Bodyweight gain induced by psychotropic drugs. Incidence, mechanisms and management

CNS Drugs

Volumn 9, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 135-151

  Ackerman, Sigurd ^a,b   Nolan, Laurence J ^a  

^a St Luke's Roosevelt Hospital Center ^*  (United States)

^b ST LUKE S ROOSEVELT HOSPITAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; ANXIOLYTIC AGENT; CARBAMAZEPINE; LITHIUM; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; PSYCHOTROPIC AGENT; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; UNINDEXED DRUG; VALPROIC ACID; VIGABATRIN;

BODY WEIGHT; DRUG USE; FAMILY HISTORY; HUMAN; MANIA; MENTAL DISEASE; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; POLYDIPSIA; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; WEIGHT GAIN;

EID: 0031911368     PISSN: 11727047     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/00023210-199809020-00005     Document Type: Review

References (96)

1. Pi-Sunyer FX. Medical hazards of obesity. Ann Intern Med 1993; 119: 655-60
2. Gitlin MJ, Cochran SD, Jamieson KR. Maintenance lithium treatment: side effects and compliance. J Clin Psychiatry 1989; 50: 127-31
3. Garrow JS. Energy balance in man: an overview. Am J Clin Nutr 1987; 45: 1114-9
4. Kerry FJ, Liebling LI, Owen G. Weight changes in lithium responders. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1970; 46: 238-43
5. Chen Y, Silverstone T. Lithium and weight gain. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1990; 5: 217-25
6. Vestergaard P, Poulstrup I, Schou M. Prospective studies on a lithium cohort. 3. Tremor, weight gain, psychological complaints. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1988; 78: 434-41
7. Vendshorg PB, Bech P, Rafaelson OJ. Lithium treatment and weight gain. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1976; 53: 139-47
8. Vestergaard P, Schou M. Prospective studies on a lithium cohort. 1. General features. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1988; 78: 421-6
9. Peselow ED, Dunner DL, Fieve RR, et al. Lithium carbonate and weight gain. J Affect Disord 1980; 2: 303-10
10. Vendsborg PB, Bach-Mortensen N, Rafaelson OJ. Fat cell number and weight gain in lithium-treated patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1976; 53: 355-9
11. Gelenberg AJ, Kane JM, Keller MB, et al. Comparison of standard and low serum levels of lithium for maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 1489-93
12. Mathew B, Murti Rao J, Sundari U. Lithium-induced changes in body mass index. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1989; 80: 538-40
13. Chen Y, Goodall E, Silverstone T. The effects of lithium on body weight and food intake in normal subjects: a pilot study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1992; 7: 51-4
14. Kazes M, Danion JM, Krieger-Finance F, et al. Eating behavior and long-term lithium treatment, Lithium 1993; 4: 125-33
15. Van der Velde CD, Gordon MW, Manic-depressive illness, diabetes mellitus and lithium carbonate. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1969; 21: 478-85
16. Vendsborg PB, Rafaelson OJ. Lithium in man: effects on glucose tolerance and serum electrolytes. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1973; 49: 601-10
17. Gordon MW, Van der Velde CD. Metabolic adaptation in the manic-depressive. Nature 1974; 247: 160-2
18. Vendsborg PB, Prytz S. Glucose tolerance and serum lipids in man after long-term lithium administration. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1976; 53: 64-9
19. Shopsin B, Stern S, Gershon S. Altered carbohydrate metabolism during treatment with lithium. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1972; 26: 566-71
20. Heninger GR, Mueller PS. Carbohydrate metabolism in mania. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1970; 23: 310-8
21. Mellerup ET, Plenge PK, Rafaelson OJ. Lithium and insulin effects on carbohydrate and electrolyte metabolism. Dan Med Bull 1974; 21: 88-91
22. Battacharya G. Influence of lithium on glucose metabolism in rats and rabbits. Biochem Biophys Acta 1964; 93: 644-6
23. Clausen T. The relationship between the transport of glucose and cations across cell membranes in isolated tissues. IV. The 'insulin-like' effect of lithium. Biochem Biophys Acta 1968; 150: 66-72
24. Krulic R, Janko L, Cerny M. Metabolism of lipids in lithium-administered rats. Acta Univ Carol Med 1971; 17: 533-40
25. Birnbaum L, Pohl SL, Rodhell M. Adenyl cyclase in fat cells. J Biol Chem 1969; 244: 3468-76
26. Berens SC, Wolff J. The endocrine effects of lithium. In: Johnson FN. editor Lithium research and therapy. New York: Academic Press, 1975: 445-64
27. Lydiard RB, Gelenberg AJ. Hazards and adverse effects of lithium. Ann Rev Med 1982; 33: 327-44
28. Davis R, Peters DH, McTavish D. Valproic acid: a reappraisal of its pharmacological properties and clinical efficacy in epilepsy. Drugs 1994; 47: 332-72
29. Egger J, Brett EM. Effects of sodium valproate in 100 children with special reference to weight. BMJ 1981; 283: 577-81
30. Dinesen H, Gram L, Andersen T, et al. Weight gain during treatment with valproate. Acta Neurol Scand 1984; 69: 65-9
31. Sharpe C, Buchanan N. Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy: diagnosis, management and outcome. Med J Aust 1995; 162: 133-4
32. Mattson RH, Cramer JA, Collins JF. A comparison of valproate with carbamazepine for the treatment of complex partial seizures and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures in adults. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 765-71
33. Coxhead N, Silverstone T, Cookson J. Carbamazepine versus lithium in the prophylaxis of bipolar affective disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1992; 85: 114-8
34. Tartara A, Manni R, Galimberti CA, et al. Six-year follow-up study on the efficacy and safety of vigabatrin in patients with epilepsy. Acta Neurol Scand 1992; 86: 247-51
35. Loeb C, Gandolfo C, Del Sette M, et al. Single-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter trial of vigabatrin in the treatment of epilepsy: the Italian study group on vigabatrin. Ital J Neurol Sci 1992; 13: 741-7
36. Breum L, Astrup A, Gram L, et al. Metabolic changes during treatment with valproate in humans: implication for untoward weight gain. Metabolism 1992; 41: 666-70
37. Gidal BA, Anderson CD, Spencer NW, et al. Valproic acid (VPA)-associated weight gain in monotherapy patients with epilepsy. Epilepsia 1994; 35 Suppl. 8: 142-8
38. Hetherington M, Rolls BJ. Methods of investigating human eating behavior. In: Rowland NE, Toates FM, editors. Techniques in the behavioral and neural sciences: feeding and drinking. Vol. 1. New York: Elsevie, 1987: 87-99
39. Verity CM, Hosking G, Easter DJ. A multicentre comparative of sodium valproate and carbamazepine in paediatric epilepsy: the paediatric EPITEG collaborative group. Devel Med Child Neurol 1995; 37: 97-108
40. Rudorfer MV, Manji HK, Potter WZ. Comparative tolerability profiles of the newer versus older antidepressants. Drug Sat 1994; 10: 18-46
41. Paykel ES, Mueller PS, de la Vergne PM. Amitripty line, weight gain and carbohydrate craving: a side effect. Br J Psychiatry 1973; 3: 501-7
42. Sedman G. Trial of sustained release form of amitriptyline (Leutizol) in the treatment of depressive illness. Br J Psychiatry 1973; 23: 69-71
43. Kupfer DJ, Coble PA, Rubenstein DR. Changes in weight during treatment for depression. Psychosom Med 1979; 41: 535-44
44. Berken GH, Weinstein DO, Stern WC. Weight gain: a side effect of tricyclic antidepressants. J Affect Disord 1984; 7: 133-8
45. Fernstrom MH, Krowinski RL, Kupfer DJ. Chronic imipramine treatment and weight gain. Psychiatry Res 1986; 17: 269-73
46. Haskell DS, Gambill JD, Gardos G, et al. Doxepin or diazepam for anxious and anxious-depressed outpatients? J Clin Psychiatry: 39: 135-9
47. Fernstrom MH. Drugs that cause weight gain. Obes Res 1995; 3 (4 Suppl.): 435S-9S
48. Frank E, Kupfer DJ, Bulik CM, et al. Imipramine and weight gain during the treatment of recurrent depression. J Affect Disord 1990; 20: 165-72
49. Frank E, Kupfer DJ, Perel JM, et al. Three-year outcomes for maintenance therapies in recurrent depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990; 47: 1093-9
50. Frank E, Kupfer DJ, Buhari A, et al. Imipramine and weight gain during the long-term treatment of recurrent depression. J Affect Disord 1992; 26: 65-72
51. Caffey EM, Rosenblum MP, Klett CJ, Side effects and laboratory findings in a study of antidepressant drugs. Dis Nerv Syst 1962; 23: 444-9
52. Kato ST, Murashita J, Yamada N, et al. Changes in the frequency distribution pattern of bodyweight in patients with major depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1993; 88: 3356-60
53. Fernstrom MH, Kupfer DJ. Antidepressant-induced weight gain: a comparison study of four medications. Psychiatry Res 1988; 26: 265-71
54. Wurtman JJ. Depression and weight gain: the serotonin connection. J Affect Disord 1993; 29: 183-92
55. Leibowitz SF, Arcomano A, Hammer J. Potentiating of eating associated with tricyclic antidepressant drug activation of alpha-adrenergic neurons in the paraventricular hypothalamus. Prog Neuropsych Biol Psychiatry 1979; 2: 349-58
56. Leibowitz SF, Arcomano A, Hammer J. Tranylcypromine stimulation of eating through alpha-adrenergic neuronal system in the paraventricular nucleus. Life Sci 1978; 23: 749-58
57. Leibowitz SF, Brown O, Tretter JB, et al. Norepinephrine, clonidine and tricyclic antidepressants selectively stimulate carbohydrate ingestion through noradrenergic system of the paraventricular nucleus. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1984; 23: 541-50
58. Leonard BE, Pharmacologic differences of serotonin uptake inhibitors and possible clinical relevance. Drugs 1992; 43 Suppl. 2: 3S-10S
59. Kasper S, Fuger J, Moller HJ. Comparative efficacy of antidepressants. Drugs 1992; 43 Suppl. 2: 11S-23S
60. Beasley Jr CM, Sayler ME, Potvin JH. Fluoxetine versus amitriptyline in the treatment of major depression: a multicenter trial. Int J Clin Psychopharmacol 1993; 8: 143-9
61. Wurtman RJ, Wurtman JJ. Brain serotonin, carbohydrate-craving, obesity and depression. Obes Res 1995; 3 (4 Suppl.): 477S-80S
62. Potter WZ, Rudorfer MV, Manji HK. The pharmacologic treatment of depression: an update. N Engl J Med 1991; 523: 633-42
63. Baldessarini RJ. Treatment of depression by altering monoamine metabolism: precursors and metabolic inhibitors. Psychopharmacol Bull 1984; 20: 224-32
64. Lesch K-P, Bengel D, Heils A, et al. Association of anxiety-related traits with a polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene regulatory region. Science 1996; 274: 1527-31
65. Caffey EM, Rosenblum MP, Klett CJ. Side effects and laboratory findings in a study of antidepressant drugs. Dis Nerv Syst 1962; 23: 444-9
66. Gander DR. Treatment of depressive illness with combined antidepressants. Lancet 1965; 1: 107-9
67. Winston F. Combined antidepressant therapy. Br J Psychiatry 1971; 118: 301-4
68. Evans D, Davidson H, Raft D. Early and late side effects of phenelzine. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1982; 2: 208-10
69. Baumhackl U, Biziere K, Fischhach R, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of moclobemide compared with imipramine in depressive disorder (DSM-III): an Austrian, double-blind, multicenter study. Br J Psychiatry 1989; 155 (6 Suppl.): 78S-83S
70. Bakish D, Bradwejn J, Nair N, et al. A comparison of moclobemide, amitriptyline and placebo in depression: a Canadian multicenter study. Psychopharmacology 1992; 106 Suppl. 1: 98-101
71. Feighner JP, Hendrickson G, Miller I, et al. Double-blind comparison of doxepin versus hupropion in outpatients with a major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1986; 6: 27-32
72. Weisler RJ, Johnston JA, Lineberry CG, et al. Comparison of bupropion and trazodone for the treatment of major depression. J Clin Psychpharmacol 1994; 14: 170-9
73. Stanton JM. Weight gain associated with neuroleptic medication: a review. Schizophr Bull 1995; 21: 463-72
74. Martinez JA, Velasco JJ, Urbistondo MD. Effects of pharmacological therapy on anthropometric and biochemical status of male and female institutionalized psychiatric patients. J Am Coll Nutr 1994; 13: 192-7
75. McCreadie RG, Todd N, Livingston M. A double-blind comparative study of remoxipride and thioridazine in the acute phase of schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1988; 78: 49-56
76. Teicher MH, Glod CA, Aaronson ST, et al. Open assessment of the safety and efficacy of thioridazine in the treatment of patients with borderline personality disorder. Psychopharmacol Bull 1989; 25: 535-49
77. Silverstone T, Smith G, Goodall E. Prevalence of obesity in patients receiving depot antipsychotics. Br J Psychiatry 1988; 153: 214-7
78. Shooka A, Al Haddad MK, Mathur V. Adverse effects of two long-acting depol antipsychotic drugs. Drug Invest 1993; 6: 110-3
79. Jokinen K, Koskinen T, Selonen R. Flupenthixol versus diazepam in the treatment of psychosomatic disorders: a double-blind, multi-centre trial in general practice. Pharmatherapeutica 1984; 3: 573-81
80. Johnson DAW, Breen B. Weight changes with depot neuroleptic maintenance therapy. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1979; 59: 525-8
81. Cookson JC, Kennedy NM, Grihhon D. Weight gain and prolactin levels in patients on long-term antipsychotic medication: a double-blind comparative trial of haloperidol decanoate and fluphenazine decanoate. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1986; 3 Suppl. 1: 41-51
82. Wistedt B, Persson T, Hellbom E. A clinical, double-blind comparison between haloperidol decanoate and fluphenazine decanoate. Curr Ther Res 1984; 35: 804-14
83. Lawson WB, Karson CN. Clinical correlates of bodyweight changes in schizophrenia. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1994; 6: 187-8
84. Dnfresne RL, Valentino DA, Kass DJ. Thioridazine improves affective symptoms in schizophrenic patients. Psychopharmacol Bull 1993; 29: 249-55
85. Parent MM, Roy S, Sramek J, et al. Effect of molindone on weight change in hospitalized schizophrenic patients. Drug Intell Clin Pharm 1986; 20: 873-5
86. Doss FW. The effect of antipsychotic drugs on bodyweight: a retrospective review. J Clin Psychiatry 1979; 40: 528-30
87. Leppig M, Bosch B, Naber D, et al. Clozapine in the treatment of 121 outpatients. Psychopharmacology 1989; 99 Suppl. 1: S77-9
88. Lamberti JS, Bellnier T, Schwarzkopf SB. Weight gain among schizophrenic patients treated with clozapine. Am J Psychiatry 1992; 149: 689-90
89. Leadbetter R, Shutty M, Pavalonis D, et al. Clozapine-induced weight gain: prevalence and clinical relevance. Am J Psychiatry 1992; 149: 68-72
90. Umbricht DSG, Pollack S, Kane JM. Clozapine and weight gain. J Clin Psychiatry 1994; 55 (9 Suppl. B): 157-60
91. Bustillo JR, Buchanan RW, Irish D, et al. Differential effects of clozapine on weight: a controlled study. Am J Psychiatry 1996; 153: 817-9
92. Weiden P, Aquila R, Standard J. Atypical antipsychotic drugs and long-term outcome in schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry 1996; 57 (11 Suppl.): 53-60
93. Owens DGC. Extrapyramidal side effects and tolerability of risperidone: a review. J Clin Psychiatry 1994; 55 (5 Suppl.): 29-35
94. Lombroso PJ, Scahill L, King RA, et al. Risperidone treatment of children and adolescents with chronic tic disorders: a preliminary report. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995; 34: 1147-52
95. Frisbie JH, Aguilera EJ. Diazepam and body weight in myelopathy patients. J Spinal Cord Med 1995; 18: 200-2
96. Bjertnaes A, Block JM, Hafstad PE, et al. A multicentre placebo-controlled trial comparing the efficacy of mianserin and chlordiazepoxide in general practice patients with primary anxiety. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1982; 66: 199-207