A critique of the use of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) statistic for the analysis of BOLD fMRI data

Magnetic Resonance in Medicine

Volumn 39, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 500-505

  Aguirre, Geoffrey K ^a   Zarahn, Eric ^a   D'Esposito, Mark ^a  

^a HOSPITAL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Functional MRI; Kolmogorov Smirnov; Normality; Null hypothesis

Indexed keywords

COMPUTATIONAL COMPLEXITY; NEUROIMAGING; OXYGENATION;

BLOOD OXYGENATION LEVEL DEPENDENT; FALSE POSITIVE RATES; FUNCTIONAL MRI; KOLMOGOROV-SMIRNOV; NORMALITY; NULL HYPOTHESIS; REDUCED SENSITIVITY; TESTING HYPOTHESIS;

BLOOD;

ADULT; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DATA ANALYSIS; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; HYPOTHESIS; LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS; NOISE REDUCTION; NORMAL HUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OXYGEN BLOOD LEVEL; PROBABILITY; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS;

EID: 0031906910     PISSN: 07403194     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/mrm.1910390322     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. K. K. Kwong, J. W. Belliveau, D. A. Chesler, I. E. Goldberg, R. M. Weisskoff, B. P. Poncelet, D. N. Kennedy, B. E. Hoppel, M. S. Cohen, R. Turner, H. M. Cheng, T. J. Brady, B. R. Rosen, Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging of human brain activity during primary sensory stimulation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 5675-5679 (1992).
2. S. Ogawa, R. S. Menon, D. W. Tank, S. G. Kim, H. Merkle, J. M. Ellermann, K. Ugurbil, Functional brain mapping by blood oxygenation level-dependent contrast magnetic: resonance imaging. A comparison of signal characteristics with a biophysical model. Biophys. J. 64, 803-812 (1993).
3. J. Baker, R. Weisskoff, C. Stern, D. Kennedy, A. Jiang, K. Kwong, L. Kolodny, T. Davis, J. Boxerman, B. Buchbinder, V. Wedeen, J. Belliveau, B. Rosen, Statistical assessment of functional MRI signal change, in "Proc., SMR, 2nd Annual Meeting, San Francisco, 1994," p. 626.
4. D. Wu, J. S. Lewin, Evaluation of non-parametric statistical measures and data clustering for functional MR data analysis, in "Proc., SMR, 2nd Annual Meeting, San Francisco, 1994," p. 629.
5. S. Brandt, T. Davis, H. Obrig, B. Meyer, J. Belliveau, B. Rosen, A. Villringer, Functional magnetic-resonance-imaging shows localized brain activation during serial transcranial stimulation in man. Neuroreport 7, 734-736 (1996).
6. H. G. Breiter, S. L. Rauch, K. K. Kwong, J. R. Baker, R. M. Weisskoff, D. N. Kennedy, A. D. Kendrick, T. L. Davis, A. Jiang, M. S. Cohen, C. E. Stern, J. W. Belliveau, L. Baer, R. L. O'Sullivan, C. R. Savage, M. A. Jenike, B. R. Rosen, Functional magnetic resonance imaging of symptom provocation in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 53, 595-606 (1996).
7. H. Breiter, N. Etcoff, P. Whalen, W. Kennedy, S. Rauch, R. Buckner, M. Strauss, S. Hyman, B. Rosen, Response and habituation of the human amygdala during visual processing of facial expression. Neuron 17, 875-887 (1996).
8. N. Kanwisher, M. M. Chun, J. McDermott, P. J. Ledden, Functional imaging of human visual recognition. Cog. Brain Res. 5, 55-67 (1996).
9. R. Buckner, P. Bandettini, K. O'Craven, R. Savoy, S. Petersen, M. Raichle, B. Rosen, Detection of cortical activation during averaged single trials of a cognitive task using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 14878-14883 (1996).
10. F. Huang-Hellinger, H. Breiter, G. McCormack, M. Cohen, K. Kwong, J. Sutton, R. Savoy, R. Weisskoff, T. Davis, J. Baker, J. Belliveau, B. Rosen, Simultaneous functional magnetic-resonance-imaging and electrophysiological recording. Human Brain Mapping 3, 13-23 (1995).
11. R. Malach, J. B. Reppas, R. R. Benson, K. K. Kwong, H. Jiang, W. A. Kennedy, P. J. Ledden, T. J. Brady, B. R. Rosen, R. B. Tootell, Object-related activity revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging in human occipital cortex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 8135-8139 (1995).
12. M. Spitzer, K. K. Kwong, W. Kennedy, B. R. Rosen, J. W. Belliveau, Category-specific brain activation in fMRI during picture naming. Neuroreport 6, 2109-2112 (1995).
13. C. E. Stern, S. Corkin, R. G. Gonzalez, A. R. Guimaraes, J. R. Baker, P. J. Jennings, C. A. Carr, R. M. Sugiura, V. Vedantham, B. R. Rosen, The hippocampal formation participates in novel picture encoding: evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 8660-8665 (1996).
14. R. B. Tootell, J. B. Reppas, K. K. Kwong, R. Malach, R. T. Born, T. J. Brady, B. R. Rosen, J. W. Belliveau, Functional analysis of human MT and related visual cortical areas using magnetic resonance imaging. J. Neurosci. 15, 3215-3230 (1995).
15. P. Woodruff, R. Benson, P. Bandettini, K. Kwong, R. Howard, T. Talavage, J. Belliveau, B. Rosen, Modulation of auditory and visual-cortex by selective attention is modality-dependent. Neuroreport 7, 1909-1913 (1996).
16. N. Kanwisher, J. McDermott, M. M. Chun, The fusiform face area: a module in human extrastriate cortex specialized for face perception, J Neurosci. 17, 4302-4311 (1997).
17. S. L. Rauch, P. J. Whalen. C. R. Savage, T. Curran, A. Kendrick, H. D. Brown, G. Bush, H. C. Breiter, B. R. Rosen, Striatal recruitment during an implicit sequence learning task as measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Human Brain Mapping 5, 124-132 (1997).
18. E. Zarahn, G. K. Aguirre, M. D'Esposito, Empirical analyses of BOLD fMRI statistics. I. Spatially unsmoothed data collected under null-hypothesis conditions. Neuroimage 5, 179-197 (1997).
19. G. K. Aguirre, E. Zarahn, M. D'Esposito, Empirical analyses of BOLD fMRI statistics. II. Spatially smoothed data collected under null-hypothesis and experimental conditions. Neuroimage 5, 199-212 (1997).
20. K. Friston, J. Ashburner, C. Frith, J.-B. Poline, J. Heather, R. Frackowiak, Spatial registration and normalization of images. Human Brain Mapping 2, 155-189 (1995).
21. R. P. Woods, S. R. Cherry, J. C. Mazziotta, Rapid automated algorithm for aligning and reslicing PET images. J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 16, 620-633 (1992).
22. A. Jiang, D. Kennedy, J. Baker, R. Weisskoff, B. Tootell, R. Woods, R. Benson, K. Kwong, T. Brady, B. Rosen, J. Belliveau, Motion detection and correction in functional MR imaging. Human Brain Mapping 3, 224-235 (1995).
23. K. Friston, S. Williams, R. Howard, R. Frackowiak, R. Turner, Movement-related effects in fMRI time-series. Magn. Reson. Med. 35, 346-355 (1996).
24. W. Press, B. Flanner, S. Teukolsky, W. Verterling, "Numerical Recipes in C: The Art of Scientific Computing," Cambridge University Press, New York, 1992.
25. R. B. D'Agostino, A. Belanger, R. B. D'Agostino Jr., A suggestion for using powerful and informative tests of normality. American Statist 44, 316-321 (1990).
26. J. Xiong, J. Gao, J. Lancaster, P. Fox, Assessment and optimization of functional MRI analyses. Human Brain Mapping 4, 153-167 (1996).
27. R. Weisskoff, J. Baker, J. Belliveau, T. Davis, K. Kwong, M. Cohen, B. Rosen, Power spectrum analysis of functionally-weighted MR data: what's in the noise, in "Proc., SMRM, 12th Annual Meeting, New York, 1993," p. 7.
28. R. Weisskoff, K. O'Craven, R. Savoy, E. Brown, V. Solo, Temporal correlation in fMRI of the visual cortex: impact on imaging rate. Neuroimage 3, S107 (1996) [Abstract].
29. P. Jezzard, A. Song, Technical foundations and pitfalls of clinical fMRI. Neuroimage 4, S63-S75 (1996).
30. G. Boynton, S. Engel, G. Glover, D. Heeger, Linear systems analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging in human V1. J. Neurosci. 16, 4207-4221 (1996).
31. M. Hollander, D. Wolfe, "Nonparametric Statistical Methods," John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1973.
32. E. Leniger-Follert, K.-A. Hossmann, Simultaneous measurements of microflow and evoked potentials in the somatomotor cortex of the cat brain during specific sensory activation. Pflugers Arch. 380, 85-89 (1979).
33. D. Malonek, A. Grinvald, Interactions between electrical activity and cortical microcirculation revealed by imaging spectroscopy: implications for functional brain mapping. Science 272, 551-554 (1996).
34. K. J. Worsley, K. J. Friston, Analysis of fMRI time-series revisited - again. Neuroimage 2, 173-182 (1995).