Bacterial meningitis and meningococcal infection

Current Opinion in Pediatrics

Volumn 10, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 13-18

  Booy, Robert ^a,b   Kroll, J Simon ^a  

^a IMPERIAL COLLEGE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

MENINGOCOCCUS VACCINE;

BACTERIAL MENINGITIS; BACTERIAL MUTATION; CLINICAL FEATURE; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; DISEASE SEVERITY; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; HOST RESISTANCE; HUMAN; MENINGOCOCCOSIS; NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; STRAIN DIFFERENCE; VACCINE PRODUCTION;

EID: 0031924206     PISSN: 10408703     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00008480-199802000-00004     Document Type: Review

References (60)

1. Hargreaves RM, Slack MPE, Howard AJ, Anderson E, Ramsay ME: Changing patterns of invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease in England and Wales after introduction of the Hib vaccination programme. BMJ 1996, 312:160-161.
2. Scheifele DW: Recent trends in pediatric Haemophilus influenzae type b Infections in Canada; Immunisation Monitoring Programme, Active (IMPACT) of the Canadian Paediatric Society and the Laboratory Centre for Disease Control. Can Med Assoc J 1996, 154:1041-1047, (erratum) 1319.
3. Schuchat A, Robinson K, Wenger JD, et al.: Bacterial meningitis in the United States in 1995. N Engl J Med 1997, 337:970-976.
4. Robbins JB, Schneerson R, Anderson P, Smith DH: Prevention of systemic infections especially meningitis, caused by Haemophilus Influenzas type b-Impact on public health, and implications for other polysaccharide-based vaccines. JAMA 1996, 276:1181-1185. A tour-de-force charting the exciting story of the development and implementation of a vaccine against Hib and raising the hope of future successes in the control of other bacterial diseases.
5. Booy R, Heath PT, Slack MPE, Begg N, Moxon ER: Vaccine failures after primary immunisation with Haemophilus influenzae type-b conjugate vaccine without booster. Lancet 1997, 349:1197-1202. This surveillance study from the UK suggests that vaccination with Hib conjugate vaccine using an extended program of immunization-like primary schedule without a booster dose in the second year of life can confer long-term protection against invasive Hib disease.
6. Booy R, Kroll JS: Is Haemophilus influenzae finished? J Antimicrob Chemother 1997, 40:149-153.
7. Steinhoff MC: Haemophilus influenzae type b infections are preventable everywhere. Lancet 1997, 349:1186-1187.
8. Hoiseth SK, Connelly CJ, Moxon ER: Genetics of spontaneous, high-frequency loss of b-capsule expression in Haemophilus influenzae. Infect Immun 1985, 49:389-395.
9. Brophy LN, Kroll JS, Ferguson JP, Moxon ER: Capsulation gene loss and "rescue" mutations during the Cap+ to Cap-transition in Haemophilus influenzae type b. J Gen Microbiol 1991, 137:2571-2576.
10. Kroll JS, Moxon ER, Loynds BM: Natural genetic transfer of a putative virulence-enhancing mutation to Haemophilus influenzae type a. J Infect Ois 1994, 169:676-679.
11. Robbins JB, Towne DW, Gotschlich EC, Schneerson R: 'Love's labour's lost': failure to implement mass vaccination against Group A meningococcal meningitis In sub-Saharan Africa. Lancet 1997, 250:880-882. A passionate plea to implement routine vaccination against serogroup A meningococcal disease in the African meningitis belt.
12. Goldschneider I, Gotschlich EC, Artenstein MS: Human Immunity to the meningococcus: II. Development of natural immunity. J Exp Med 1969, 129:1327-1346.
13. Mok Q, Butt W: The outcome of children admitted to intensive care with meningococcal septicaemia. Intensive Care Med 1996, 22:259-263.
14. Schildkamp RL, Lodder MC, Bijlmer HA, Dankert J, Scholten RJPM: Clinical manifestations and course of meningococcal disease in 562 patients. Scand J Infect 1996, 28:47-51.
15. Nadel S, Levin M, Habibi P: Treatment of meningococcal disease in childhood. In Meningococcal disease, edited by Cartwright K. New York: Wiley; 1995:207-248.
16. Sung RYT, Senok AC, Ho A, Oppenheimer SJ, Davies DP: Meningitis in Hong Kong children, with special reference to the Infrequency of haemophilus and meningococcal infection. J Pediatr Child Health 1997, 33:296-299.
17. Ramsay M, Kaczmarski E, Rush M, Mallard R, Farrington P, White J: Changing patterns of case ascertainment and trends in meningococcal disease in England and Wales. CDR Review 1997, 7:R 49-54.
18. Morley S, Booy R: Epidemiology and prevention of meningococcal disease. Current Paediatrics 1997, 7:232-237.
19. Whalen CM, Hockin JC, Ryan A, Ashton F: The changing epidemiology of Invasive meningococcal disease in Canada 1985-1992: emergence of a virulent clone of Neisseria meningitidis. JAMA 1995, 273:390-394.
20. Hubert B, Caugant DA: Recent changes in meningococcal disease in Europe. Eurosurveillance 1997, 2:69-71.
21. Moore PS, Reeves MW, Schwartz B, Gellin B, Broome CR: Inter-continental spread of an epidemic Group A Neisseria meningitidis strain. Lancet 1989, 2:260-262.
22. Lennon D, Gellin B, Hood D, Boss L, Heffernan H, Thakur S: Successful intervention in a Group A meningococcal outbreak in Auckland, New Zealand. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1992, 11:617-623.
23. McGuinness BT, Clarke IN, Lambden PR, et al.: Point mutation in meningococcal porA gene associated with increased endemic disease. Lancet 1991, 337:514-517.
24. Anderson RM, Donnelly CA, Gupta S: Vaccine design, evaluation, and community-based use for antigenically variable infectious agents. Lancet 1997, 250:1466-1470.
25. Ross SC, Densen P: Complement deficiency states and infection: epidemiology, pathogenesls and consequences of neisserial and other infections in an immune deficiency. Medicine 1984, 63:243-273.
26. Ernst T, Spath PJ, Aebi C, Schaad UB, Bianchetti MG: Screening for complement deficiency in bacterial meningitis. Acta Pediatr 1997, 86:1009-1010.
27. Summerfield JA, Sumiya M, Levin M, Turner MW: Association of mutations in mannose-bindlng protein gene with childhood infection in consecutive hospital series. BMJ 1997, 314:1229-1232.
28. McGuire W, Hill AV, Allsopp CE, Greenwood BM, Kwiatkowski D: Variation in the TNF-alpha promoter region associated with susceptibility to cerebral malaria Nature 1994, 371:508-510.
29. Nadel S, Newport MJ, Booy R, Levin M: Variation in the tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene promoter region may be associated with death from meningococcal disease. J Infect Dis 1996, 174:878-880. Suggests that alteration in the promoter region of the TNF-α gene thought to be associated with higher induced concentrations of TNF is associated with a poorer outcome in meningococcal disease.
30. Kornelisse RF, Hazelzet JA, Savelkoul HFJ, et al.: The relationship between plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and proinflammatory and counterinflammatory mediators in children with meningococcal septic shock. J Infect Dis 1996, 173:1148-1156. Reaches the interesting conclusion that deleterious progression in meningococcal disease and a fatal outcome may be related to a common genetic polymorphism in the gene coding for the antifibrinolytic product, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1.
31. Stanwell-Smith RE, Stuart JM, Hughes AO, Robinson P, Griffin MB, Cartwnght K: Smoking, the environment and meningococcal disease: a case-control study. Epidemiol Infect 1994, 112:315-328.
32. Fischer M, Hedberg K, Cardosi P, et al.: Tobacco smoke as a risk factor for meningococcal disease. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1997, 16:979-983. A valuable study which suggests that one third of cases of meningococcal disease in children can be ascribed to the deleterious effect of smoking in the home.
33. Imrey PB, Jackson LA, Ludwinski PH, et al.: Meningococcal carriage, alcohol consumption, and campus bar patronage in a serogroup C meningococcal disease outbreak. J Clin Microbiol 1995, 33:3133-3137.
34. Borrow R, Claus H, Guiver M, et al.: Non-culture diagnosis and serogroup determination of meningococcal B and C infection by a sialyltransferase (siaD) PCR. Epidemiol Infect 1997, 118:111-117. With the increasing use of parenteral penicillin by family doctors in suspected cases of meningococcal disease, and decreasing use of lumbar punctures in hospital, the development of nonculture diagnostic approaches is of mounting importance.
35. Smart LE, Girdwood RWA: Improving case ascertainment of meningococcal disease in Scotland. SCIEH weekly report 1997, 31:213-214.
36. Cartwnght K, Kroll JS: Optimising the investigation of meningococcal disease. BMJ 1997, 315:757-758.
37. Cartwright K: Introduction and historical aspects. In Meningococcal disease. Edited by Cartwright K. New York: Wiley; 1995:1-9.
38. Havens PL, Garland JS, Brook MN, Dewitz BA, Stremski ES, Troshynski TJ: Trends in mortality in children hospitalised with meningococcal infections, 1957-1987. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1989, 8:8-11.
39. Cartwright K, Strang J, Gossain S, Begg N: Early treatment of meningococcal disease. BMJ 1992, 305:774.
40. Peltola H: Early meningococcal disease: advising the public and the profession. Lancet 1993, 342:509-510.
41. Prins JM, Speelman P, Kuijper EJ, Dankert J, van Deventer SJ: No Increase in endotoxin release during antibiotic killing of meningococci. J Antimicrob Chemother 1997, 39:13-18. Provides reassuring evidence that following the administration of antibiotics (in an meningococcal disease model) the level of endotoxin, and therefore also probably proinflammatory cylokines, is reduced rather than increased as some had predicted.
42. Zeni F, Freeman B, Natson C: Anti-inflammatory therapies to treat sepsis and septic shock: a reassessment Crit Care Med 1997, 25:1095-1100. An excellent review of progress and prospects in the search for the "Holy Grail" of life-saving novel therapies.
43. Nadel S, Derkx B, Hazelzet J, et al.: A randomised placebo-controlled sequential trial to study the efficacy of HA1A human monoclonal antibody in children with meningococcal septic shock. Proceedings of the first annual meeting of Royal College of Pediatrics and Child Health. York; 1997:6.
44. Cohen J, Carlett J: Intersept: an international, multicentre placebo-controlled trial of monoclonal antibody to human tumor necrosis factor-alpha in patients with sepsis. International Sepsis Trial Study Group. Crit Care Med 1996, 24:1431-1440.
45. Chan B, Kalibalikis P, Klein N, Heyderman R, Levin M: Assessment of the effect of candidate anti-inflammatory treatments on the interaction between meningococci and inflammatory cells in vitro in a whole blood model. Biotherapy 1996, 9:221-228.
46. Von der Molhen, MAM, Kimmings AK, Wedel NI, et al.: Inhibition of endotoxin-induced cytokine release and neutrophil activation in humans by use of recombinant bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein. J Infect Dis 1995, 172:144-151.
47. Giroir BP, Quint PA, Barton P, et al.: Preliminary evaluation of recombinant amino-terminal fragment of human bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein in children with severe meningococcal sepsis. Lancet 1997, 350:1439-1443. A phase I/II study showing that this new therapy for meningococcal disease is well tolerated and has potential to protect against the deleterious effects of endotoxin-induced shock and death; provides grounds for a phase III efficacy study.
48. Algren JT, Suresh L, Cutliff SA, Richman BJ: Predictors of outcome in acute meningococcal infection in children. Crit Care Med 1993, 21:447-452.
49. Vos GD, Rijtema MN, Hendricks JJ, Ramsay G: Meningococcal septic shock: can outcome and prognosis be influenced? Clin Intens Care 1995, 6(Suppl):11.
50. Goldmann AP, Kerr SJ, Butt W, et al.: Extracorporeal support for intractable cardiorespiratory failure due to meningococcal disease. Lancet 1997, 349:466-469.
51. De Munter C, Nadel S, Britto J, Habibi P, Levin M: ECMO for refractory cardio-respiratory failure due to meningococcal disease. Lancet 1997, 349:1398.
52. Anonymous: Fumes from the spleen. Ped Perinat Epidemiol 1997, 11:260-264.
53. UK collaborative ECMO group: UK collaborative randomised trial of neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Lancet 1996, 348:75-82.
54. Smith OP, White B, Vaughan D, Rafferty M, Claffey L, Lyons B, Casey W: Use of protein-C concentrate, heparin, and haemodiafiltration in meningococcus-induced purpura fulminans. Lancet 1997, 350:1590-93.
55. Duncan L: New therapies for severe meningococcal disease but better outcomes? Lancet 1997, 350:1565-1566.
56. Fairley CK, Begg N, Borrow R, Fox AJ, Jones DM, Cartwright K: Conjugate meningococcal serogroup A and C vaccine: reactogenicity and immunogenicity In United Kingdom infants. J Infect Dis 1996, 174:1360-1363. A phase I/II trial of a serogroup A and C meningococcal polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine carried out in British children, given three doses at 2, 3, and 4 months of age. The conjugate vaccine proved to be safe and immunogenic, inducing high levels of anti-C polysaccharide antibodies that were bactericidal in young infants.
57. Pon RA, Lussier M, Yang Q-L, Jennings HJ: N-propionylated group B meningococcal polysaccharide mimics a unique bactericidal capsular epitope in group B Neisseria meningitidis. J Exp Med 1997, 185:1929-1938. The authors argue the case for developing chemically-modified serogroup B meningococcal polysaccharide as a vaccine.
58. Moraes J, Perkins B, Comargo M, et al.: Protective efficacy of a serogroup B meningococcal vaccine in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Lancet 1992, 40:1074-1078.
59. Costa EA: Effectiveness of meningococcal vaccine In Brazil. Int J Epidemiol 1997, 26:681-684. Provides an important insight into a hitherto poorly recognized bias in the evaluation of efficacy in vaccine trials, particularly relevant when these are carried out in a developing world setting where there may be problems in case ascertainment.
60. Van der Voort ER, van der Ley P, van der Biezen J, et al.: Specificity of human bactericidal antibodies against PorA P1.7,16 induced with a hexavalent meningococcal outer membrane vesicle vaccine. Infect Immun 1996, 64:2745-2751.