메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 4, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 36-49

Drugs that increase intelligence?: Application for childhood cognitive impairment

Author keywords

Acetylcholine precursors; Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors; Alzheimer's disease; Ampakines; Drug therapy; Glycinergics; Mental retardation; Muscarinic agonists; Nootropics

Indexed keywords

ACETYLCHOLINE; ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE; CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR; GLYCINE RECEPTOR; MUSCARINIC AGENT; NOOTROPIC AGENT; TACRINE;

EID: 0031887455     PISSN: 10804013     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2779(1998)4:1<36::AID-MRDD7>3.0.CO;2-V     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (6)

References (165)
  • 1
    • 0026248798 scopus 로고
    • A trial of piracetam in two subgroups of students with dyslexia enrolled in summer tutoring
    • Ackerman P, Dykman R, Holloway C, et al. A trial of piracetam in two subgroups of students with dyslexia enrolled in summer tutoring. J Learn Dis 1991;24:542-549.
    • (1991) J Learn Dis , vol.24 , pp. 542-549
    • Ackerman, P.1    Dykman, R.2    Holloway, C.3
  • 2
    • 0026649290 scopus 로고
    • Pharmacokinetics of tetrahydroaminoacrine: Relations to clinical and biochemical effects in Alzheimer's patients
    • Ahlin A, Adern A, Junthe T, et al. Pharmacokinetics of tetrahydroaminoacrine: Relations to clinical and biochemical effects in Alzheimer's patients. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1992;7: 29-36.
    • (1992) Int Clin Psychopharmacol , vol.7 , pp. 29-36
    • Ahlin, A.1    Adern, A.2    Junthe, T.3
  • 3
    • 0027519441 scopus 로고
    • Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of eptastigmine in elderly subjects
    • Auteri A, Mosca A, Lattuada N, et al. Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of eptastigmine in elderly subjects. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1993;45:373-376.
    • (1993) Eur J Clin Pharmacol , vol.45 , pp. 373-376
    • Auteri, A.1    Mosca, A.2    Lattuada, N.3
  • 4
    • 0028278129 scopus 로고
    • Developmental regulation of adult cortical morphology and behavior: An animal model for mental retardation
    • Bachman E, Berger-Sweeney J, Coyle J, et al. Developmental regulation of adult cortical morphology and behavior: An animal model for mental retardation. Int J Dev Neurosci 1994;12:239-253.
    • (1994) Int J Dev Neurosci , vol.12 , pp. 239-253
    • Bachman, E.1    Berger-Sweeney, J.2    Coyle, J.3
  • 5
    • 0030744875 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulatory phosphorylation of AMPA-type glutamate receptors by CaM-KII during long-term potentiation
    • Barria A, Muller D, Derkach V, et al. Regulatory phosphorylation of AMPA-type glutamate receptors by CaM-KII during long-term potentiation. Science 1997;276:2042-2045.
    • (1997) Science , vol.276 , pp. 2042-2045
    • Barria, A.1    Muller, D.2    Derkach, V.3
  • 6
    • 0019847791 scopus 로고
    • Profound effect of combining choline and piracetam on memory enhancement and cholinergic function in aged rats
    • Bartus R, Dean R, Sherman K, et al. Profound effect of combining choline and piracetam on memory enhancement and cholinergic function in aged rats. Neurobiol Aging 1981;2:105-111
    • (1981) Neurobiol Aging , vol.2 , pp. 105-111
    • Bartus, R.1    Dean, R.2    Sherman, K.3
  • 7
    • 0022506009 scopus 로고
    • Dendritic atrophy in children with Down's syndrome
    • Becker LE, Armstrong DL, Chan F. Dendritic atrophy in children with Down's syndrome. Ann Neurol 1986;20:520-526.
    • (1986) Ann Neurol , vol.20 , pp. 520-526
    • Becker, L.E.1    Armstrong, D.L.2    Chan, F.3
  • 8
    • 0025150883 scopus 로고
    • Presynaptic mechanism for long-term potentiation in the hippocampus
    • Bekkers J, Stevens C. Presynaptic mechanism for long-term potentiation in the hippocampus. Nature 1990;346:724-729.
    • (1990) Nature , vol.346 , pp. 724-729
    • Bekkers, J.1    Stevens, C.2
  • 9
    • 0031027044 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GAP-43: An intrinsic determinant of neuronal development and plasticity
    • Benowitz L, Routtenberg A. GAP-43: An intrinsic determinant of neuronal development and plasticity TINS 1997;20:84-91.
    • (1997) TINS , vol.20 , pp. 84-91
    • Benowitz, L.1    Routtenberg, A.2
  • 11
    • 0027476024 scopus 로고
    • A synaptic model of memory: Long-term potentiation in the hippocampus
    • Bliss T, Collinridge G. A synaptic model of memory: Long-term potentiation in the hippocampus. Nature 1993;361:31-39.
    • (1993) Nature , vol.361 , pp. 31-39
    • Bliss, T.1    Collinridge, G.2
  • 12
    • 0030902127 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of xanomeline, a selective muscarinic receptor agonist, on cognitive fonction and behavioral symptoms in Alzheirner's disease
    • Bodick N, Offen W, Levey A, et al. Effects of xanomeline, a selective muscarinic receptor agonist, on cognitive fonction and behavioral symptoms in Alzheirner's disease. Arch Neurol 1997;54:465-473.
    • (1997) Arch Neurol , vol.54 , pp. 465-473
    • Bodick, N.1    Offen, W.2    Levey, A.3
  • 13
    • 0026802437 scopus 로고
    • Oxiracetam in dementia: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study
    • Bottini G, Vallar G, Cappa S, et al. Oxiracetam in dementia: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study Acta Neurol Scand 1992;86:237-241.
    • (1992) Acta Neurol Scand , vol.86 , pp. 237-241
    • Bottini, G.1    Vallar, G.2    Cappa, S.3
  • 14
    • 0010413229 scopus 로고
    • Synaptogenesis in visual cortex of normal and preterm monkeys: Evidence for intrinsic regulation of synaptic overproduction
    • Bourgeois J, Jasterboff P, Rakic P. Synaptogenesis in visual cortex of normal and preterm monkeys: Evidence for intrinsic regulation of synaptic overproduction. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989;86:4297-4301.
    • (1989) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.86 , pp. 4297-4301
    • Bourgeois, J.1    Jasterboff, P.2    Rakic, P.3
  • 15
    • 0023692075 scopus 로고
    • Long-term synaptic potentiation
    • Brown T, Chapman P, Kairiss E, et al. Long-term synaptic potentiation. Science 1988;242:724-728.
    • (1988) Science , vol.242 , pp. 724-728
    • Brown, T.1    Chapman, P.2    Kairiss, E.3
  • 16
    • 0028916607 scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of ocular dominance column formation by infusion of NT-4/5 or BDNF
    • Cabelli R, Hohn A, Shatz C. Inhibition of ocular dominance column formation by infusion of NT-4/5 or BDNF. Science 1995;267:1662-1666.
    • (1995) Science , vol.267 , pp. 1662-1666
    • Cabelli, R.1    Hohn, A.2    Shatz, C.3
  • 17
    • 0025760320 scopus 로고
    • Clues to the mechanism of action of acetyl-L-carnitine in the central nervous system
    • Calvani M, Carta A. Clues to the mechanism of action of acetyl-L-carnitine in the central nervous system. Dementia 1991;2:1-6.
    • (1991) Dementia , vol.2 , pp. 1-6
    • Calvani, M.1    Carta, A.2
  • 18
    • 0028245464 scopus 로고
    • Cognitive effects of milacemide and methylphenidate in healthy young adults
    • Camp-Bruno J, Herting R. Cognitive effects of milacemide and methylphenidate in healthy young adults. Psychopharmacology 1994;115: 46-52.
    • (1994) Psychopharmacology , vol.115 , pp. 46-52
    • Camp-Bruno, J.1    Herting, R.2
  • 19
    • 0027374505 scopus 로고
    • Acetyl-L-Carnitine and Alzheimer's disease: Pharmacological considerations beyond the cholinergic sphere
    • Carta A, Calvani M, Bravi D, et al. Acetyl-L-Carnitine and Alzheimer's disease: Pharmacological considerations beyond the cholinergic sphere. Ann NY Acad Sci 1993;695:324-326.
    • (1993) Ann NY Acad Sci , vol.695 , pp. 324-326
    • Carta, A.1    Calvani, M.2    Bravi, D.3
  • 20
    • 0021133515 scopus 로고
    • Transient and enduring morphological correlates of synaptic activity and efficacy change in the rat hippocampal slice
    • Chang F, Greenough W. Transient and enduring morphological correlates of synaptic activity and efficacy change in the rat hippocampal slice. Brain Res 1984;309:35-46.
    • (1984) Brain Res , vol.309 , pp. 35-46
    • Chang, F.1    Greenough, W.2
  • 21
    • 0025361016 scopus 로고
    • The acute and chronic administration of piracetam affect the movement-related brain macropotentials
    • Chiarenza G, Ragaini C, Cazzullo A. The acute and chronic administration of piracetam affect the movement-related brain macropotentials. Int J Psychophysiol 1990;8:223-234.
    • (1990) Int J Psychophysiol , vol.8 , pp. 223-234
    • Chiarenza, G.1    Ragaini, C.2    Cazzullo, A.3
  • 22
    • 0028799654 scopus 로고
    • Calcium: Still center-stage in hypoxicischemic neuronal death
    • Choi D. Calcium: Still center-stage in hypoxicischemic neuronal death. TINS 1995;18: 58-60.
    • (1995) TINS , vol.18 , pp. 58-60
    • Choi, D.1
  • 23
    • 0017291039 scopus 로고
    • Brain acetylcholine: Control by dietary choline
    • Cohen E, Wurtman R. Brain acetylcholine: Control by dietary choline. Science 1976;191:561-562.
    • (1976) Science , vol.191 , pp. 561-562
    • Cohen, E.1    Wurtman, R.2
  • 24
    • 0024403534 scopus 로고
    • Rapid increase of an immediate-early gene messenger RNA in hippocampal neurons by synaptic NMDA receptor activation
    • Cole A, Saffen D, Baraban J, et al. Rapid increase of an immediate-early gene messenger RNA in hippocampal neurons by synaptic NMDA receptor activation. Nature 1989;340-474-476.
    • (1989) Nature , vol.340 , pp. 474-476
    • Cole, A.1    Saffen, D.2    Baraban, J.3
  • 25
    • 0030986183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abnounal dendritic spines in fragile x knock out mice: Maturation and pruning deficits
    • Comery T, Harris J, Willems P, et al. Abnounal dendritic spines in fragile x knock out mice: Maturation and pruning deficits. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997;94:5401-5404.
    • (1997) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.94 , pp. 5401-5404
    • Comery, T.1    Harris, J.2    Willems, P.3
  • 26
    • 0023205618 scopus 로고
    • The effects of piracetam upon visual event-related potentials in dyslexic children
    • Connors K, Reader M, Reiss A, et al The effects of piracetam upon visual event-related potentials in dyslexic children. Psychophysiology 1987; 24:513-521.
    • (1987) Psychophysiology , vol.24 , pp. 513-521
    • Connors, K.1    Reader, M.2    Reiss, A.3
  • 28
    • 0023264133 scopus 로고
    • Anatomical organization of excitatory ammoacid receptors and their pathways
    • Cotman CW, Monaghan DT, Ottersen OP, et al. Anatomical organization of excitatory ammoacid receptors and their pathways. TINS 1987;10:273-279.
    • (1987) TINS , vol.10 , pp. 273-279
    • Cotman, C.W.1    Monaghan, D.T.2    Ottersen, O.P.3
  • 29
    • 49049131252 scopus 로고
    • Do dendritic spines twitch?
    • Crick F. Do dendritic spines twitch? Trends Neurosci 1982;5:44-46.
    • (1982) Trends Neurosci , vol.5 , pp. 44-46
    • Crick, F.1
  • 30
    • 0027474562 scopus 로고
    • Long-term and high-dose piracetam treatment of Alzheimer's disease
    • Croisile B, Trillet M, Fondarai J, et al. Long-term and high-dose piracetam treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1993;43:301-305.
    • (1993) Neurology , vol.43 , pp. 301-305
    • Croisile, B.1    Trillet, M.2    Fondarai, J.3
  • 31
    • 0027238944 scopus 로고
    • Physostigmine ameliorates the delusions of Alzheimer's disease
    • Cummings J, Gorman D, Shapira J. Physostigmine ameliorates the delusions of Alzheimer's disease. Biol Psychiatry 1993;33:536-541.
    • (1993) Biol Psychiatry , vol.33 , pp. 536-541
    • Cummings, J.1    Gorman, D.2    Shapira, J.3
  • 32
    • 0027153922 scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of multiple doses of milacemide in the treatment of senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type
    • Cutler N, Fakouhi T, Smith W, et al. Evaluation of multiple doses of milacemide in the treatment of senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type. J Geriatr Psych Neurol 1993;6:115-119.
    • (1993) J Geriatr Psych Neurol , vol.6 , pp. 115-119
    • Cutler, N.1    Fakouhi, T.2    Smith, W.3
  • 33
    • 0022372019 scopus 로고
    • Bethanacol decreases reaction time in semle dementia of the Alzheimer type
    • Davous P, Lamour L. Bethanacol decreases reaction time in semle dementia of the Alzheimer type. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1985;48:1297-1299.
    • (1985) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.48 , pp. 1297-1299
    • Davous, P.1    Lamour, L.2
  • 34
    • 0026395332 scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of CDP-choline in the treatment of senile alterations in memory
    • de la Morena E. Efficacy of CDP-choline in the treatment of senile alterations in memory. Ann NY Acad Sci 1991;640:233-237.
    • (1991) Ann NY Acad Sci , vol.640 , pp. 233-237
    • De La Morena, E.1
  • 35
    • 0017652462 scopus 로고
    • Memory and cognitive function in man: Does the cholinergic system have a specific role?
    • Drachman D. Memory and cognitive function in man: Does the cholinergic system have a specific role? Neurology 1977;27:783-790.
    • (1977) Neurology , vol.27 , pp. 783-790
    • Drachman, D.1
  • 36
    • 0015965912 scopus 로고
    • Human memory and the cholinergic system. A relationship to aging?
    • Drachman D, Leavitt. Human memory and the cholinergic system. A relationship to aging? Arch Neurol 1974;30:113-121.
    • (1974) Arch Neurol , vol.30 , pp. 113-121
    • Drachman, D.1    Leavitt2
  • 37
    • 0019987552 scopus 로고
    • Memory decline in the aged: Treatment with lecithin and physostigmine
    • Drachman D, Glosser G, Fleming P, et al. Memory decline in the aged: Treatment with lecithin and physostigmine. Neurology 1982;32:944-950.
    • (1982) Neurology , vol.32 , pp. 944-950
    • Drachman, D.1    Glosser, G.2    Fleming, P.3
  • 38
    • 0030831972 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How does the brain organize memories?
    • Eichenbaum H. How does the brain organize memories? Science 1997;277:330-331.
    • (1997) Science , vol.277 , pp. 330-331
    • Eichenbaum, H.1
  • 39
  • 40
    • 0020515363 scopus 로고
    • Amino acid neurotransmitters and their pathways in the mammalian central nervous system
    • Fagg GE, Foster AC. Amino acid neurotransmitters and their pathways in the mammalian central nervous system. Neuroscience 1983;9:701-719.
    • (1983) Neuroscience , vol.9 , pp. 701-719
    • Fagg, G.E.1    Foster, A.C.2
  • 41
    • 0026792979 scopus 로고
    • A controlled trial of tacrine in Alzheimer's disease
    • Farlow M, Gracon S, Hershey L, et al. A controlled trial of tacrine in Alzheimer's disease. JAMA 1992;268:2523-2529.
    • (1992) JAMA , vol.268 , pp. 2523-2529
    • Farlow, M.1    Gracon, S.2    Hershey, L.3
  • 43
    • 6844242241 scopus 로고
    • Dromia and piracetam: A useful association in the treatment of Down syndrome
    • Rio de Janeiro
    • Fialho J. Dromia and piracetam: A useful association in the treatment of Down syndrome. Presented at the International Symposium on Nootropic Drugs, Rio de Janeiro, 1979.
    • (1979) International Symposium on Nootropic Drugs
    • Fialho, J.1
  • 44
    • 0017345319 scopus 로고
    • Long-lasting morphological changes in dendritic spines of dentate granular cells following stimulation of the entorhinal area
    • Fifkova E. Long-lasting morphological changes in dendritic spines of dentate granular cells following stimulation of the entorhinal area. J Neurocytol 1977;6:211-230.
    • (1977) J Neurocytol , vol.6 , pp. 211-230
    • Fifkova, E.1
  • 45
    • 0024950039 scopus 로고
    • Calcium-regulated contractile and cytoskeletal proteins in dendritic spines may control synaptic plasticity
    • Fifkova E, Morales M. Calcium-regulated contractile and cytoskeletal proteins in dendritic spines may control synaptic plasticity. Ann NY Acad Sci 1989;568:131-137.
    • (1989) Ann NY Acad Sci , vol.568 , pp. 131-137
    • Fifkova, E.1    Morales, M.2
  • 46
    • 9344262345 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • M1 agonists for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Novel properties and clinical update
    • Fisher A, Heldman E, Gurwitz D, et al. M1 agonists for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Novel properties and clinical update. Ann NY Acad Sci 1996;777:189-196.
    • (1996) Ann NY Acad Sci , vol.777 , pp. 189-196
    • Fisher, A.1    Heldman, E.2    Gurwitz, D.3
  • 47
    • 0029927127 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glutamate receptor blockade at cortical synapses disrupts development of thalamocortical and columnar organization in somatosensory cortex
    • Fox K, Schlaggar B, Glazewski S, et al. Glutamate receptor blockade at cortical synapses disrupts development of thalamocortical and columnar organization in somatosensory cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996,93:5584-5589.
    • (1996) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.93 , pp. 5584-5589
    • Fox, K.1    Schlaggar, B.2    Glazewski, S.3
  • 48
    • 0023190718 scopus 로고
    • The dynamics of free calcium in dendritic spines in response to repetitive synaptic input
    • Gamble E, Koch C. The dynamics of free calcium in dendritic spines in response to repetitive synaptic input. Science 1987;236:1311-1315.
    • (1987) Science , vol.236 , pp. 1311-1315
    • Gamble, E.1    Koch, C.2
  • 49
    • 0024263542 scopus 로고
    • Selective localisation of messenger RNA for cytoskeletal protein MAP-2 in dendrites
    • Garner C, Tucker R, Matus A. Selective localisation of messenger RNA for cytoskeletal protein MAP-2 in dendrites. Nature 1988;336: 674-677.
    • (1988) Nature , vol.336 , pp. 674-677
    • Garner, C.1    Tucker, R.2    Matus, A.3
  • 50
    • 0028987937 scopus 로고
    • Calcium signaling in neurons. Molecular mechanisms and cellular consequences
    • Ghosh A, Greenberg M. Calcium signaling in neurons. Molecular mechanisms and cellular consequences. Science 1995;268.239-247.
    • (1995) Science , vol.268 , pp. 239-247
    • Ghosh, A.1    Greenberg, M.2
  • 51
    • 0023185385 scopus 로고
    • L-Carnitine: A preliminary review of its pharmacokinetics, and its therapeutic use in ischemic cardiac disease and primary and secondary carnitine deficiencies in relationship to its role m fatty acid metabolism
    • Goa K, Brogden R. L-Carnitine: A preliminary review of its pharmacokinetics, and its therapeutic use in ischemic cardiac disease and primary and secondary carnitine deficiencies in relationship to its role m fatty acid metabolism. Drug Eval 1987;34:1-24.
    • (1987) Drug Eval , vol.34 , pp. 1-24
    • Goa, K.1    Brogden, R.2
  • 52
    • 0029116094 scopus 로고
    • Dose-finding trial of D-cycloscnne added to neuroleptics for negative symptoms in schizophrenia
    • Goff D, Guochuan T, Manoach D, et al. Dose-finding trial of D-cycloscnne added to neuroleptics for negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1995;152:1213-1215.
    • (1995) Am J Psychiatry , vol.152 , pp. 1213-1215
    • Goff, D.1    Guochuan, T.2    Manoach, D.3
  • 53
    • 0029853426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • D-cycloserine added to clozapine for patients with schizophrenia
    • Goff D, Guochuan T, Manoach D, et al. D-cycloserine added to clozapine for patients with schizophrenia. AmJ Psychiatry 1996;153: 1628-1630.
    • (1996) AmJ Psychiatry , vol.153 , pp. 1628-1630
    • Goff, D.1    Guochuan, T.2    Manoach, D.3
  • 54
    • 0026990953 scopus 로고
    • Working memory and the mind
    • Goldman-Rakic P. Working memory and the mind. Sci Am 1992;111-117.
    • (1992) Sci Am , pp. 111-117
    • Goldman-Rakic, P.1
  • 55
    • 0028224652 scopus 로고
    • Piracetam and other structurally related nootropics
    • Gouhaev A, Senning A. Piracetam and other structurally related nootropics Br Res Rev 1994;19:180-222.
    • (1994) Br Res Rev , vol.19 , pp. 180-222
    • Gouhaev, A.1    Senning, A.2
  • 56
    • 0028535113 scopus 로고
    • Anatomy and physiology of glutamate in the CNS
    • Greenmayre J, Porter R. Anatomy and physiology of glutamate in the CNS. Neurology 1994; 44(Suppl 8):7-13.
    • (1994) Neurology , vol.44 , Issue.8 SUPPL. , pp. 7-13
    • Greenmayre, J.1    Porter, R.2
  • 58
    • 0027174417 scopus 로고
    • The role of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in ocular dominance plasticity
    • Gu Q, Singer W. The role of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in ocular dominance plasticity. Eur J Neurosci 1993;5:475-485.
    • (1993) Eur J Neurosci , vol.5 , pp. 475-485
    • Gu, Q.1    Singer, W.2
  • 59
    • 0025039456 scopus 로고
    • Activation of NMDA receptors induces rapid dephosphorylation of the cytoskeletal protein MAP-2
    • Halpin S, Greengard P. Activation of NMDA receptors induces rapid dephosphorylation of the cytoskeletal protein MAP-2. Neuron 1990;5:237-246.
    • (1990) Neuron , vol.5 , pp. 237-246
    • Halpin, S.1    Greengard, P.2
  • 60
    • 0025254353 scopus 로고
    • Clinical pharmacokinetics of intravenous and oral 9-amino-1,2,3,4,-tetrahydroacridine, tacrine
    • Hartvig P, Askmark H, Aquilonius S, et al. Clinical pharmacokinetics of intravenous and oral 9-amino-1,2,3,4,-tetrahydroacridine, tacrine. EurJ Clin Pharmacol 1990;38:259-263.
    • (1990) EurJ Clin Pharmacol , vol.38 , pp. 259-263
    • Hartvig, P.1    Askmark, H.2    Aquilonius, S.3
  • 61
    • 0027231472 scopus 로고
    • Acetylcholine and memory
    • Hasselmo M, Bower J. Acetylcholine and memory. TINS 1993;16:218-222.
    • (1993) TINS , vol.16 , pp. 218-222
    • Hasselmo, M.1    Bower, J.2
  • 62
    • 0023772338 scopus 로고
    • Effects of piracetam on cerebral glucose metabolism in Alzheimer's disease as measured by positron emission tomography
    • Heiss W, Hebold I, Klinkhammer P, et al. Effects of piracetam on cerebral glucose metabolism in Alzheimer's disease as measured by positron emission tomography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1988;8:613-617.
    • (1988) J Cereb Blood Flow Metab , vol.8 , pp. 613-617
    • Heiss, W.1    Hebold, I.2    Klinkhammer, P.3
  • 63
    • 0030480590 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glycinergic augmentation of NMDA receptor-mediated neurotransmission in the treatment of schizophrenia
    • Heresco-Levy U, Silipo G, Javitt D. Glycinergic augmentation of NMDA receptor-mediated neurotransmission in the treatment of schizophrenia. Psychopharmacol Bull 1996;32:731-740.
    • (1996) Psychopharmacol Bull , vol.32 , pp. 731-740
    • Heresco-Levy, U.1    Silipo, G.2    Javitt, D.3
  • 64
    • 0026408120 scopus 로고
    • Milacemide and other drugs active at glutamate NMDA receptors as potential treatment for dementia
    • Herting R. Milacemide and other drugs active at glutamate NMDA receptors as potential treatment for dementia. Ann Ny Acad Sci 1991;640:237-240.
    • (1991) Ann Ny Acad Sci , vol.640 , pp. 237-240
    • Herting, R.1
  • 65
    • 0026496388 scopus 로고
    • Activation and sensitization of glutamate-activated channels mediating fast excitatory synaptic currents in the visual cortex
    • Hestrin S. Activation and sensitization of glutamate-activated channels mediating fast excitatory synaptic currents in the visual cortex. Neuron 1992;9:991-999.
    • (1992) Neuron , vol.9 , pp. 991-999
    • Hestrin, S.1
  • 66
    • 7844249907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cholinergic regulation of cortical development and plasticity
    • 1997: in press
    • Hohmann C, Berger-Sweeney J (1997): Cholinergic regulation of cortical development and plasticity. Perspect Dev Neurobiol 1997; in press.
    • (1997) Perspect Dev Neurobiol
    • Hohmann, C.1    Berger-Sweeney, J.2
  • 67
    • 0023755673 scopus 로고
    • Neonatal lesions of the basal forebrain cholinergic neurons result in abnormal cortical development
    • Hohmann C, Brooks A, Coyle J. Neonatal lesions of the basal forebrain cholinergic neurons result in abnormal cortical development. Dev Brain Res 1988;42:253-264.
    • (1988) Dev Brain Res , vol.42 , pp. 253-264
    • Hohmann, C.1    Brooks, A.2    Coyle, J.3
  • 68
    • 0026115819 scopus 로고
    • Newborn basal forebrain lesions disrupt cortical cytodifferentiation as visualized by rapid golgi staining
    • Hohmann C, Kwiterovich K, Oster-Granitc M, et al. Newborn basal forebrain lesions disrupt cortical cytodifferentiation as visualized by rapid golgi staining. Cereb Cortex 1991;1:143-157.
    • (1991) Cereb Cortex , vol.1 , pp. 143-157
    • Hohmann, C.1    Kwiterovich, K.2    Oster-Granitc, M.3
  • 69
    • 0025369204 scopus 로고
    • Is the function of dendritic spines to concentrate calcium?
    • Holmes W. Is the function of dendritic spines to concentrate calcium? Brain Res 1990;519:338-342.
    • (1990) Brain Res , vol.519 , pp. 338-342
    • Holmes, W.1
  • 70
    • 0027205597 scopus 로고
    • Heightened synaptic plasticity of hippocampal CA1 neurons during a cholinergically induced rhythmic state
    • Huerta P, Lisman J. Heightened synaptic plasticity of hippocampal CA1 neurons during a cholinergically induced rhythmic state. Nature 1993;364:723-725.
    • (1993) Nature , vol.364 , pp. 723-725
    • Huerta, P.1    Lisman, J.2
  • 71
    • 0028862290 scopus 로고
    • Bidirectional synaptic plasticity induced by a single burst during cholinergic theta oscillation in CA1 in vitro
    • Huerta P, Lisman J. Bidirectional synaptic plasticity induced by a single burst during cholinergic theta oscillation in CA1 in vitro. Neuron 1995;15:1053-1063.
    • (1995) Neuron , vol.15 , pp. 1053-1063
    • Huerta, P.1    Lisman, J.2
  • 72
    • 0018376668 scopus 로고
    • Synaptic density in human frontal cortex - Developmental changes and effects of aging
    • Huttenlocher P. Synaptic density in human frontal cortex - Developmental changes and effects of aging. Brain Res 1979;163:195-205.
    • (1979) Brain Res , vol.163 , pp. 195-205
    • Huttenlocher, P.1
  • 73
    • 0021337105 scopus 로고
    • Synapse elimination and plasticity in developing human cerebral cortex
    • Huttenlocher P. Synapse elimination and plasticity in developing human cerebral cortex. Am J Ment Defic 1984;88:488-496.
    • (1984) Am J Ment Defic , vol.88 , pp. 488-496
    • Huttenlocher, P.1
  • 74
    • 0025801548 scopus 로고
    • Dendritic and synaptic pathology in mental retardation
    • Huttenlocher PR. Dendritic and synaptic pathology in mental retardation. Pediatr Neurol 1991;7:79-85.
    • (1991) Pediatr Neurol , vol.7 , pp. 79-85
    • Huttenlocher, P.R.1
  • 76
    • 0028963655 scopus 로고
    • Relationship between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of eptastigmine in young healthy volunteers
    • Imbimbo B, Licini M, Schettino M, et al. Relationship between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of eptastigmine in young healthy volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol 1995;35: 285-290.
    • (1995) J Clin Pharmacol , vol.35 , pp. 285-290
    • Imbimbo, B.1    Licini, M.2    Schettino, M.3
  • 77
    • 0029162513 scopus 로고
    • Evidence for silent synapses: Implications for the expression of LTP
    • Isaac J, Nicoll R, Malenka R. Evidence for silent synapses: Implications for the expression of LTP. Neuron 1995;15:427-434.
    • (1995) Neuron , vol.15 , pp. 427-434
    • Isaac, J.1    Nicoll, R.2    Malenka, R.3
  • 78
    • 0028015607 scopus 로고
    • Amelioration of negative symptoms in schizophrenia by glycine
    • Javitt D, Zylberman I, Zukin S, et al. Amelioration of negative symptoms in schizophrenia by glycine. Am J Psychiatry 1994;151:1234-1236.
    • (1994) Am J Psychiatry , vol.151 , pp. 1234-1236
    • Javitt, D.1    Zylberman, I.2    Zukin, S.3
  • 79
    • 0026472560 scopus 로고
    • The role of microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP-2) in neuronal growth, plasticity and degeneration
    • Johnson G, Jope R. The role of microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP-2) in neuronal growth, plasticity and degeneration. J Neuro-sci Res 1992;33:505-512.
    • (1992) J Neuro-sci Res , vol.33 , pp. 505-512
    • Johnson, G.1    Jope, R.2
  • 80
    • 0004745686 scopus 로고
    • Evidence for a cholinergic projection to neocortex from neurons in basal forebrain
    • Johnston M, McKinney M, Coyle J. Evidence for a cholinergic projection to neocortex from neurons in basal forebrain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1979;76:5392-5396.
    • (1979) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.76 , pp. 5392-5396
    • Johnston, M.1    McKinney, M.2    Coyle, J.3
  • 81
    • 0029436259 scopus 로고
    • Hypoxic and ischemic central nervous system disorders in infants and children
    • Johnston M, Trescher W, Taylor G. Hypoxic and ischemic central nervous system disorders in infants and children. Adv Pediatr 1995;42: 1-45.
    • (1995) Adv Pediatr , vol.42 , pp. 1-45
    • Johnston, M.1    Trescher, W.2    Taylor, G.3
  • 82
    • 0026454211 scopus 로고
    • Are adult learning mechanisms also used for development?
    • Kandel E, O'Dell T. Are adult learning mechanisms also used for development? Science 1992;258: 243-245.
    • (1992) Science , vol.258 , pp. 243-245
    • Kandel, E.1    O'Dell, T.2
  • 83
    • 6844239154 scopus 로고
    • Principles underlying electrical and chemical synaptic transmission
    • Kandel E, Schwartz J, eds. New York: Elsevier
    • Kandel E, Siegelbaum S. Principles underlying electrical and chemical synaptic transmission. In: Kandel E, Schwartz J, eds. Principles of Neural Science. New York: Elsevier, 1985: 979.
    • (1985) Principles of Neural Science , pp. 979
    • Kandel, E.1    Siegelbaum, S.2
  • 84
    • 0026093665 scopus 로고
    • Regulation of growth cone behavior by calcium
    • Kater S, Mills L. Regulation of growth cone behavior by calcium. J Neurosci 1991;11:891-899.
    • (1991) J Neurosci , vol.11 , pp. 891-899
    • Kater, S.1    Mills, L.2
  • 85
    • 0024953750 scopus 로고
    • Calcium-induced neuronal degeneration: A normal growth cone regulating signal gone awry?
    • Kater S, Mattson M, Guthrie P. Calcium-induced neuronal degeneration: A normal growth cone regulating signal gone awry? Ann NY Acad Sci 1989;568:252-261.
    • (1989) Ann NY Acad Sci , vol.568 , pp. 252-261
    • Kater, S.1    Mattson, M.2    Guthrie, P.3
  • 86
    • 0029963657 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Synaptic activity and the construction of cortical circuits
    • Katz L, Shatz C. Synaptic activity and the construction of cortical circuits. Science 1996;274:1133-1138.
    • (1996) Science , vol.274 , pp. 1133-1138
    • Katz, L.1    Shatz, C.2
  • 87
    • 0028239158 scopus 로고
    • Rapid response genes as markers of cellular signaling during cortical histogenesis: Their potential in understanding mental retardation
    • Kaufman WE, Yamagata K, Andreasson KI, et al. Rapid response genes as markers of cellular signaling during cortical histogenesis: Their potential in understanding mental retardation. Int J Dev Neurosci 1994;12:263-271.
    • (1994) Int J Dev Neurosci , vol.12 , pp. 263-271
    • Kaufman, W.E.1    Yamagata, K.2    Andreasson, K.I.3
  • 88
    • 0023626947 scopus 로고
    • Blockade of NMDA receptors disrupts experience-dependent plasticity of kitten striate cortex
    • Kleinschmidt A, Bear M, Singer W. Blockade of NMDA receptors disrupts experience-dependent plasticity of kitten striate cortex. Science 1987;238:355-358.
    • (1987) Science , vol.238 , pp. 355-358
    • Kleinschmidt, A.1    Bear, M.2    Singer, W.3
  • 89
    • 0028270519 scopus 로고
    • A 30-week randomized controlled trial of high-dose tacrine in patients with Alzheimer's disease
    • Knapp M, Knopman D, Solomon P, et al. A 30-week randomized controlled trial of high-dose tacrine in patients with Alzheimer's disease. JAMA 1994;271:985-991.
    • (1994) JAMA , vol.271 , pp. 985-991
    • Knapp, M.1    Knopman, D.2    Solomon, P.3
  • 90
    • 0026628366 scopus 로고
    • Dendritic spines: Convergence of theory and experiment
    • Koch C, Zador A, Brown T. Dendritic spines: Convergence of theory and experiment. Science 1992;256:973-974.
    • (1992) Science , vol.256 , pp. 973-974
    • Koch, C.1    Zador, A.2    Brown, T.3
  • 91
    • 0021043438 scopus 로고
    • Brain peptides: What, where and why?
    • Krieger D. Brain peptides: What, where and why? Science 1983;222:975-985.
    • (1983) Science , vol.222 , pp. 975-985
    • Krieger, D.1
  • 93
    • 0018287172 scopus 로고
    • A controlled clinical trial on the effects of piracetam in epileptic children
    • Kunneke P, Malan G. A controlled clinical trial on the effects of piracetam in epileptic children. BrJ Clin Pract 1979,33:266-271.
    • (1979) BrJ Clin Pract , vol.33 , pp. 266-271
    • Kunneke, P.1    Malan, G.2
  • 94
    • 0027300281 scopus 로고
    • Neurotransmitters as growth regulatory signals: Role of receptors and second messengers
    • Lauder J. Neurotransmitters as growth regulatory signals: Role of receptors and second messengers. Trends Neurosci 1993;16:233-240.
    • (1993) Trends Neurosci , vol.16 , pp. 233-240
    • Lauder, J.1
  • 95
    • 0026576890 scopus 로고
    • Does modulation of glutamatergic function represent a viable therapeutic strategy in Alzheimer's disease?
    • Lawlor B, Davis K. Does modulation of glutamatergic function represent a viable therapeutic strategy in Alzheimer's disease? Biol Psychiatry 1992;31:337-350.
    • (1992) Biol Psychiatry , vol.31 , pp. 337-350
    • Lawlor, B.1    Davis, K.2
  • 96
    • 0028387343 scopus 로고
    • Aniracetam: An overview of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and a review of its therapeutic potential in senile cognitive disorders
    • Lee C, Benfield P. Aniracetam: An overview of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and a review of its therapeutic potential in senile cognitive disorders. Drugs Aging 1994;4:257-273.
    • (1994) Drugs Aging , vol.4 , pp. 257-273
    • Lee, C.1    Benfield, P.2
  • 97
    • 0027745735 scopus 로고
    • Space-oriented EEG segmentation reveals changes in brain electric field maps under the influence of a Nootropic drug
    • Lehmann D, Wackermann J, Michel C, et al. Space-oriented EEG segmentation reveals changes in brain electric field maps under the influence of a Nootropic drug. Psychiatry Res 1993,50:275-282.
    • (1993) Psychiatry Res , vol.50 , pp. 275-282
    • Lehmann, D.1    Wackermann, J.2    Michel, C.3
  • 98
    • 0025943814 scopus 로고
    • Identification and localization of acetylcholine receptor proteins in brain with subtype-specific antibodies
    • Levey A, Kitt C, Simonds W, et al. Identification and localization of acetylcholine receptor proteins in brain with subtype-specific antibodies. J Neurosci 1991;11:3218-3226.
    • (1991) J Neurosci , vol.11 , pp. 3218-3226
    • Levey, A.1    Kitt, C.2    Simonds, W.3
  • 99
    • 0029018512 scopus 로고
    • Activation of postsynaptically silent synapses during pairing-induced LTP in CA1 region of the hippocampal slice
    • Liao D, Hessler N, Malinow R. Activation of postsynaptically silent synapses during pairing-induced LTP in CA1 region of the hippocampal slice. Nature 1995;375:400-404.
    • (1995) Nature , vol.375 , pp. 400-404
    • Liao, D.1    Hessler, N.2    Malinow, R.3
  • 100
    • 0021822534 scopus 로고
    • A double-blind, placebo controlled trial of high-dose lecithin in Alzheimer's disease
    • Little A, Levy R, Chauaqui-Kidd P, et al. A double-blind, placebo controlled trial of high-dose lecithin in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1985;48:736-742.
    • (1985) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.48 , pp. 736-742
    • Little, A.1    Levy, R.2    Chauaqui-Kidd, P.3
  • 102
    • 0017234871 scopus 로고
    • Pyramidal cell abnormalities in the motor cortex of a child with Downs syndrome
    • Marin-Padilla M. Pyramidal cell abnormalities in the motor cortex of a child with Downs syndrome. J Comp Neurol 1976;167:63-82.
    • (1976) J Comp Neurol , vol.167 , pp. 63-82
    • Marin-Padilla, M.1
  • 103
    • 0030035582 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Searching for drugs that combat Alzheimer's
    • Marx J. Searching for drugs that combat Alzheimer's. Science 1996;273:50-53.
    • (1996) Science , vol.273 , pp. 50-53
    • Marx, J.1
  • 104
    • 0027140678 scopus 로고
    • Role of synaptic pathology in the mechanisms of dementia in Alzheimer's disease
    • Masliah E, Terry R. Role of synaptic pathology in the mechanisms of dementia in Alzheimer's disease. Clin Neurosci 1993;1:192-198.
    • (1993) Clin Neurosci , vol.1 , pp. 192-198
    • Masliah, E.1    Terry, R.2
  • 105
    • 0023988721 scopus 로고
    • Neurotransmitters in the regulation of neuronal cytoarchitecture
    • Mattson MP. Neurotransmitters in the regulation of neuronal cytoarchitecture. Brain Res Rev 1988;13.179-212.
    • (1988) Brain Res Rev , vol.13 , pp. 179-212
    • Mattson, M.P.1
  • 106
    • 0012235546 scopus 로고
    • Excitatory amino-acid receptors, second messengers and regulation of intracellular calcium ion in mammalian neurons
    • Mayer M, Miller J. Excitatory amino-acid receptors, second messengers and regulation of intracellular calcium ion in mammalian neurons. TIPS (Special Report) 1991:36-42.
    • (1991) TIPS (Special Report) , pp. 36-42
    • Mayer, M.1    Miller, J.2
  • 107
    • 0025257513 scopus 로고
    • Physiological and pathophysiological roles of excitatory amino acids during central nervous system development
    • McDonald JW, Johnston MV. Physiological and pathophysiological roles of excitatory amino acids during central nervous system development. Brain Res Rev 1990;15:41-70.
    • (1990) Brain Res Rev , vol.15 , pp. 41-70
    • McDonald, J.W.1    Johnston, M.V.2
  • 110
    • 0024801149 scopus 로고
    • D-cycloserine, a positive modulator of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, enhances performance of learning tasks in rats
    • Monhan J, Handlemann G, Hood W, et al. D-cycloserine, a positive modulator of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, enhances performance of learning tasks in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1989;34:649-653.
    • (1989) Pharmacol Biochem Behav , vol.34 , pp. 649-653
    • Monhan, J.1    Handlemann, G.2    Hood, W.3
  • 111
    • 0031036208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Morphological plasticity of dendritic spines in central neurons is mediated by activation of cAMP response element binding protein
    • Murphy D, Segal M. Morphological plasticity of dendritic spines in central neurons is mediated by activation of cAMP response element binding protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997;94:1482-1487.
    • (1997) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.94 , pp. 1482-1487
    • Murphy, D.1    Segal, M.2
  • 112
    • 0027098027 scopus 로고
    • Excitatory amino acids and neuronal plasticity: Modulation of AMPA receptors as a novel substrate for the action of nootropic drugs
    • Nicoletti F, Casabona G, Ganazzani A, et al. Excitatory amino acids and neuronal plasticity: Modulation of AMPA receptors as a novel substrate for the action of nootropic drugs. Funct Neurol 1992;7:413-422.
    • (1992) Funct Neurol , vol.7 , pp. 413-422
    • Nicoletti, F.1    Casabona, G.2    Ganazzani, A.3
  • 114
    • 0026325942 scopus 로고
    • Tests of the roles of two diffusible substances in long-term potentiation: Evidence for nitric oxide as a possible early retrograde messenger
    • O'Dell T, Hawkins R, Kandel E, et al. Tests of the roles of two diffusible substances in long-term potentiation: Evidence for nitric oxide as a possible early retrograde messenger. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991;88:11285-11289.
    • (1991) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.88 , pp. 11285-11289
    • O'Dell, T.1    Hawkins, R.2    Kandel, E.3
  • 115
    • 0029022890 scopus 로고
    • The distribution of neurons coexpressing immunoreactivity to AMPA-sensitive glutamate receptor subtypes (GluR1-4) and nerve growth factor receptor in the rat basal forebrain
    • Page K, Everott B. The distribution of neurons coexpressing immunoreactivity to AMPA-sensitive glutamate receptor subtypes (GluR1-4) and nerve growth factor receptor in the rat basal forebrain. Eur J Neurosci 1995;7:1022-1033.
    • (1995) Eur J Neurosci , vol.7 , pp. 1022-1033
    • Page, K.1    Everott, B.2
  • 116
    • 0029101130 scopus 로고
    • Clinical pharmacokinetics of drugs for Alzheimer's disease
    • Parnetti L. Clinical pharmacokinetics of drugs for Alzheimer's disease. Drug Dispos 1995;29: 110-129.
    • (1995) Drug Dispos , vol.29 , pp. 110-129
    • Parnetti, L.1
  • 117
    • 0021744727 scopus 로고
    • Pharmacokinetics of oxiracetam following intravenous and oral administration in healthy volunteers
    • Perucca F., Albrici A, Gatti G, et al. Pharmacokinetics of oxiracetam following intravenous and oral administration in healthy volunteers. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 1984;3:267-274.
    • (1984) Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet , vol.3 , pp. 267-274
    • Perucca, F.1    Albrici, A.2    Gatti, G.3
  • 118
    • 0028891690 scopus 로고
    • Clinical and neurochemical effects of Acetyl-L-Carnitine in Alzheimer's disease
    • Pettegrew J, Klunk W, Panchalingam K, et al. Clinical and neurochemical effects of Acetyl-L-Carnitine in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 1995;16:1-4.
    • (1995) Neurobiol Aging , vol.16 , pp. 1-4
    • Pettegrew, J.1    Klunk, W.2    Panchalingam, K.3
  • 119
    • 0000251883 scopus 로고
    • New pharmacologic perspectives on nootropic drugs
    • Iversen L, Iversen S, Snyder S, eds. New York: Plenum Press
    • Poschel B. New pharmacologic perspectives on nootropic drugs. In: Iversen L, Iversen S, Snyder S, eds. Handbook of Psychopharmacology. Vol. 20. New York: Plenum Press, 1988:437-469.
    • (1988) Handbook of Psychopharmacology , vol.20 , pp. 437-469
    • Poschel, B.1
  • 120
    • 0030089789 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The neuropsychology of mental retardation
    • Pulsifer M. The neuropsychology of mental retardation. JINS 1996;2:159-176.
    • (1996) JINS , vol.2 , pp. 159-176
    • Pulsifer, M.1
  • 122
    • 0030851210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of tacrine on language, praxis, and noncognitive behavioral problems in Alzheimer's disease
    • Raskind M, Sadowsky C, Sigmund W, et al. Effect of tacrine on language, praxis, and noncognitive behavioral problems in Alzheimer's disease. Arch Neurol 1997;54:836-840.
    • (1997) Arch Neurol , vol.54 , pp. 836-840
    • Raskind, M.1    Sadowsky, C.2    Sigmund, W.3
  • 123
    • 0023909165 scopus 로고
    • A reappraisal of the functions of the nucleus basalis of Meynert
    • Richardson RT, DeLong MR. A reappraisal of the functions of the nucleus basalis of Meynert. TINS 1988;11:264-267.
    • (1988) TINS , vol.11 , pp. 264-267
    • Richardson, R.T.1    DeLong, M.R.2
  • 124
    • 10244259208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The efficacy and safety of donepezil in patients with Alzheimer's disease: Results of a U.S. multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
    • Rogers S, Fnedhoff L. The efficacy and safety of donepezil in patients with Alzheimer's disease: Results of a U.S. multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Dementia 1996;7:293-303.
    • (1996) Dementia , vol.7 , pp. 293-303
    • Rogers, S.1    Fnedhoff, L.2
  • 125
    • 0000557157 scopus 로고
    • E2020 - The pharmacology of a piperidine cholinesterase inhibitor
    • Becker R, Giacobini E, eds. Boston: Birkhauser
    • Rogers S, Yamanishi Y, Yamatsu K. E2020 - The pharmacology of a piperidine cholinesterase inhibitor. In: Becker R, Giacobini E, eds. Cholinergic Basis for Alzheimer Therapy. Boston: Birkhauser, 1991:315-320.
    • (1991) Cholinergic Basis for Alzheimer Therapy , pp. 315-320
    • Rogers, S.1    Yamanishi, Y.2    Yamatsu, K.3
  • 126
    • 0024330776 scopus 로고
    • Glycine adjuvant therapy to conventional neurolepric treatment in schizophrenia: An open-label, pilot study
    • Rosse R, Theut S, Banay-Schwartz M, et al Glycine adjuvant therapy to conventional neurolepric treatment in schizophrenia: An open-label, pilot study. Clin Neuropharmacol 1989;12:416-424.
    • (1989) Clin Neuropharmacol , vol.12 , pp. 416-424
    • Rosse, R.1    Theut, S.2    Banay-Schwartz, M.3
  • 127
    • 0021679029 scopus 로고
    • Effect of piracetam on verbal memory of dyslexic boys
    • Rudel R, Helfgott E. Effect of piracetam on verbal memory of dyslexic boys. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 1984;23:695-699.
    • (1984) J Am Acad Child Psychiatry , vol.23 , pp. 695-699
    • Rudel, R.1    Helfgott, E.2
  • 129
    • 0026512632 scopus 로고
    • Reversal of cognitive impairment by heptylphysostig-mine, a long-lasting cholinesterase inhibitor, in primates
    • Rupmak N, Tye S, Brazell C, et al. Reversal of cognitive impairment by heptylphysostig-mine, a long-lasting cholinesterase inhibitor, in primates. J Neurol Sci 1992;107:246-249.
    • (1992) J Neurol Sci , vol.107 , pp. 246-249
    • Rupmak, N.1    Tye, S.2    Brazell, C.3
  • 130
    • 0011738176 scopus 로고
    • History of Down syndrome
    • Pueschel S, ed. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes
    • Rynders J History of Down syndrome. In: Pueschel S, ed. New Perspectives on Down Syndrome. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes, 1987:1-17.
    • (1987) New Perspectives on Down Syndrome , pp. 1-17
    • Rynders, J.1
  • 131
    • 0026460074 scopus 로고
    • Double-blind parallel design pilot study of acetyl levocarnitine in patients with Alzheimer's disease
    • Sano M, Bell K, Cote L, et al. Double-blind parallel design pilot study of acetyl levocarnitine in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Arch Neurol 1992;49:1137-1141.
    • (1992) Arch Neurol , vol.49 , pp. 1137-1141
    • Sano, M.1    Bell, K.2    Cote, L.3
  • 132
    • 0027396643 scopus 로고
    • Safety and efficacy of oral physostigmine in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease
    • Sano M, Bell K, Marder K, et al. Safety and efficacy of oral physostigmine in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Clin Neurophamacol 1993;16:61-69.
    • (1993) Clin Neurophamacol , vol.16 , pp. 61-69
    • Sano, M.1    Bell, K.2    Marder, K.3
  • 133
    • 0031046980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • D-serine as a neuromodulator: Regional and developmental localizations in rat brain glia resemble NMDA receptors
    • Schell M, Brady R, Molliver M, et al. D-serine as a neuromodulator: Regional and developmental localizations in rat brain glia resemble NMDA receptors. J Neurosci 1997;17:1604-1615.
    • (1997) J Neurosci , vol.17 , pp. 1604-1615
    • Schell, M.1    Brady, R.2    Molliver, M.3
  • 134
    • 0027371048 scopus 로고
    • Glutamate- and AMPA-mediated calcium influx through glutamate receptor channels in medial septal neurons
    • Schneggenburger R, Tempia F, Konnerth A. Glutamate- and AMPA-mediated calcium influx through glutamate receptor channels in medial septal neurons. Neuropharmacology 1993;32:1221-1228.
    • (1993) Neuropharmacology , vol.32 , pp. 1221-1228
    • Schneggenburger, R.1    Tempia, F.2    Konnerth, A.3
  • 135
    • 0030464126 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New therapeutic approaches to Alzheimer's disease
    • Schneider L. New therapeutic approaches to Alzheimer's disease. J Clin Psychiatry 1996; 57(Suppl 14):30-36.
    • (1996) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.57 , Issue.14 SUPPL. , pp. 30-36
    • Schneider, L.1
  • 136
    • 0026091771 scopus 로고
    • Glycine prodrug facilitates memory retrieval in humans
    • Schwartz B, Hashtroudi S, Herting R, et al. Glycine prodrug facilitates memory retrieval in humans. Neurology 1991;41:1341-1343.
    • (1991) Neurology , vol.41 , pp. 1341-1343
    • Schwartz, B.1    Hashtroudi, S.2    Herting, R.3
  • 137
    • 0026288676 scopus 로고
    • Aniracetam in the treatment of senile dementia of Alzheimer type (SDAT): Results of a placcbo controlled, multicentre clinical study
    • Senin U, Abate G, Fieschi C, et al. Aniracetam in the treatment of senile dementia of Alzheimer type (SDAT): Results of a placcbo controlled, multicentre clinical study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 1991;1:511-517.
    • (1991) Eur Neuropsychopharmacol , vol.1 , pp. 511-517
    • Senin, U.1    Abate, G.2    Fieschi, C.3
  • 138
    • 0002775701 scopus 로고
    • Pharmacodynamics of oral E2020 and tacrine in humans: Novel approaches
    • Becker R, Giacobini E, eds. Boston. Birkhauser
    • Shennan K. Pharmacodynamics of oral E2020 and tacrine in humans: Novel approaches. In: Becker R, Giacobini E, eds. Cholinergic Basis for Alzheimer Therapy. Boston. Birkhauser, 1991:321-328.
    • (1991) Cholinergic Basis for Alzheimer Therapy , pp. 321-328
    • Shennan, K.1
  • 139
    • 0019035063 scopus 로고
    • Effects of piracetam in children with learning disorders
    • Simeon J, Waters B, Resnick M. Effects of piracetam in children with learning disorders. Psychopharmacol Bull 1980;16:65-66.
    • (1980) Psychopharmacol Bull , vol.16 , pp. 65-66
    • Simeon, J.1    Waters, B.2    Resnick, M.3
  • 140
    • 0028832656 scopus 로고
    • Development and plasticity of cortical processing architectures
    • Singer W. Development and plasticity of cortical processing architectures. Science 1995;270: 758-764.
    • (1995) Science , vol.270 , pp. 758-764
    • Singer, W.1
  • 141
    • 0026002366 scopus 로고
    • Long-term acetyl-L-carnitine treatment in Alzheimer's disease
    • Spagnoli A, Lucca U, Menasce G, et al. Long-term acetyl-L-carnitine treatment in Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1991;41:1726-1732.
    • (1991) Neurology , vol.41 , pp. 1726-1732
    • Spagnoli, A.1    Lucca, U.2    Menasce, G.3
  • 142
    • 6844241558 scopus 로고
    • General intelligence: Objectively determined and measured
    • Wiseman S, ed. Harmondsworth: Penguin
    • Spearman C General intelligence: Objectively determined and measured. In: Wiseman S, ed. Intelligence and Ability: Selected Readings. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1967.
    • (1967) Intelligence and Ability: Selected Readings
    • Spearman, C.1
  • 143
    • 0030002502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Citicoline improves verbal memory in aging
    • Spiers P, Myers D, Hochanadel G, et al. Citicoline improves verbal memory in aging. Arch Neurol 1996;53:441-448.
    • (1996) Arch Neurol , vol.53 , pp. 441-448
    • Spiers, P.1    Myers, D.2    Hochanadel, G.3
  • 145
    • 0029081632 scopus 로고
    • The safety and tolerance of xanomeline tartrate in patients with Alzheimer's disease
    • Sramek J, Hurley D, Wardle T, et al. The safety and tolerance of xanomeline tartrate in patients with Alzheimer's disease. J Clin Pharmacol 1995;35:800-806.
    • (1995) J Clin Pharmacol , vol.35 , pp. 800-806
    • Sramek, J.1    Hurley, D.2    Wardle, T.3
  • 146
    • 0018964370 scopus 로고
    • Spine distribution along the apical dendrites of the pyramidal neurons in Down's syndrome
    • Suetsugu M, Mehraein P. Spine distribution along the apical dendrites of the pyramidal neurons in Down's syndrome. Acta Neuropathologica 1980;50:207-210.
    • (1980) Acta Neuropathologica , vol.50 , pp. 207-210
    • Suetsugu, M.1    Mehraein, P.2
  • 147
    • 0030023673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Direct measurement of coupling between dendritic spines and shafts
    • Svoboda K, Tank D, Denk W. Direct measurement of coupling between dendritic spines and shafts. Science 1996;272:716-719.
    • (1996) Science , vol.272 , pp. 716-719
    • Svoboda, K.1    Tank, D.2    Denk, W.3
  • 148
    • 0028361046 scopus 로고
    • Dendritic and histochemical development and ageing in patients with Down syndrome
    • Takashima S, Iida K, Mito T, et al. Dendritic and histochemical development and ageing in patients with Down syndrome. J Int Dis Res 1994;38:265-273.
    • (1994) J Int Dis Res , vol.38 , pp. 265-273
    • Takashima, S.1    Iida, K.2    Mito, T.3
  • 149
    • 0003474393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Critical issues and future directions in the development of theories, models, and measurements for attention, memory, and executive function
    • Lyon G, Krasnegor N, eds. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes
    • Taylor H Critical issues and future directions in the development of theories, models, and measurements for attention, memory, and executive function. In: Lyon G, Krasnegor N, eds. Attention, Memory and Executive Function. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes, 1996:424.
    • (1996) Attention, Memory and Executive Function , pp. 424
    • Taylor, H.1
  • 150
    • 84941827815 scopus 로고
    • Plasma physostigmine concentrations after controlled-release administration
    • Thai L, Lasker B, Sharpless N, et al. Plasma physostigmine concentrations after controlled-release administration. Arch Neurol 1989; 46:13.
    • (1989) Arch Neurol , vol.46 , pp. 13
    • Thai, L.1    Lasker, B.2    Sharpless, N.3
  • 151
    • 10544220019 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A muliticentre double-blind study of the controlled-release physostigmine for the treatment of symptoms secondary to Alzheimer's disease
    • Thal L, Schwartz G, Sano P, et al. A muliticentre double-blind study of the controlled-release physostigmine for the treatment of symptoms secondary to Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1996;47:1389-1395.
    • (1996) Neurology , vol.47 , pp. 1389-1395
    • Thal, L.1    Schwartz, G.2    Sano, P.3
  • 152
    • 0028866230 scopus 로고
    • Neurotrophins and neuronal plasticity
    • Thoenen H. Neurotrophins and neuronal plasticity. Science 1995;270:593-598.
    • (1995) Science , vol.270 , pp. 593-598
    • Thoenen, H.1
  • 153
    • 0025718364 scopus 로고
    • Piracetam: An overview of its pharmacological properties and a review of its therapeutic use in senile cognitive disorders
    • Vernon M, Sorkin E. Piracetam: An overview of its pharmacological properties and a review of its therapeutic use in senile cognitive disorders. Drugs Aging 1991;1:17-35.
    • (1991) Drugs Aging , vol.1 , pp. 17-35
    • Vernon, M.1    Sorkin, E.2
  • 154
    • 0026605434 scopus 로고
    • Clinical studies with oxiracetam in patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type and multin-farct dementia of mild to moderate degree
    • Villardita C, Grioli S, Lomeo C, et al. Clinical studies with oxiracetam in patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type and multin-farct dementia of mild to moderate degree. Pharmacopsychiatry 1992;25:24-28.
    • (1992) Pharmacopsychiatry , vol.25 , pp. 24-28
    • Villardita, C.1    Grioli, S.2    Lomeo, C.3
  • 155
    • 0019465008 scopus 로고
    • Effect of piracetam on EEG spectra of boys with learning disorders
    • Volavka J, Simeon J, Simeon S, et al. Effect of piracetam on EEG spectra of boys with learning disorders. Psychopharmacology 1981; 72:185-188.
    • (1981) Psychopharmacology , vol.72 , pp. 185-188
    • Volavka, J.1    Simeon, J.2    Simeon, S.3
  • 156
    • 0026351573 scopus 로고
    • Modulation of excitatory synaptic transmission by drugs that reduce desensitization at AMPA/kainate receptors
    • Vyklicky L, Patneau D, Mayer M Modulation of excitatory synaptic transmission by drugs that reduce desensitization at AMPA/kainate receptors. Neuron 1991;7:971-984.
    • (1991) Neuron , vol.7 , pp. 971-984
    • Vyklicky, L.1    Patneau, D.2    Mayer, M.3
  • 157
    • 0028316959 scopus 로고
    • Hepatotoxic effects of tacrine administration in patients with Alzheimer's disease
    • Watkins P, Zimmerman H, Knapp M, et al. Hepatotoxic effects of tacrine administration in patients with Alzheimer's disease. JAMA 1994;271:992-998.
    • (1994) JAMA , vol.271 , pp. 992-998
    • Watkins, P.1    Zimmerman, H.2    Knapp, M.3
  • 158
    • 0028896412 scopus 로고
    • Metabolism and actions of CDP-choline as an endogenous compound and administered exogenously as citicoline
    • Weiss G. Metabolism and actions of CDP-choline as an endogenous compound and administered exogenously as citicoline. Life Sci 1995,56:637-660.
    • (1995) Life Sci , vol.56 , pp. 637-660
    • Weiss, G.1
  • 159
    • 0030980640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Getting a grasp on working memory
    • Wickelgren I. Getting a grasp on working memory. Science 1997;275:1580-1582.
    • (1997) Science , vol.275 , pp. 1580-1582
    • Wickelgren, I.1
  • 161
    • 0023239915 scopus 로고
    • Piracetam and dyslexia: Effects on reading tests
    • Wilsher C, Bennett D, Chase C, et al. Piracetam and dyslexia: Effects on reading tests. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1987;7:230-237.
    • (1987) J Clin Psychopharmacol , vol.7 , pp. 230-237
    • Wilsher, C.1    Bennett, D.2    Chase, C.3
  • 162
    • 0030575870 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maturation of a central glutamatergic synapse
    • Wu G, Malinow R, Cline H. Maturation of a central glutamatergic synapse. Science 1996; 274:972-976.
    • (1996) Science , vol.274 , pp. 972-976
    • Wu, G.1    Malinow, R.2    Cline, H.3
  • 163
    • 0017377166 scopus 로고
    • Lecithin consumption raises serum-free-choline levels
    • Wurtman R, Hirsch M, Growdon J. Lecithin consumption raises serum-free-choline levels. Lancet 1977;2:68-69.
    • (1977) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 68-69
    • Wurtman, R.1    Hirsch, M.2    Growdon, J.3
  • 164
    • 0019421383 scopus 로고
    • Piracetam diminishes hippoeampal acetylcholine levels in rats
    • Wurtman R, Magil S, Reinstein D. Piracetam diminishes hippoeampal acetylcholine levels in rats. Life Sci 1981;28:1091-1093.
    • (1981) Life Sci , vol.28 , pp. 1091-1093
    • Wurtman, R.1    Magil, S.2    Reinstein, D.3
  • 165
    • 0025084077 scopus 로고
    • Activity dependent regulation of BDNF and NGF mRNAs in the rat hippocampus is mediated by non-NMDA glutamate receptors
    • Zafra F, Hengerer B, Leibrock J, et al. Activity dependent regulation of BDNF and NGF mRNAs in the rat hippocampus is mediated by non-NMDA glutamate receptors. EMBO J 1990;9:3545-3550.
    • (1990) EMBO J , vol.9 , pp. 3545-3550
    • Zafra, F.1    Hengerer, B.2    Leibrock, J.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.