennett RM, Cook DM, Clark SR, Burckhardt CS, Campbell SM: Hypothalamic-pituitary-insulin-like growth factor-I axis dysfunction in patients with FM. J Rheumatol 1997, 24:1384-1389. Confirmation of the 1992 article describing low levels of IGF-1 (somatomedin-C) in patients with FM. This is a much larger study of 500 patients with FM and control subjects with other rheumatic diseases.
21. Winfield JB: Fibromyalgia: what's next? Arthritis Care Res 1997, 10:219-221.
22. Mcwhinney IR, Epstein RM, Freeman TR: Rethinking somatization. Ann Intern Med 1997, 126:747-750. An excellent review article on some of the problems surrounding the diagnosis of somatization.
23. Turk DC, Okifuji A, Starz TW, Sinclair JD: Effects of type of symptom onset on psychological distress and disability in FM syndrome patients. Pain 1996, 68:423-430.
24. Turk DC, Okifuji A, Sinclair JD, Starz TW: Pain, disability, and physical functioning in subgroups of patients with FM. J Rheumatol 1996, 23:1255-1262. A plea to subgroup patients with FM in future studies based on differing psychologic and functional profiles.
25. Turk DC, Okifuji A: Evaluating the role of physical, operant cognitive, and affective factors in the pain behaviors of chronic pain patients. Behav Modif 1997, 21:259-280. Pain behavior is seldom solely a product of operant conditioning; rather, it is more closely related to physical and med cal factors.
26. Landro NI, Stiles TC, Sletvold H: Memory functioning in patients with primary FM and major depression and healthy controls. J Psychosom Res 1997, 42:297-306.
27. Buskila D, Neumann L, Vaisberg G Alkalay D, Wolfe F: Increased rates of FM following cervical spine injury: a controlled study of 161 cases of traumatic injury. Arthritis Rheum 1997, 40:446-452.
28. Barkhuizen A, Schoeplin GS, Bennett RM: Fibromyalgia: a prominent feature in patients with musculoskeletal problems in chronic hepatitis C. A report of 12 patients. J Clin Rheumatol 1996, 2:180-184.
29. Lovy MR, Starkebaum G, Uberoi S Hepatitis C infection presenting with rheumatic manifestations: a mirric of rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1996, 23:979-983.
30. Rivera J, Diego A, Troichet IM, Morforte GA: Fibromyalgia-associated hepatitis C virus infection. Br J Rheumatol 1997, 36:981-985.
31. Mariette X, Zerbib M, Jaccard A, Schenmetzler C, Danon F, Clauvel JP: Hepatitis C virus and Sjögren's syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 1993, 36:280-281.
32. Bonafede RP, Downey DC, Benrett RM: An association of FM with primary Sjögren's syndrome: a prospective study of 72 patients. J Rheumatol 1995, 22:133-136.
33. Wallace AM, Lee J, Dobke MK: Fa n after breast surgery: a survey of 282 women. Pain 1996, 66:195-205. Eight percent of mastectomy patients reported chronic chest pain after flap reconstruction surgery compared with 30% who had silicone implants. FM was not evaluated. An interesting discussion focuses on nerve injury and capsular formation as etiologic factors.
34. Warner E, Keshavjee A, Shupak R, Bellini A: Rheumatic symptoms following adjuvant therapy for breast cancer. Am J Clin Oncol 1997, 20:322-326.
35. Kramis RC, Roberts WJ, Gillette RG: Non-nociceptive aspects of persistent musculoskeletal pain. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1996, 24:255-267. A masterly review of the pathophysiology and clinical aspects of non-nociceptive pain (allodynia).
36. Campbell SM, Clark S, Tindall EA, Forehand ME, Bennett RM: Clinical characteristics of fibrositis: I. A blinded, controlled study of symptoms and tender points. Arthritis Rheum 1983, 26:817-824.
37. Atkins CJ, Zielinski A, Makosinski A: Palpometry: a novel concept in pain measurement Nat Med 1995, 1:1138-1139.
38. Bendtsen L, Norregaard J, Jensen R, Olesen J: Evidence of qualitatively altered nociception in patients with FM. Arthritis Rheum 1997, 40:98-102. Fibromyalgia patients were shown to have a distinctly different pressure-pain response profile compared with healthy individuals. This was interpreted as being caused by abnormal sensory processing at a central level.
39. Kosek E, Ekholm J, Hansson P: Sensory dysfunction in FM patients with Implications for pathogenic mechanisms. Pain 1996, 68:375-383. The stimulus-response curve for pressure, heat, cold, and touch was parallely shifted to the left of the curve obtained from controls. This was interpreted as being caused by abnormal sensory processing at a central level.
40. Pertovaara A: Lowered cutaneous sensitivity to nonpainful electrical stimulation during isometric exercise in humans. Exp Brain Res 1992, 89:447-452.
41. Kosek E, Ekholm J, Hansson P: Modulation of pressure pain thresholds during and following isometric contraction in patients with FM and in healthy controls. Pain 1996, 64:415-423.
42. Gibson SJ, Littlejohn GO, German MM, Helme RD, Granges G: Altered heat pain thresholds and cerebral event-related potentials following inful CO2 laser stimulation In subjects with FM syndrome. Pain 1994, 58:185-193.
43. Lorenz J, Grasedyck K, Bromm B: Middle and long latency somatosensory evoked potentials after painful laser stimulation in patients with FM syndrome. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1996, 100:165-168. Laser-evoked skin pain produced enhanced electroencephalographic potentials at the 170 ms and 390 ms peaks compared with controls. This was interpreted as being caused by abnormal sensory processing at a central level.
44. Wall PD, Woolf CJ: Muscle but not cutaneous C-afferent input produces prolonged increases in the excitability of the flexion reflex In the rat J Physiol 1984, 356:443-458.
45. Strobel ES, Krapf M, Suckfull M, Bruckle W, Fleckenstein W, Muller W: Tissue oxygen measurement and 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy in patients with muscle tension and FM. Rheumatol Int 1997, 16:175-180.
46. Jacobsen S, Jensen LT, Foldager M, Danneskiold-Samsoe B: Primary FM: clinical parameters in relation to serum procollagen type III amino terminal peptide. Br J Rheumatol 1990, 29:174-177.
47. Hudson N, Starr MR, Esdaile JM, Fitzcharles MA: Diagnostic associations with hypermobility in rheumatology patients. Br J Rheumatol 1995, 34:1157-1161.
48. Gedalia A, Press J, Klein M, Buskila D: Joint hypermobility and FM in schoolchildren. Ann Rheum Dis 1993, 52:494-496.
49. Pellegrino MJ, Van Fossen D, Gordon C, Ryan JM, Waylonis GW: Prevalence of mitral valve prolapse in primary FM: a pilot investigation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1989, 70:541-543.
50. Sprott H, Muller A, Heine H: Collagen crosslinks In FM. Arthritis Rheum 1997, 40:1450-1454. The subepidermal connective tissue of patients with FM had highly ordered collagen cuffs around the axons of preterminal nerve fibers. The urinary pyridinoline-to-deoxypyridinoline ratio was significantly lower in patients with FM than in control subjects.
51. Moldofsky H, Scarisbrick P, England R, Smythe H: Musculoskeletal symptoms and non-REM sleep disturbance in patients with "fibrositis syndrome" and healthy subjects. Psychosom Med 1975, 37:341-351.
52. Shaver JL, Lentz M, Landis CA, Heitkemper MM, Buchwald DS, Woods NF: Sleep, psychological distress, and stress arousal in women with FM. Res Nurs Health 1997, 20:247-257. A polysomnographic study showed markedly disturbed sleep in patients with FM. However, compared with control subjects, there was a significant increase of alpha-delta sleep.
53. Affleck G, Urrows S, Tennen H, Higgins P, Abeles M: Sequential daily relations of sleep, pain intensity, and attention to pain among women with FM. Pain 1996, 68:363-368.
54. Tishler M, Barak Y, Paran D, Yaron M: Sleep disturbances, FM and primary Sjögren's syndrome. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1997, 15:71-74.
55. Hadler NM: Fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue, and other latrogenic diagnostic algorithms: do some labels escalate illness in vulnerable patients? Postgrad Med 1997, 102:161-171.
56. Wolfe F: The FM problem [editorial; comment]. J Rheumatol 1997, 24:1247-1249.
57. Bennett RM: Fibromyalgia and the disability dilemma: a new era in understanding a complex, multidimensional pain syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 1996, 39:1627-1634.
58. Wolfe F, Anderson J, Harkness D, Bennett RM, Caro XJ, Goldenberg DL, Russell IJ, Yunus MB: Health status and disease severity In FM: results of a six-center longitudinal study. Arthritis Rheum 1997, 40:1571-1579. Twenty-seven percent of patients with FM were receiving some form of disability payments.
59. Goldenberg D, Mayskiy M, Mossey C, Ruthazer R, Schmid C: A randomized, double-blind crossover trial of fluoxetine and amitriptyline in the treatment of FM. Arthritis Rheum 1996, 39:1852-1859. This important study provides evidence that combination of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor and a tricyclic antidepressant was more efficacious in treating FM than either drug alone. Importantly, improvement in depressive symptoms did not appear to explain the benefit.
60. Moldofsky H, Lue FA, Mously C, Roth-Schechter B, Reynolds WJ: The effect of zolpidem in patients with FM: a dose ranging, double blind, acebo controlled, modified crossover study. J Rheumatol 1996, 23:529-533. Zolpidem (Ambien in the United States) was shown to be useful in improving sleep, but not pain, in patients with FM.
61. Martin L, Nutting A, Macintosh BR, Edworthy SM, Butterwick D, Cook J: An exercise program In the treatment of FM. J Rheumatol 1996, 23:1050-1053.
62. Sorensen J, Bengtsson A, Ahlner J, Henriksson KG, Ekselius L, Bengtsson M: Fibromyalgia: are there different mechanisms In the processing of pain? A double blind crossover comparison of analgesic drugs. J Rheumatol 1997, 24:1615-1621. A follow-up of their 1996 paper showing that the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist ketamine (also a dissociative anesthetic) was effective in treating FM pain. Morphine and intravenous lidocaine were also effective. It is suggested that different FM subsets respond to different pharmacologic strategies.
63. Hong CZ, Hsueh TC: Difference In pain relief after trigger point injections in myofascial pain patients with and without FM. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1996, 77:1161-1166. A useful study showing that patients with FM responded as well as patients with focal myofascial pain at 2 weeks after myofascial trigger point injections with 0.5% xylocaine. However, the patients with FM took longer to respond, had more postinjection soreness, and the beneficial effect was not as prolonged.
64. Freeman R, Komaroff AL: Does the chronic fatigue syndrome involve the autonomic nervous system? Am J Med 1997, 102:357-364. As described in patients with FM, symptoms of autonomic dysfunction and abnormal tilt-table tests are also seen in patients with CFS (see Bou-Holaigah et al. [Clin Exp Rheumatol 1997, 15:239-246]).
65. Freeman R, Komaroff AL: Does the chronic fatigue syndrome involve the autonomic nervous system? Am J Med 1997, 102:357-364. As described in patients with FM, symptoms of autonomic dysfunction and abnormal tilt-table tests are also seen in patients with CFS (see Bou-Holaigah et al. [Clin Exp Rheumatol 1997, 15:239-246]).
66. Bennett AL, Mayes DM, Fagioli LR, Guerriero R, Komaroff AL: Somatomedln C (insulin-like growth factor I) levels in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. J Psychiatr Res 1997, 31:91-96.
67. Allain TJ, Beam JA, Coskeran P, Jones J, Checkley A, Butler J, Wessely S, Miell JP: Changes In growth hormone, insulin, insulinlike growth factors (IGFs), and IGF-binding protein-1 In chronic fatigue syndrome. Biol Psychiatry 1997, 41:567-573. Low levels of IGF-1 were reported in CFS. As described in FM, growth hormone stimulation tests were also abnormal (see Bennett et al. [J Rheumatol 1997, 24:1384-1389]).
68. Allain TJ, Beam JA, Coskeran P, Jones J, Checkley A, Butler J, Wessely S, Miell JP: Changes In growth hormone, insulin, insulinlike growth factors (IGFs), and IGF-binding protein-1 In chronic fatigue syndrome. Biol Psychiatry 1997, 41:567-573. Low levels of IGF-1 were reported in CFS. As described in FM, growth hormone stimulation tests were also abnormal (see Bennett et al. [J Rheumatol 1997, 24:1384-1389]).
69. Dinan TG, Majeed T, Lavelle E, Scott LV, Berti C, Behan P: Blunted serotonin-mediated activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in chronic fatigue syndrome. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1997, 22:261-267.
70. Demitrack MA: Neuroendocrine correlates of chronic fatigue syndrome: a brief review. J Psychiatr Res 1997, 31:69-82. A useful review of the current thinking on neuroendocrine abnormalities in CFS.
71. Buchwald D, Wener MH, Pearlman T, Kith P: Markers of Inflammation and Immune activation in chronic fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome. J Rheumatol 1997, 24:372-376.
72. Fischler B, Le BO, Hoffmann G, Cluydts R, Kaufman L, De MK: Sleep anomalies in the chronic fatigue syndrome: a comorbidity study. Neuropsychobiology 1997, 35:115-122. Discriminant analysis of sleep allowed a high level of correct classification of CFS compared with healthy control subjects. Sleep-onset latency and the number of stage shifts per hour contributed significantly to the discriminant function. The percentage of stage 4 was significantly lower in the CFS group.
73. Von MA, Konstantinov K, Buchwald DS, Gerace L, Tan EM: High frequency of autoantibodies to insoluble cellular antigens In patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 1997, 40:295-305. Sixty-eight percent of CFS patients were positive for antinuclear antibodies (mainly lamin B1), and 47% also had antibodies to cytoplasmic antigens (mainly vimentin). Autoantibodies were observed in only 17% of control patients without chronic fatigue.
74. Sharpe M: Cognitive behavior therapy for functional somatic complaints: the example of chronic fatigue syndrome. Psychosomatics 1997, 38:356-362.
75. Fulcher KY, White PD: Randomised controlled trial of graded exercise in patients with the chronic fatigue syndrome. BMJ 1997, 314:1647-1652. After a 3-month program of aerobic exercise or stretching, 51% of patients self-rated themselves as improved after aerobics compared with 24% who felt improvement after stretching.
76. Vollmer-Conna U, Hickie I, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Tymms K, Wakefield D, Dwyer J, Lloyd A: Intravenous immunoglobulin is ineffective in the treatment of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Am J Med 1997, 103:38-43.
77. Rowe KS: Double-blind randomized controlled trial to assess the efficacy of intravenous gammaglobulin for the management of chronic fatigue syndrome In adolescents. J Psychiatr Res 1997, 31:133-147.
78. Gerwin RD, Shannon S, Hong CZ, Hubbard D, Gevirtz R: Interrater reliability In myofascial trigger point examination. Pain 1997, 69:65-73. An analysis of the reliability of Travell and Rinzler's (Postgrad Med 1952, 11:425-434) criteria for confirming the location of a myofascial trigger point. Only after a training session was reliability achieved, of the various features of trigger points, the local twitch response was the most unreliable.
79. Gerwin RD, Shannon S, Hong CZ, Hubbard D, Gevirtz R: Interrater reliability In myofascial trigger point examination. Pain 1997, 69:65-73. An analysis of the reliability of Travell and Rinzler's (Postgrad Med 1952, 11:425-434) criteria for confirming the location of a myofascial trigger point. Only after a training session was reliability achieved, of the various features of trigger points, the local twitch response was the most unreliable.
80. Travell J, Rinzler SH: The myofascial genesis of pain. Postgrad Med 1952, 11:425-434.
81. Hong CZ, Kuan TS, Chen JT, Chen SM: Referred pain elicited by palpation and by needling of myofascial trigger points: a comparison. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1997, 78:957-960.
82. Nilsson N, Christensen HW, Hartvigsen J: The effect of spinal manipulation in the treatment of cervicogenic headache. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1997, 20:326-330.
83. Kovacs FM, Abraira V, Pozo F, Kleinbaum DG, Beltran J, Mateo I, Perez DA, Pena A, Zea A, Gonzalez-Lanza M, Morillas L: Local and remote sustained trigger point therapy for exacerbations of chronic low back pain: a randomized, double-blind, controlled, multicenter trial. Spine 1997, 22:786-797.
84. Han SC, Harrison P: Myofascial pain syndrome and trigger-point management. Reg Anesth 1997, 22:89-101. A critical review article with 101 references on the diagnosis and management of myofascial pain syndromes.