Glucose and glycogen utilisation in myocardial ischemia - Changes in metabolism and consequences for the myocyte

Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry

Volumn 180, Issue 1-2, 1998, Pages 3-26

  King, L M ^a   Opie, L H ^a  

^a SOUTH AFRICAN MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Cardiomyocytes; Glycogenolysis; Glycolysis; Glycolytic flux; High energy phosphate stores; Myocardial ischemia

Indexed keywords

GLUCOSE; GLYCOGEN; INSULIN;

CORONARY ARTERY BLOOD FLOW; GLUCOSE UTILIZATION; GLYCOGEN METABOLISM; GLYCOGENOLYSIS; GLYCOLYSIS; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEART MUSCLE CONTRACTURE; HEART MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; GLUCOSE; GLYCOGEN; GLYCOLYSIS; HUMANS; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA; MYOCARDIUM;

EID: 0031883995     PISSN: 03008177     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1006870419309     Document Type: Review

References (235)

1. Opie LH: The glucose hypothesis: Relation to acute myocardial ischaemia. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1: 107-114, 1970
2. Apstein CS, Gravino FN, Haudenschild CC: Determinants of a protective effect of glucose and insulin on the ischaemic myocardium. Effects of contractile function, diastolic compliance, metabolism, and ultrastructure during ischaemia and reperfusion. Circ Res 52: 515- 526, 1983
3. Bernier M, Hearse DJ: Reperfusion-induced arrhythmias: Mechanisms of protection by glucose and mannitol. Am J Physiol 254:H862-H870, 1988
4. Dalby AJ, Bricknell OL, Opie LH: Effect of glucose-insulin-potassium infusions on epicardial ECG changes and on myocardial metabolic changes after coronary artery ligation in dogs. Cardiovasc Res 15: 588-598, 1981
5. Hess ML, Okabe E, Poland J, Warner M, Stewart JR, Greenfield LJ: Glucose, insulin, potassium protection during the course of hypothermic global ischaemia and reperfusion: A new proposed mechanism by the scavenging of free radicals. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 5: 35-43, 1983
6. Hoekenga DE, Brainard JR, Hutson JY: Rates of glycolysis and glycogenolysis during ischemia in glucose-insulin-potassium-treated perfused hearts: A C-13, P-32 nuclear magnetic resonance study. Circ Res 62: 1065-1074, 1988
7. King LM, Boucher F, Opie LH: Coronary flow and glucose delivery as determinants of contracture in the ischemic myocardium. J Mol Cell Cardiol 27: 701-720, 1995
8. Mallet RT, Hartman DA, Bünger R: Glucose requirement for postischemic recovery of perfused working heart. Eur J Biochem 188: 481-493, 1990
9. Moreau D, Chardigny JM: The protective role of glucose on ischemic - reperfused hearts: effect of dietary fats. J Mol Cell Cardiol 23: 1165- 1176, 1991
10. Opie LH, Bricknell OL: Role of glycolytic flux in effect of glucose in decreasing fatty-acid induced release of lactate dehydrogenase from isolated coronary ligated rat heart. Cardiovasc Res 13: 693-702, 1979
11. Owen P, Dennis S, Opie LH: Glucose flux rate regulates onset of ischemic contracture in globally underperfused rat hearts. Circ Res 66: 344-354, 1990
12. Medical Research Council Working Party on the Treatment of Myocardial Infarction: Potassium, glucose, and insulin treatment for acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 2: 1355-1360, 1968
13. Hearse DJ, Stewart DA, Braimbridge MV: Myocardial protection during ischemic cardiac arrest. Possible deleterious effects of glucose and mannitol in coronary infusates. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 76: 16- 23, 1978
14. Neely JR, Grotyohann LW: Role of glycolytic products in damage to ischemic myocardium. Dissociation of adenosine triphosphate levels and recovery of function of reperfused ischemic hearts. Circ Res 55: 816-824, 1984
15. Murry CE, Jennings RB, Reimer KA: Preconditioning with ischaemia: A delay of lethal cell injury in ischaemic myocardium. Circulation 74: 1124-1136, 1986
16. Jennings RB, Murry CE, Reimer KA: Energy metabolism in pre- conditioned and control myocardium: Effect of total ischemia. J Mol Cell Cardiol 23: 1449-1458, 1991
17. Weiss RG, de Albuquerque C, Chacko VP, Gerstenblith G: Reduced glycogenolysis rather than glycogen depletion contributes to decreased lactate accumulation after preconditioning. Circulation 88: I-379, 1993
18. Opie LH: Substrate and energy metabolism of the heart. In: N Sperelakis (ed). Physiology and Pathophysiology of the Heart. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1995
19. Alonso MD, Lomako J, Lomako WM, Whelan WJ: A new look at the biogenesis of glycogen. FASEB J 9: 1126-1137, 1995
20. De Barsy T, Hers H-G: Normal metabolism and disorders of carbohydrate metabolism. Bailliere's Clin Endocrin Metab 4: 499-522, 1990
21. Pessin JE, Bell GI: Mammalian facilitative glucose transporter family: Structure and molecular regulation. Annu Rev Physiol 54: 911-930, 1992
22. James DE: The mammalian facilitative glucose transporter family. News Physiol Sci 10: 67-71, 1995
23. James DE, Strube M, Mueckler M: Molecular cloning and characterisation of an insulin-regulatable glucose transporter. Nature 338: 83-87, 1989
24. Elsas LJ, Longo N: Glucose transporters. Annu Rev Med 43: 377- 393, 1992
25. Katz EB, Stenbit AK, Hatton K, DePinho R, Charron MJ: Cardiac and adipose tissue abnormalities but not diabetes in mice deficient in GLUT4. Nature 377: 151-155, 1995
26. Nishimura H, Pallardo FV, Seidner GA, Vannucci S, Simpson IA, Birnbaum MJ: Kinetics of GLUT1 and GLUT4 glucose transporters expressed in Xenopus oocytes. J Biol Chem 268: 8514-8520, 1993
27. Taegtmeyer H: Energy metabolism of the heart: From basic concepts to clinical applications. Curr Prob Cardiol 19: 59-113, 1994
28. Myers MG, Sun XJ, White MF: The IRS-1 signalling system. Trends Biochem Sci 19: 289-293, 1994
29. Liu F, Roth RA: Identification of serines-1035/1037 in the kinase domain of the insulin receptor as protein kinase Cα mediated phosphorylation sites. FEBS Lett 352: 389-392, 1994
30. Berridge MJ: Inositol trisphosphate and calcium signalling. Nature 361: 315-325, 1993
31. Kelada ASM, Macauley SL, Proietto J: Cyclic AMP acutely stimulates translocation of the major insulin-regulatable glucose transporter GLUT4. J Biol Chem 267: 7021-7025, 1992
32. 2+ to stimulate glucose transport and GLUT4 translocation in perfused rat heart. Biochem Biophys Acta 1094: 217- 223, 1991
33. Wheeler TJ: Translocation of glucose transporters in response to anoxia in heart. J Biol Chem 263: 19447-19454, 1988
34. Sun DQ, Nguyen N, DeGrado TR, Schwaiger M, Brosius FC: Ischemia induces translocation of the insulin-responsive glucose transporter GLUT4 to the plasma membrane of cardiac myocytes. Circulation 89: 793-798, 1994
35. Vannucci SJ, Nishirnura H, Satoh S, Cushman SW, Holman GD, Simpson IA: Cell surface accessibility of GLUT4 glucose transporters in insulin-stimulated rat adipose cells. Modulation by isoprenaline and adenosine. Biochem J 288: 325-330, 1992
36. Law WR, Raymond RM: Adenosine potentiates insulin-stimulated myocardial glucose in vivo. Am J Physiol 254: H970-H975, 1988
37. Law WR, McLane MP: Adenosine enhances myocardial glucose uptake only in the presence of insulin. Metab Clin Exper 40: 947- 952, 1991
38. Wyatt DA, Edmunds MC, Rubio R, Beme RM, Lasley RD, Mentzer RM: Adenosine stimulates glycolytic flux in isolated perfused rat hearts by A1-adenosine receptors. Am J Physiol 257: H1952-H1957, 1989
39. Angello DA, Berne RM, Coddington NM: Adenosine and insulin mediate glucose uptake in normoxic rat hearts by different mechanisms. Am J Physiol 265: H880-H885, 1993
40. Shanahan MF, Edwards BM: Stimulation of glucose transport in rat cardiac myocytes by guanosine 3′, 5′-monophosphate. Endocrinology 125: 1074-1081, 1989
41. Depré C, Vanoverschelde J-L, Goudemant J-F, Mottet I, Hue L: Protection against ischemic injury by nonvasoactive concentrations of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors in the perfused rabbit heart. Circulation 92: 1911-1918, 1995
42. Morgan HE, Henderson MJ, Regen DM, Park CR: Regulation of glucose uptake in muscle. I. The effects of insulin and anoxia on glucose transport and phosphorylation in the isolated perfused heart of normal rats. J Biol Chem 236: 253-261, 1961
43. 14C in perfused rat heart. Am J Physiol 203: 839-843, 1962
44. Hopkins JCA, Radda GK, Clarke K: Glycogen levels modify myocardial glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity. Circulation 92: I-633, 1995
45. Neely JR, Bowman RH, Morgan HE: Effects of ventricular pressure development and palmitate on glucose transport. Am J Physiol 216: 804-811, 1969
46. Goodyear LJ, Hirshman MF, Horton ES: Exercise-induced trans- location of skeletal muscle glucose transporters. Am J Physiol 261: E795-E799, 1991
47. Goodwin GW, Arteaga JR, Taegtmeyer H: Glycogen turnover in the isolated working rat heart. J Biol Chem 270: 9234-9240, 1995
48. Henning SL, Wambolt RB, Schonekess BO, Lopaschuk GD, Allard MF: Contribution of glycogen to aerobic myocardial glucose utilization. Circulation 93: 1549-1555, 1996
49. Randle PJ: Regulation of glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation in cardiac muscle. Circ Res 38 (Suppl 1): I8-I15, 1976
50. Lomako J, Lomako WM, Whelan WJ: Proglycogen: a low molecular- weight form of muscle glycogen. FEBS Lett 279: 223-228, 1991
51. Lawrence JC: Signal transduction and protein phosphorylation in the regulation of cellular metabolism by insulin. Annu Rev Physiol 54: 177-193, 1992
52. Schneider CA, Taegtmeyer H: Fasting in vivo delays myocardial cell damage after brief periods of ischemia in the isolated working rat heart. Circ Res 68: 1045-1050, 1991
53. McNulty PH, Luba MC: Transient ischemia induces regional myocardial glycogen synthase activation and glycogen synthesis in vivo. Am J Physiol 268: H364-H370, 1995
54. Rahimtoola SH: A perspective on three large multicenter randomized clinical trials of coronary bypass surgery for chronic stable angina. Circulation 72 (Suppl V): 123-125, 1985
55. Lamer J: Mechanisms of regulation of glycogen synthesis and degradation. Circ Res 38 (Suppl 1): 12-17, 1976
56. Brand MD: The stoichiometry of proton pumping and ATP synthesis in mitochondria. Biochemist 16: 20-24, 1994
57. De Jong JW, Cargnoni A, Bradamente S, Curello S, Janssen M, Pasini E, Ceconi C, Bünger R, Ferrari R: Intermittent vs. continuous ischemia decelerates adenylate breakdown and prevents norepinephrine release in reperfused rabbit heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 27: 659-671, 1995
58. Botker HE, Randsbaek F, Hansen SB, Thomassen A, Nielsen TT: Superiority of acid-extractable glycogen for detection of metabolic changes during myocardial ischaemia. J Mol Cell Cardiol 27: 1325- 1332, 1995
59. Rovetto MJ, Lamberton WF, Neely JR: Mechanisms of glycolytic inhibition in ischemic rat hearts. Circ Res 37: 742-751, 1975
60. Neely JR, Whitmer JT, Rovetto MJ: Inhibition of glycolysis in hearts during ischemic perfusion. In: P Harris, RJ Bing, A Fleckenstein (eds). Recent Advances in Studies on Cardiac Structure and Metabolism. University Park Press, Baltimore, 1976
61. Neely JR, Rovetto MJ, Whitmer JT: Rate-limiting steps of carbohydrate and fatty acid metabolism in ischemic hearts. Acta Med Scand 587 (Suppl): 9-15, 1976
62. Srere P: Complexities of metabolic regulation. Trends Biochem Sci 519-520, 1994
63. Kashiwaya Y, Sato K, Tsuchiya N, Thomas S, Fells DA, Veech RL, Passoneau JV: Control of glucose utilization in working perfused rat heart. J Biol Chem 269: 25502-25514, 1994
64. Kübler W, Strasser RH: Signal transduction in myocardial ischaemia. Eur Heart J 15: 437-445, 1994
65. Welch GR, Easterby JS: Metabolic channelling versus free diffusion: Transition-time analysis. TIBS 19: 193-197, 1994
66. Srere PA: Complexes of sequential metabolic enzymes. Annu Rev Biochem 56: 89-124, 1987
67. Manchester J, Kong X, Nerbonne J, Lowry OH, Lawrence JC: Glucose transport and phosphorylation in single cardiac myocytes: Rate-limiting steps in glucose metabolism. Am J Physiol 266: E326-E333, 1994
68. Chappell JD, Robinson BH: Penetration of the mitochondrial membrane by tricarboxylic acid anions. Biochem Soc Symp 27: 123-133, 1968
69. Ui M: A role of phosphofructokinase in pH-dependent regulation of glycolysis. Biochim Biophys Acta 124: 310-322, 1966
70. Lawson JWR, Uyeda K: Effects of insulin and work on fructose 2,6- bisphosphate content and phosphofructokinase activity in perfused rat hearts. J Biol Chem 262: 3165-3173, 1987
71. Hue L, Depré C, Lefebvre V, Rider MH, Veitch K: Regulation of carbohydrate metabolism in muscle and liver. Biochem Soc Trans 23: 311-314, 1995
72. King LM, Opie LH: Substrate availability vs. distributive control of glycolytic flux rate in myocardial ischaemia (abstr). J Moll Cell Cardiol 29: A87, 1997
73. Mochizuki S, Kobayashi K, Neely JR: Effects of L-lactate on glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase in heart muscle. In: T Kobayashi, Y Ito, G Rona (eds). Recent Advances in Studies on Cardiac Structure and Metabolism. University Park Press, Baltimore, 1978
74. Mochizuki S, Neely JR: Control of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in cardiac muscle. J Mol Cell Cardiol 11: 221-236, 1979
75. Poole RC, Halestrap AP: Transport of lactate and other monocarboxylates across mammalian plasma membranes. Am J Physiol 264: C761-C782, 1993
76. Gevers W: Generation of protons by metabolic processes in heart cells. J Mol Cell Cardiol 9: 867-874, 1977
77. Peuhkurinen KJ, Hassinen IE: Pyruvate carboxylation as an anaplerotic mechanism in the isolated perfused rat heart. Biochem J 202: 67-76, 1982
78. Peuhkurinen KJ, Takala TES, Nuutinen EM, Hassinen E: Tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolises during ischemia in isolated perfused rat heart. Am J Physiol 24: H281-H288, 1983
79. Safer B, Smith CM, Williamson JR: Control of the transport of reducing equivalents across the mitochondrial membrane in perfused rat heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2: 111-124, 1971
80. McGinnis JF, de Vellis J: Glycerol-3 phosphate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in human tissues: Evidence for a heart specific form. J Mol Cell Cardiol 11: 795-802, 1979
81. Isaacs GH, Sacktor B, Murphy TA: The role of α-glycerophosphate cycle in the control of carbohydrate oxidation in heart and in the mechanism of action of thyroid hormone. Biochim Biophys Acta 177: 196-203, 1969
82. Randle PJ, Garland PB, Hales CN, Newsholme EA: The glucose-fatty acid cycle. Its role in insulin sensitivity and the metabolic disturbances of diabetes mellitus. Lancet April 13: 785-789, 1963
83. Shipp JC, Opie LH, Challoner D: Fatty acid and glucose metabolism in the perfused heart. Nature 189: 1018-1019, 1961
84. Randle PJ, Newsholme EA, Garland PB: Regulation of glucose uptake by muscle. Effects of fatty acids, ketone bodies and pyruvate, and of alloxan-diabetes and starvation on the uptake and metabolic fate of glucose in rat heart and diaphragm muscles. Biochemistry 93: 652- 687, 1964
85. McGarry JD, Mills SE, Long CS, Foster DW: Observations on the affinity for carnitine, and malonyl-CoA sensitivity, of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I in animal and human tissues. Biochem J 214: 21-28, 1983
86. McMillan JB, Hudson EK, Van Winkle WB: Evidence for malonyl- CoA-sensitive carnitine acyl-CoA transferase activity in sarcoplasmic reticulum of canine heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 24: 259-268, 1992
87. Bielefeld DR, Vary C, Neely JR: Inhibition of carnitine palmitoyl- CoA transferase activity and fatty acid oxidation by lactate and oxtenicine in cardiac muscle. J Mol Cell Cardiol 17: 619-625, 1985
88. Dennis SC, Gevers W, Opie LH: Protons in ischemia: Where do they come from and where do they go to? J Mol Cell Cardiol 23: 1077- 1086, 1991
89. Abdel-Aleem S, Nada MA, Sayed-Ahmed M, Hendrikson SC, St Louis J, Walthall HP, Lowe JE: Regulation of fatty acid oxidation by acetyl- CoA generated from glucose utilisation in isolated myocytes. J Mol Cell Cardiol 28: 825-833, 1996
90. Grynberg A, Demaison L: Fatty acid oxidation in the heart. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 28 (Suppl 1): S11-S17, 1996
91. Lopaschuk GD, Belke DD, Gamble J, Itoi T, Schönekess BO: Regulation of fatty acid oxidation in the mammalian heart in health and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta 1213: 263-276, 1994
92. Kübler W, Spieckermann PG: Regulation of glycolysis in the ischemic and the anoxic myocardium. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1: 351-377, 1970
93. Rovetto MJ, Whitmer JT, Neely JR: Comparison of the effects of anoxia and whole heart ischemia on carbohydrate utilisation in isolated working rat hearts. Circ Res 32: 699-711, 1973
94. Williamson JR: Glycolytic control mechanisms. II. Kinetics of intermediate changes during the aerobic-anoxic transition in perfused rat heart. J Biol Chem 241: 5026-5036, 1966
95. Allen DG, Orchard CH: Myocardial contractile function during ischemia and hypoxia. Circ Res 60: 153-168, 1987
96. Allen DG, Morris PG, Orchard CH, Pirolo JS: A nuclear magnetic resonance study of metabolism in the ferret heart during hypoxia and inhibition of glycolysis. J Physiol 361: 185-204, 1985
97. Allshire AP, Cobbold PH: Causes and effects of changes in cytosolic free calcium in the hypoxic myocardial cell. In: HM Piper (ed). Pathophysiology of Severe Ischemic Myocardial Injury. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1990
98. Jennings RB, Reimer KA: The cell biology of acute myocardial ischaemia. Annu Rev Med 42: 225-246, 1991
99. Neely JR, Rovetto MJ, Whitmer JT, Morgan HE: Effects of ischemia on function and metabolism of the isolated working rat heart. Am J Physiol 225: 651-658, 1973
100. Neely JR, Whitmer JT, Rovetto MJ: Effect of coronary blood flow on glycolytic flux and intracellular pH in isolated rat hearts. Circ Res 37: 733-741, 1975
101. Chance B, Holmes W, Higgins J, Connelly CM: Localization of interaction sites in multicomponent transfer systems: theorems derived from analogues. Nature 182: 1190-1193, 1958
102. King LM, Boucher FR, Opie LH: Glucose uptake in the myocardium with changes in coronary flow and concentration - theoretical basis of positron emission tomography 'mismatch' concept (abstr). Eur Heart J 17 (Suppl): 16, 1996
103. Kohn MC, Garfinkel D: Computer simulation of entry into glycolysis and lactate output in the ischaemic rat heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 10: 779-796, 1978
104. Stanley WC, Hall JL, Stone CK, Hacker TA: Acute myocardial ischemia causes a transmural gradient in glucose extraction but not glucose uptake. Am J Physiol 262: H91-H96, 1992
105. King LM, Opie LH: Does preconditioning act by glycogen depletion in the isolated rat heart? J Mol Cell Cardiol 28: 2305-2321, 1996
106. 3 (abstr). Circulation 68 (Suppl III): III-387, 1983
107. vom Dahl J, Eitzman DT, Al-Aouar ZR, Kanter HL, Hicks RJ, Deeb GM, Kirsh MM, Schwaiger M: Relation of regional function, perfusion, and metabolism in patients with advanced coronary artery disease undergoing surgical revascularization. Circulation 90: 2356- 2366, 1994
108. 18F-labelled fluorodeoxyglucose and N-13 ammonia. Circulation 67: 766-778, 1983
109. Gerber BL, Vanoverschelde J-LJ, Bol A, Michel C, Labar D, Wijns W, Melin JA: Myocardial blood flow, glucose uptake, and recruitment of inotropic reserve in chronic left ventricular ischemic dysfunction. Implications for the pathophysiology of chronic myocardial hibernation. Circulation 94: 651-659, 1996
110. Janier MF, Vanoverschelde J-LJ, Bergmann SR: Ischemic pre- conditioning stimulates anaerobic glycolysis in the isolated rabbit heart. Am J Physiol 267: H1353-H1360, 1994
111. King LM, Opie LH: Low flow ischaemia abolishes the protective effect of preconditioning on stunning (abstr). J Mol Cell Cardiol 27: A264, 1995
112. Bolukoglu H, Goodwin GW, Guthrie PH, Carmical SG, Chen TM, Taegtmeyer H: Metabolic fate of glucose in reversible low-flow ischemia of the isolated working rat heart. Am J Physiol 270: H817- H826, 1996
113. Opie LH: Hypothesis: glycolytic rates control cell viability in ischemia. J Appl Cardiol 3: 407-414, 1988
114. Bricknell OL, Opie LH: Effects of substrates on tissue metabolic changes in the isolated rat heart during underperfusion and on release of lactate dehydrogenase and arrhythmias during reperfusion. Circ Res 43: 102-115, 1978
115. Paul RJ, Bauer M, Pease W: Vascular smooth muscle: Aerobic glycolysis linked to sodium and potassium transport processes. Science 206: 1414-1416, 1979
116. 2+ transport. Circ Res 77: 88-97, 1995
117. Jennings RB, Reimer KA, Steenbergen C, Schaper J: Total ischemia III: Effect of inhibition of anaerobic glycolysis. J Mol Cell Cardiol 21 (Suppl 1): 37-54, 1989
118. Poole-Wilson PA, Harding DP, Buordillon PDV, Tones MA: Calcium out of control. J Mol Cell Cardiol 16: 175-187, 1984
119. Jeremy RW, Koretsune Y, Marban E, Becker LC: Relation between glycolysis and calcium homeostasis in postischemic myocardium. Circ Res 70: 1180-1190, 1992
120. Bricknell OL, Daries PS, Opie LH: A relationship between adenosine triphosphate, glycolysis and ischaemic contracture in the isolated rat heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 13: 941-945, 1981
121. Hearse DJ, Humphrey SM: Enzyme release during myocardial anoxia: A study of metabolic protection. J Mol Cell Cardiol 7: 463-482, 1975
122. Opie LH: Proposed role of calcium in reperfusion injury. Int J Cardiol 23: 159-164, 1989
123. + channels in isolated guinea pig cardiac myocytes. Science 238: 67-70, 1987
124. +-ATPase abolishes the protection afforded by glycolysis against ischemic injury (abstr). Circulation 92 (Suppl I): 1-631, 1995
125. Higgins TJC, Bailey PJ, Allsop D: Interrelationship between cellular metabolic status and susceptibility of heart cells to attack by phospholipase. J Mol Cell Cardiol 14: 645-654, 1982
126. Lipasti JA, Nevalainen TJ, Alanen KA, Tolvanen M: Anaerobic glycolysis and the development of ischaemic contracture in isolated rat heart. Cardiovasc Res 18: 145-148, 1984
127. Eberli FR, Weinberg EO, Grice WN, Horowitz GL, Apstein CS: Protective effect of increased glycolytic substrate against systolic and diastolic dysfunction and increased coronary resistance from prolonged global underperfusion and reperfusion in isolated rabbit hearts perfused with erythrocyte suspensions. Circ Res 68: 466-481, 1991
128. Jeremy RW, Ambrosio G, Pike MM, Jacobus WE, Becker LC: The functional recovery of post-ischaemic myocardium requires glycolysis during early reperfusion. J Mol Cell Cardiol 25: 261-276, 1993
129. Vanoverschelde J-LJ, Janier MF, Bakke JE, Marshall DR, Bergmann SR: Rate of glycolysis during ischemia determines extent of ischemic injury and functional recovery after reperfusion. Am J Physiol 267: H1785-H1794, 1994
130. Hearse DJ, Humphrey SM, Garlick PB: Species variation in myocardial anoxic enzyme release, glucose protection and reoxygenation damage. J Mol Cell Cardiol 8: 329-339, 1976
131. de Leiris J, Opie LH, Lubbe WF: Effects of free fatty acid and enzyme release in experimental glucose on myocardial infarction. Nature 253: 746-747, 1975
132. Higgins TJC, Bailey PJ: The effects of cyanide and iodoacetate intoxication and ischaemia on enzyme release from the perfused rat heart. Biochim Biophys Acta 762: 67-75, 1983
133. Corr PB, Gross RW, Sobel BE: Amphipathic metabolites and membrane dysfunction in ischemic myocardium. Circ Res 55: 135- 154, 1984
134. Lubbe WF, Holland RK, Gilchrist AI, Pybus J: Permissive action of potassium on arrhythmogenesis in the rat heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 18 (Suppl 4): 37-41, 1986
135. + channel current in ischemic arrhythmias. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 7: 521-526, 1993
136. Kakei M, Noma A, Shibasaki T: Properties of adenosine-triphosphate- regulated potassium channels in guinea-pig ventricular cells. J Physiol 363: 441-462, 1985
137. + loss and arrhythmias in rat hearts. Effect of glibenclamide, a sulfonylurea. Circ Res 66: 478-485, 1990
138. + channels. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 7: 499-505, 1993
139. Han J, So I, Kim E-Y, Earm YE: ATP-sensitive potassium channels are modulated by intracellular lactate in rabbit ventricular myocytes. Pflugers Archiv 425: 546-548, 1993
140. Opie LH: Modulation of ischemia by the regulation of the ATP- sensitive potassium channel. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 7: 507-513, 1993
141. Weiss J, Hiltbrand B: Functional compartmentation of glycolytic versus oxidative metabolism in isolated rabbit heart. J Clin Invest 75: 436-447, 1985
142. 87RB NMR spectroscopic study. Magn Reson Med 34: 673- 685, 1995
143. Entman ML, Kanike K, Goldstein MA, Nelson TE, Bornet EP, Futch TW, Schwartz A: Association of glycogenolysis with cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum. J Biol Chem 251: 3140-3146, 1976
144. Krause SM, Jacobus WE, Becker LC: Alterations in cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium transport in the postischemic 'stunned' myocardium. Circ Res 65: 526-530, 1989
145. Limbruno U, Zucchi R, Ronca-Testoni S, Galbani P, Ronca G, Mariani M: Sarcoplasmic reticulum function in 'stunned' myocardium. J Mol Cell Cardiol 21: 1063-1072, 1989
146. Opie LH: Cellular mechanism for ischemic ventricular arrhythmias. Ann Rev Med 41: 231-238, 1990
147. Russell DC, Oliver MF: The effect of intravenous glucose on ventricular vulnerability following acute coronary artery occlusion in the dog. J Mol Cell Cardiol 11: 31-44, 1979
148. Opie LH, Tuschmidt R, Bricknell O, Girardier L: Role of glycolysis in maintenance of the action potential duration and contractile activity in isolated perfused rat heart. J Physiol Paris 76: 821-829, 1980
149. Carlsson L: A crucial role of ongoing anaerobic glycolysis in attenuating acute ischemia induced release of myocardial nor- adrenaline. J Mol Cell Cardiol 20: 247-253, 1988
150. Tosaki A, Hearse DJ: Protective effect of transient calcium reduction against reperfusion-induced arrhythmias in rat hearts. Am J Physiol 253: H225-H233, 1987
151. Opie LH, Coetzee WA, Dennis SC, Thandroyen FT: A potential role of calcium ions in early ischemic and reperfusion arrhythmias. Ann NY Acad Sci 522: 464-477, 1988
152. Lazdunski M, Frelin C, Vigne P: The sodium/hydrogen exchange system in cardiac cells: its biochemical and pharmacological properties and its role in regulating internal concentrations of sodium and internal pH. J Mol Cell Cardiol 17: 1029-1042, 1985
153. Hess ML, Manson NH: Molecular oxygen: friend and foe. The role of the oxygen free radical system in the calcium paradox, the oxygen paradox and ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Mol Cell Cardiol 16: 969- 985, 1984
154. Yamada M, Hearse DJ, Curtis MJ: Reperfusion and readmission of oxygen. Pathophysiological relevance of oxygen-derived free radicals to arrhythmogenesis. Circ Res 67: 1211-1224, 1990
155. Oliver MF, Opie LH: Effects of glucose and fatty acids on myocardial ischaemia and arrhythmias. Lancet 343: 155-158, 1994
156. Woodley SL, Ikenouchi H, Barry WH: Lysophosphatidylcholine increases cytosolic calcium in ventricular myocytes by direct action on the sarcolemma. J Mol Cell Cardiol 23: 671-680, 1991
157. Huang JM-C, Xian H, Bacaner M: Long-chain fatty acids activate calcium channels in ventricular myocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 6452-6456, 1992
158. Corr PB, Gross RW, Sobel BE: Arrhythmogenic amphiphilic lipids and the myocardial cell membrane. J Mol Cell Cardiol 14: 619-626, 1982
159. Vanoverschelde J-LJ, Janier MF, Bergman SR: The relative importance of myocardial energy metabolism compared with ischemic contracture in the determination of ischemic injury in perfused rabbit hearts. Circ Res 74: 817-828, 1994
160. Kolocassides KG, Galiñanes M, Hearse DJ: Preconditioning accelerates contracture and ATP depletion in blood-perfused rat hearts. Am J Physiol 269: H1415-H1420, 1995
161. Hearse DJ, Garlick PB, Humphrey SM: Ischemic contracture of the myocardium: Mechanisms and prevention. Am J Cardiol 39: 986- 993, 1977
162. 31P-NMR study of isolated rat hearts. Am J Physiol 261:H469-H478, 1991
163. Annesley TM, Walker JB: Energy metabolism of skeletal muscle containing cyclocreatine phosphate. Delay in onset of rigor mortis and decreased glycogenolysis in response to ischaemia or epinephrine. J Biol Chem 255: 3924-3930, 1980
164. Lewandowski ED, Johnston DL, Roberts R: Effects of inosine on glycolysis and contracture during myocardial ischemia. Circ Res 69: 578-587, 1991
165. Lasley RD, Mentzer RM: Adenosine increases lactate release and delays onset of contracture during global low flow ischaemia. Cardiovasc Res 27: 96-101, 1993
166. Levy RM, Kushmerick MJ: Induction of contractile activity by rigor complexes in myofibrils. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 76: 512- 519, 1977
167. Haworth RA, Nicolaus A, Goknur AB, Berkoff HA: Synchronous depletion of ATP in isolated adult rat heart cells. J Mol Cell Cardiol 20: 837-846, 1988
168. Bowers KC, Allshire AP, Cobbold PH: Bioluminescent measurement in single cardiomyocytes of sudden cytosolic ATP depletion coincident with rigor. J Mol Cell Cardiol 24: 213-218, 1992
169. Harper IS, van der Merwe E, Owen P, Opie LH: Ultrastructural correlates of ischaemic contracture during global subtotal ischaemia in the rat heart. J Exp Path 71: 257-268, 1990
170. Apstein CS: Diastolic dysfunction during ischemia: Role of glycolytic ATP generation. In: W Grossman, BH Lorell (eds). Diastolic Relaxation of the Heart. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, 1994
171. Clarke B, Wyatt KM, May GR, McCormack JG: On the roles of long-chain acyl carnitine accumulation and impaired glucose utilization in ischaemic contracture development and tissue damage in guinea pig heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 28: 171-181, 1996
172. Eberli FR, Ngoy S, Bernstein EA, Asptein CS: More evidence against myocyte calcium overload as the direct cause of ischemic diastolic dysfunction (abstr). Circulation 86 (Suppl I): I-480, 1992
173. Asimakis GK, Inners-McBride K, Conti VR: Improved postischemic mechanical function after ischemic preconditioning is not due to glycogen depletion (abstr). Circulation 86 (Suppl I): 1-31, 1992
174. King LM, Opie LH: Is preconditioning linked to glycogen depletion? (abstr). J Mol Cell Cardiol 27: A149, 1995
175. Opie LH: Reperfusion injury-fad, fashion, or fact? Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 223-224, 1990
176. Sako KY, Kingsley-Hickman PB, From AHL, Ugurbil K, Foker JE: Substrate effects in the post-ischemic myocardium. J Surg Res 44: 430-435, 1988
177. Lopaschuk GD, Spafford MA, Davies NJ, Wall SR: Glucose and palmitate oxidation in isolated working rat hearts reperfused after a period of transient global ischemia. Circ Res 66: 546-553, 1990
178. Hernan de Villalobos D, Taegtmeyer H: Metabolic support for the postischaemic heart. Lancet 345: 1552-1555, 1995
179. Coretti MC, Koretsune Y, Kusuoka H, Chacko VP, Zweier JL, Marban E: Glycolytic inhibition and calcium overload as consequences of exogenously generated free radicals in rabbit hearts. J Clin Invest 88: 1014-1025, 1991
180. Renstrom B, Nells SH, Liedtke AJ: Metabolic oxidation of glucose during early myocardial reperfusion. Circ Res 65: 1094-1101, 1989
181. Lopaschuk GD, Wambolt RB, Ban RL: An imbalance between glycolysis and glucose oxidation is a possible explanation for the detrimental effects of high levels of fatty acids during aerobic reperfusion of ischemic hearts. J Pharmacol Exper Ther 264: 135- 144, 1993
182. Merin RG: Myocardial 'stunning' and substrate metabolism. J Card Surg 9 (Suppl 1): 479-481, 1994
183. Cave AC, Silverman AS, Apstein CS: Preconditioning against contractile dysfunction is abolished in the presence of residual flow in the isolated blood perfused rat heart (abstr). J Mol Cell Cardiol 27: A145, 1995
184. Cave AC, Horowitz GL, Apstein CS: Can ischemic preconditioning protect against hypoxia-induced damage? Studies of contractile function in isolated perfused rat hearts. J Mol Cell Cardiol 26: 1471- 1486, 1994
185. + channel? Studies of contractile function after simulated ischemia in an atrial in vitro model. Circ Res 77: 1030-1035, 1995
186. Headrick JP: Ischemic preconditioning: bioenergetic and metabolic changes and the role of endogenous adenosine. J Mol Cell Cardiol 28: 1227-1240, 1996
187. Kupriyanov W, Lakomkin VL, Steinscheider AY, Severina MY, Kapelko VI, Ruuge EK, Saks VA: Relationship between pre- ischaemic ATP and glycogen content and post-ischaemic recovery of rat heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 20: 1151-1162, 1988
188. Allard MF, Emanuel PG, Russell JA, Bishop SP, Digerness SB, Anderson PG: Preischemic glycogen reduction or glycolytic inhibition improves postischemic recovery of hypertrophied rat hearts. Am J Physiol 267: H66-H74, 1994
189. Wolfe CL, Sievers RE, Vissersen FLJ, Donnelly T: Loss of myocardial protection after preconditioning correlates with the time course of glycogen recovery within the preconditioned segment. Circulation 87: 881-892, 1993
190. Schaefer S, Carr LJ, Prussel E, Ramasamy R: Effects of glycogen depletion on ischemic injury in isolated rat hearts: Insights into preconditioning. Am J Physiol 268: H935-H944, 1995
191. Garlick PB, Radda GK, Seeley PJ: Studies of acidosis in the ischaemic heart by phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance. Biochem J 184: 547-554, 1979
192. 2+ exchange. Circ Res 65: 1045-1056, 1989
193. de Albuquerque CP, Gerstenblith G, Weiss RG: Importance of metabolic inhibition and cellular pH in mediating preconditioning contractile and metabolic effects in rat hearts. Circ Res 74: 139-150, 1994
194. Cross HR, Clarke K, Opie LH, Radda GK: Is lactate-induced myocardial ischaemic injury mediated by decreased pH or increased intracellular lactate? J Mol Cell Cardiol 27: 1369-1381, 1995
195. + exchange inhibitors reverse lactate-induced depression in postischemic ventricular recovery. Cardiovasc Res 108: 50-56, 1993
196. Keung EC, Li Q: Lactate activates ATP-sensitive potassium channels in guinea pig ventricular myocytes. J Clin Invest 88: 1772-1777, 1991
197. Geisbuhler TP, Rovetto MJ: Lactate does not enhance anoxia/ reoxygenation damage in adult rat cardiac myocytes. J Mol Cell Cardiol 22: 1325-1335, 1990
198. Lagerstrom CF, Walker WE, Taegtmeyer H: Failure of glycogen depletion to improve left ventricular function of the rabbit heart after hypothermie ischemic arrest. Circ Res 63: 81-86, 1988
199. Goodwin GW, Taegtmeyer H: Metabolic recovery of isolated working rat heart after brief global ischemia. Am J Physiol 267: H462-H470, 1994
200. 2+ homeostasis in ferret myocardium? J Clin Invest 93: 1216-1223, 1994
201. Jeffrey FMH, Storey CJ, Malloy CR: Predicting functional recovery from ischaemia. Basic Res Cardiol 87: 548-558, 1992
202. Schaefer S, Prussel E, Carr LJ: Requirement of glycolytic substrate for metabolic recovery during moderate low flow ischemia. J Mol Cell Cardiol 27: 2167-2176, 1995
203. Oldfield GS, Commerford PJ, Opie LH: Effects of preoperative glucose-insulin-potassium on myocardial glycogen levels and on complications of mitral valve replacement. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 91: 874-878, 1986
204. McElroy DD, Walker WE, Taegtmeyer H: Glycogen loading improves left ventricular function of the rabbit heart after hypothermic ischemic arrest. J Appl Cardiol 4: 455-465, 1989
205. Vanoverschelde JL, Janier MF, Bakke JE, Bergmann SR: Increasing myocardial glycogen levels prior to ischemia limits ischemic damage and improves functional recovery following reperfusion (abstr). Circulation 84 (Suppl II): 11-216, 1991
206. Doenst T, Guthrie PH, Chemnitius J-M, Zech R, Taegtmeyer H: Fasting, lactate, and insulin improve ischemia tolerance in rat heart: A comparison with ischemic preconditioning. Am J Physiol 270: H1607-H1615, 1996
207. Cross HR, Opie LH, Radda GK, Clarke K: Is a high glycogen content beneficial or detrimental to the ischemic rat heart? A controversy resolved. Circ Res 8: 482-491, 1996
208. Shizukuda Y, Mallet RT, Lee SC, Downey HF: Hypoxic preconditioning of ischaemic canine myocardium. Cardiovasc Res 26: 534-542, 1992
209. Zhai X, Lawson CS, Cave AC, Hearse DJ: Preconditioning and postischaemic contractile dysfunction: The role of impaired oxygen delivery vs extracellular metabolise accumulation. J Mol Cell Cardiol 25: 847-857, 1993
210. Lasley RD, Anderson GM, Mentzer RM: Ischaemic and hypoxic preconditioning enhance postischaemic recovery of function in the rat heart. Cardiovasc Res 27: 565-570, 1993
211. Cohen MV, Walsh RS, Goto M, Downey JM: Hypoxia preconditions rabbit myocardium via adenosine and catecholamine release. J Mol Cell Cardiol 27: 1527-1534, 1995
212. Geisbuhler T, Altschuld RA, Trewyn RW, Ansel AZ, Lamka K, Breirley GP: Adenine nucleotide metabolism and compartmentalization in isolated adult rat heart cells. Circ Res 54: 536-546, 1984
213. Ottaway JH, Mowbray J: The role of compartmentation in the control of glycolysis. Curr Topics Cell Regul 107-208, 1977
214. Aw TY, Jones DP: ATP concentration gradients in cytosol of liver cells during hypoxia. Am J Physiol 249: C385-C392, 1985
215. Paul RJ: Functional compartmentalization of oxidative and glycolytic metabolism in vascular smooth muscle. Am J Physiol 244: C399- C409, 1983
216. Rangachari PK, Paton DM, Daniel EE: Aerobic and glycolytic support of sodium pumping and contraction in rat myometrium. Am J Physiol 223: 1009-1015, 1972
217. Lynch RM, Paul RJ: Compartmentation of glycolytic and glycogenolytic metabolism in vascular smooth muscle. Science 222: 1344- 1346, 1983
218. Lynch RM, Paul RJ: Compartmentation of carbohydrate metabolism in vascular smooth muscle. Am J Physiol 252: C328-C334, 1987
219. Dennis SC, Hearse DJ, Coltart DJ: Metabolic effects of substrates on the isolated guinea-pig heart in relation to arrhythmias during reperfusion. Cardiovasc Res 16: 209-219, 1982
220. Navaratnam V: Heart Muscle: Ultrastructural Studies. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1987
221. Doorey AJ, Barry WH: The effects of inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis on contractility and high-energy phosphate content in cultured chick heart cells. Circ Res 53: 192- 201, 1983
222. Kammermeier H: Why do cells need phosphocreatine and a phosphocreatine shuttle? J Mol Cell Cardiol 19: 115-118, 1987
223. Meyer RA, Sweeney HL, Kushmerick M: A simple analysis of the 'phosphocreatine shuttle'. Am J Physiol 246: C365-C377, 1984
224. Gudbjarnason S, Mathes P, Ravens KG: Functional compartmentation of ATP and creatine phosphate in heart muscle. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1: 325-330, 1970
225. 2+ pump function. Am J Physiol 267: C357- C366, 1994
226. Ventura-Clapier R, Veksler V: Myocardial ischemic contracture. Metabolites affect rigor tension development and stiffness. Circ Res 74: 920-929, 1994
227. Rouslin W, Erickson JL, Solaro RJ: Effects of oligomycin and acidosis on rates of ATP depletion in ischemic heart muscle. Am J Physiol 250: H503-H508, 1986
228. Rouslin W, Broge CW, Grupp IL: ATP depletion and mitochondrial function loss during ischemia in slow and fast heart-rate groups. Am J Physiol 259: H1759-H1766, 1990
229. Pierce GN, Philipson KD: Binding of glycolytic enzymes to cardiac sarcolemnal and sarcoplasmic reticular membranes. J Biol Chem 260: 6862-6870, 1985
230. 2+ uptake in smooth muscle plasma membrane vesicles by an endogenous glycolytic cascade. FASEB J 3: 2298-2301, 1989
231. Opie LH, Bruyneel K, Owen P: Effects of glucose, insulin and potassium infusion on tissue metabolic changes within first hour of myocardial infarction in the baboon. Circulation 52: 49-57, 1975
232. Lazar HL: Enhanced preservation of acutely ischemic myocardium using glucose-insulin-potassium solutions. J Card Surg 9 (Suppl): 474-478, 1994
233. Shangraw RE: Glucose-insulin-potassium regimes during cardiac surgery. Anaesth Anal 77: 864-873, 1993
234. Fath-Ordoubadi P, Kaprelian R, Beatt KJ: Glucose-insulin-potassium therapy for treatment of acute myocardial infarction: is it useful or should it be discarded? (abstr). Europ Heart J 16 (Suppl): 443, 1995
235. Taegtmeyer H: Carbohydrate interconversions and energy production. Circulation 72 (Suppl IV): IV1-IV8, 1985