The mechanical roles of clasping leaf sheaths: Evidence from Arundinaria tecta (Poacea) shoots subjected to bending and twisting forces

Annals of Botany

Volumn 81, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 23-34

  Niklas, Karl J ^a  

^a Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics   (United States)

Author keywords

Biomechanics; Elastic moduli; Internodes; Leaf sheaths; Nodes; Plant stems; Wind lodging

Indexed keywords

ARUNDINARIA TECTA;

EID: 0031938375     PISSN: 03057364     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1006/anbo.1997.0513     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Axelrad EL. 1984. Flexible shells. In: Axelrad EL, Emmerling FA, eds. Flexible shells, theory and applications. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 44-63.
2. Bierhorst D. 1971. Morphology of vascular plants. New York : Macmillan Comp.
3. Blaha L, Michalova A. 1993. Analysis of development of physiological and yielding characters of Czechoslovak winter wheat from the beginning of 20th century. Rostlinna Vyroba 39: 923-929.
4. Blevins RD. 1987. Formulas for natural frequency and mode shape. Malabar FL: Krieger Publishing Company.
5. Brazier LG. 1927. On the flexure of thin cylindrical shells and other 'thin' sections. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A 116: 104-114.
6. Brunet Y, Finnigan JJ, Raupach MR. 1994. A wind tunnel study of air flow in waving wheat: single-point velocity statistics. Boundary Layer Meteorology 70: 95-132.
7. Cottrell AH. 1964. The mechanical properties of matter. New York: John Wiley.
8. Crook MJ, Ennos AR. 1994. Stem and root characteristics associated with lodging resistance in four winter wheat cultivars. Journal of Agricultural Science 123: 167-174.
9. Daviero V, Meyer-Berthaud B, Lecoustre R. 1996. A morphometric approach to the architecture and ontogeny of the extant sphenopsid Equisetum telmateia Ehrh. International Journal of Plant Science 157: 567-581.
10. Esau K. 1965. Plant anatomy. New York: Wiley & Sons, Inc.
11. Easson DL, White EM, Pickles SJ. 1993. The effects of weather, seed rate and cultivar on lodging and yield in winter wheat. Journal of Agricultural Sciences 2: 145-156.
12. Ennos AR. 1991. The mechanics of anchorage in wheat Triticum aestivum L. Journal of Experimental Biology 127: 1909-1613.
13. Ennos AR. 1993. The scaling of root anchorage. The Journal of Theoretical Biology 161: 61-75.
14. Gifford EM, Foster AS. 1988. Morphology and evolution of vascular plants. New York: W. H. Freeman.
15. Hitchcock AS. 1935. Manual of the grasses of the United States. Washington DC: U.S. Printing Office.
16. Jaffe MJ. 1973. Thigmomorphogenesis: the response of plant growth and development to mechanical stress. Planta 114: 143-157.
17. Jaffe MJ, Telewski FW, Cooke PW. 1984. Thigmomorphogenesis: on the mechanical properties of mechanically perturbed bean plants. Physiologica Plantarum 62: 73-78.
18. Jovanovic B. 1993. Effect of stem and root characteristics on lodging in wheat. Journal of Science and Agricultural Research 54: 23-28.
19. Karam GN, Gibson LJ. 1995. Elastic buckling of cylindrical shells with elastic cores - I. Analyses. International Journal of Solids and Structures 32: 1259-1283.
20. Mattheck C. 1992. Design in der Natur. Der Baum als Lehrmeister. Freiburg: Rombach Verlag.
21. Neenan M, Spencer-Smith JL. 1975. An analysis of the problem of lodging with particular reference to wheat and barley. Journal of Agricultural Science 3: 495-507.
22. Niklas KJ. 1989. Nodal septa and the rigidity of aerial shoots of Equisetum hyemale. American Journal of Botany 76: 521-531.
23. Niklas KJ. 1990a. The mechanical significance of clasping leaf sheaths in grasses: Evidence from two cultivars of Avena sativa. Annals of Botany 65: 505-512.
24. Niklas KJ. 1990b. Determinate growth of Allium sativum peduncles: evidence of determinate growth as a design factor for biomechanical safety. American Journal of Botany 77: 762-771.
25. Niklas KJ. 1992. Plant biomechanics: an engineering approach to plant form and function. Chicago Ill : Univ. Chicago Press.
26. Niklas KJ. 1997a. Relative resistance of hollow, septate internodes to twisting and bending. Annals of Botany 80: 275-287.
27. Niklas KJ. 1997b. Responses of hollow, septate stems to vibrations: Biomechanical evidence that nodes can mechanically act as spring-like joints. Annals of Botany 80: 437-448.
28. Niklas KJ. 1998. Modes of mechanical failure of hollow, septate stems. Annals of Botany 81: 11-21.
29. Niklas KJ, Moon FC. 1988. Flexural stiffness and modulus of elasticity of flower stalks from Allium sativum as measured by multiple resonance frequency spectra. American Journal of Botany 75: 1517-1525.
30. Niklas KJ, Paolillo DJ Jr. 1990. Biomechanical and morphometric differences in Triticum aestivum seedlings differing in Rht gene-dosage. Annals of Botany 65: 365-377.
31. Oden JT. 1972. Finite elements of nonlinear continua. New York: McGraw-Hill.
32. Reissner E. 1959. On finite bending of pressurized tubes. Journal of Applied Mechanics 26: 386-392.
33. Schulgasser K, Witztum A. 1992. On the strength, stiffness and stability of tubular plant stems and leaves. The Journal of Theoretical Biology 155: 497-515.
34. Seide P, Weingarten V. 1961. On the buckling ol cylindrical circular shells under pure bending. Journal of Applied Mechanics 28: 112-116.
35. Silk WK, Wang LL, Cleland RE. 1982. Mechanical properties of the rice panicle. Plant Physiology 70: 460-464.
36. Spatz H-C, Beismann, H, Emanns A, Speck T. 1995. Mechanical anisotropy and inhomogeneity in the tissues comprising the hollow stem of the giant reed Arundo donax. Biomimetics 3: 141-155.
37. Spatz H-C, Beismann H, Brüchert F, Emanns A, Speck T. 1997. Biomechanics of the giant reed Arundo donax. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 352: 1-10.
38. Spatz H-C, Boomgaarden, Speck T. 1993. Contribution to the biomechanics of plants. III. Experimental and theoretical studies of local buckling. Botanica Acta 106: 254-264.
39. Spatz H-C, Speck T. 1994. Local buckling and other modes of failure in hollow plant stems. Biomimetics 2: 149-173.
40. Spatz H-C, Speck T, Vogellehner D. 1990. Contributions to the biomechanics of plants. II. Stability against local buckling in hollow plant stems. Botanica Acta 103: 123-130.
41. Speck T. 1994. Bending stability of plant stems : Ontological, ecological, and physioloaical aspects. Biomimetics 2: 109-128.
42. Speck, T, Spatz, H-C, Vogellehner, D. 1990. Contributions to the biomechanics of plants. I. Stabilities of plant stems with strengthening elements of different cross-sections against weight and wind forces. Botanica Acta 103: 111-112.
43. Speck T, Rowe NP, Brüchert F, Haberer W, Gallenmüller F, Spatz H.-Ch. 1996. How plants adjust the 'material properties' of their stems according to differing mechanical constraints during growth: an example of smart design in nature. American Society of Mechanical Engineers 5: 233-241.
44. Timoshenko SP, Gere JM. 1961. Theory of elastic stability. New York: McGraw-Hill.
45. Vincent J. 1990. Structural biomaterials. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
46. Vogel S. 1989. Drag and reconfiguration of broad leaves in high winds. Journal of Experimental Botany 40: 941-948.
47. Vogel S. 1992. Twist-to-bend ratios and cross-sectional shapes of petioles and stems. Journal of Experimental Botany 43: 1527-1532.
48. Vogel S. 1995. Twist-to-bend ratios of woody structures. Journal of Experimental Botany 46: 981-985.
49. Wainwright SA, Biggs WD, Currey JD, Gosline JM. 1976. Mechanical design in organisms. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press.