Households, gender and rural-urban migration: Reflections on linkages and considerations for policy

Environment and Urbanization

Volumn 10, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 5-21

  Chant, Sylvia ^a  

^a LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GENDER RELATIONS; HOUSEHOLD STRUCTURE; MIGRATION DETERMINANTS; RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION;

ARTICLE; ASIA; CASE REPORT; CASE STUDY; CENTRAL AMERICA; COSTA RICA; DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS; DEMOGRAPHY; DEVELOPING COUNTRY; FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD; FAMILY SIZE; HOUSEHOLDS; METHODOLOGY; MEXICO; MIGRATION; NORTH AMERICA; PHILIPPINES; POPULATION; POPULATION AND POPULATION RELATED PHENOMENA; POPULATION DYNAMICS; RESEARCH; RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION--DETERMINANTS; SEX DIFFERENCE; SOUTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA; SOUTHEAST ASIA; SOUTHEASTERN ASIA; STUDIES; WESTERN HEMISPHERE;

AMERICAS; ASIA; CASE STUDIES; CENTRAL AMERICA; COSTA RICA; DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS; DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD; HOUSEHOLDS; LATIN AMERICA; MEXICO; MIGRATION; NORTH AMERICA; PHILIPPINES; POPULATION; POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS; POPULATION DYNAMICS; RESEARCH METHODOLOGY; RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION--DETERMINANTS; SEX FACTORS; SOUTHEASTERN ASIA; STUDIES;

AMERICAS; ASIA; ASIA, SOUTHEASTERN; CENTRAL AMERICA; COSTA RICA; DEMOGRAPHY; DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION; FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS; LATIN AMERICA; MEXICO; NORTH AMERICA; PHILIPPINES; POPULATION; POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS; POPULATION DYNAMICS; RESEARCH; RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY; SEX FACTORS;

EID: 0031869081     PISSN: 09562478     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1630/095624798101284437     Document Type: Article

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6. I have conducted research relating to gender, households and urban poverty in Mexico since 1981, in Costa Rica since 1987 and in the Philippines since 1991. I am grateful to my respondents in the field, to my coworkers in various of the projects (particularly Dr Cathy Mcllwaine who was involved in the research in Costa Rica and the Philippines) and to the following bodies for financial assistance: the Economic and Social Research Council (Award Nos.: R000231151, R000233291, R000234020, R000222205), the Nuffield Foundation, the Leverhulme Trust, the British Academy, the Suntory Toyota International Centre for Economics and Related Disciplines, the University of London Central Research Fund, the University of Liverpool and the London School of Economics.
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41. Chant, S. and C. Mcllwaine (1995), Women of a Lesser Cost: Female Labour, Foreign Exchange and Philippine Development, Pluto, London; also Mather, C. (1988), "Subordination of women and lack of industrial strife in West Java" in Taylor, J. and A. Turton (editors) (1988), Sociology of'Developing Societies': Southeast Asia, Macmillan, Basingstoke, pages 147-57; also Salaff, J. (1990), "Women, family and the state: Hong Kong, Taiwan and Singapore - newly industrialised countries in Asia" in Stichter, S. and J. Parpart (editors) (1990), Women, Employment and the Family in the International Division of Labour, Macmillan, Basingstoke, pages 98-136; Wolf, Diane (1990), "Daughters, decisions and domination: an empirical and conceptual critique of household strategies", Development and ChangeVol.21, pages 43-74.
42. Chant, S. and C. Mcllwaine (1995), Women of a Lesser Cost: Female Labour, Foreign Exchange and Philippine Development, Pluto, London; also Mather, C. (1988), "Subordination of women and lack of industrial strife in West Java" in Taylor, J. and A. Turton (editors) (1988), Sociology of'Developing Societies': Southeast Asia, Macmillan, Basingstoke, pages 147-57; also Salaff, J. (1990), "Women, family and the state: Hong Kong, Taiwan and Singapore - newly industrialised countries in Asia" in Stichter, S. and J. Parpart (editors) (1990), Women, Employment and the Family in the International Division of Labour, Macmillan, Basingstoke, pages 98-136; Wolf, Diane (1990), "Daughters, decisions and domination: an empirical and conceptual critique of household strategies", Development and ChangeVol.21, pages 43-74.
43. Chant, S. and C. Mcllwaine (1995), Women of a Lesser Cost: Female Labour, Foreign Exchange and Philippine Development, Pluto, London; also Mather, C. (1988), "Subordination of women and lack of industrial strife in West Java" in Taylor, J. and A. Turton (editors) (1988), Sociology of'Developing Societies': Southeast Asia, Macmillan, Basingstoke, pages 147-57; also Salaff, J. (1990), "Women, family and the state: Hong Kong, Taiwan and Singapore - newly industrialised countries in Asia" in Stichter, S. and J. Parpart (editors) (1990), Women, Employment and the Family in the International Division of Labour, Macmillan, Basingstoke, pages 98-136; Wolf, Diane (1990), "Daughters, decisions and domination: an empirical and conceptual critique of household strategies", Development and ChangeVol.21, pages 43-74.
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55. Lewis, D. (1993), "Going it alone: female-headed households, rights and resources in rural Bangladesh", Development and Change Vol.5, No.2, pages 23-42; also Parnwell, M. (1993), Population Movements and the Third World, Routledge, London, page 107; and Rahat, N. (1986), "Meharabad, a Punjabi village; male out-migration and women's changing roles" in Seller, F. and M. Karim (editors) (1986), Migration in Pakistan: Themes and Facts, Vanguard, Lahore, pages 139-60.
56. Lewis, D. (1993), "Going it alone: female-headed households, rights and resources in rural Bangladesh", Development and Change Vol.5, No.2, pages 23-42; also Parnwell, M. (1993), Population Movements and the Third World, Routledge, London, page 107; and Rahat, N. (1986), "Meharabad, a Punjabi village; male out-migration and women's changing roles" in Seller, F. and M. Karim (editors) (1986), Migration in Pakistan: Themes and Facts, Vanguard, Lahore, pages 139-60.
57. See for example, Bradshaw, S. (1996), "Female-headed households in Honduras: a study of their formation and survival in low-income communities", unpublished PhD thesis, Department of Geography, London School of Economics; also Drèze, J. (1990), Widows in Rural India, Suntory-Toyota International Centre for Economics and Related Disciplines, London School of Economics, Development Economics Research Programme No.26;
58. See for example, Bradshaw, S. (1996), "Female-headed households in Honduras: a study of their formation and survival in low-income communities", unpublished PhD thesis, Department of Geography, London School of Economics; also Drèze, J. (1990), Widows in Rural India, Suntory-Toyota International Centre for Economics and Related Disciplines, London School of Economics, Development Economics Research Programme No.26;
59. See Beall, J. (1996a), Urban Governance: Why Gender Matters, UNDP, Gender in Development Monograph Series No.1, New York; also Brydon, L. and S. Chant (1989), Women in the Third World: Gender Issues in Rural and Urban Areas, Edward Elgar, Aldershot, Chapter 6; and see reference 3, Moore (1994).
60. See Beall, J. (1996a), Urban Governance: Why Gender Matters, UNDP, Gender in Development Monograph Series No.1, New York; also Brydon, L. and S. Chant (1989), Women in the Third World: Gender Issues in Rural and Urban Areas, Edward Elgar, Aldershot, Chapter 6; and see reference 3, Moore (1994).
61. See reference 25, Chant and Mcllwaine (1995), Chapter 3.
62. See reference 10, Chant (1991).
63. See reference 2, page 92; also Brydon, L. (1987), "Who moves? Women and migration in West Africa in the 1980s" in Eades, J. (editor) (1987), Migrants, Workers and the Social Order, Tavistock, Association of Social Anthropologists, Monograph No.26, London pages 165-80; see reference 25, Chant and Mcllwaine (1995), Chapters; Peil, M. and R Sada (1984), African Urban Society, John Wiley, Chichester; Stivens, M. (1987), "Family and state in Malaysian industrialisation: the case of Rembau, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia" in H.Afshar (editor) (1987), Women, State and Ideology: Studies from Africa and Asia, Macmillan, Basingstoke, pages 89-110; and Varley, A. (1993),"Gender and housing: the provision of accommodation for young adults in three Mexican cities", Habitat International Vol.17, No.4, pages 169-82.
64. See reference 2, page 92; also Brydon, L. (1987), "Who moves? Women and migration in West Africa in the 1980s" in Eades, J. (editor) (1987), Migrants, Workers and the Social Order, Tavistock, Association of Social Anthropologists, Monograph No.26, London pages 165-80; see reference 25, Chant and Mcllwaine (1995), Chapters; Peil, M. and R Sada (1984), African Urban Society, John Wiley, Chichester; Stivens, M. (1987), "Family and state in Malaysian industrialisation: the case of Rembau, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia" in H.Afshar (editor) (1987), Women, State and Ideology: Studies from Africa and Asia, Macmillan, Basingstoke, pages 89-110; and Varley, A. (1993),"Gender and housing: the provision of accommodation for young adults in three Mexican cities", Habitat International Vol.17, No.4, pages 169-82.
65. See reference 2, page 92; also Brydon, L. (1987), "Who moves? Women and migration in West Africa in the 1980s" in Eades, J. (editor) (1987), Migrants, Workers and the Social Order, Tavistock, Association of Social Anthropologists, Monograph No.26, London pages 165-80; see reference 25, Chant and Mcllwaine (1995), Chapters; Peil, M. and R Sada (1984), African Urban Society, John Wiley, Chichester; Stivens, M. (1987), "Family and state in Malaysian industrialisation: the case of Rembau, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia" in H.Afshar (editor) (1987), Women, State and Ideology: Studies from Africa and Asia, Macmillan, Basingstoke, pages 89-110; and Varley, A. (1993),"Gender and housing: the provision of accommodation for young adults in three Mexican cities", Habitat International Vol.17, No.4, pages 169-82.
66. See reference 2, page 92; also Brydon, L. (1987), "Who moves? Women and migration in West Africa in the 1980s" in Eades, J. (editor) (1987), Migrants, Workers and the Social Order, Tavistock, Association of Social Anthropologists, Monograph No.26, London pages 165-80; see reference 25, Chant and Mcllwaine (1995), Chapters; Peil, M. and R Sada (1984), African Urban Society, John Wiley, Chichester; Stivens, M. (1987), "Family and state in Malaysian industrialisation: the case of Rembau, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia" in H.Afshar (editor) (1987), Women, State and Ideology: Studies from Africa and Asia, Macmillan, Basingstoke, pages 89-110; and Varley, A. (1993),"Gender and housing: the provision of accommodation for young adults in three Mexican cities", Habitat International Vol.17, No.4, pages 169-82.
67. See reference 18, Chapter 4; also see reference 3, Moore (1994a).
68. See Chant, S. (1997c), "Marginalised (m)others: lone parents and female household headship in the Philippines", European Journal of Development Research Vol.9, No.2, pages 1-34.
69. See Beall, J. (1996b), "Social security and social networks among the urban poor in Pakistan", Habitat International Vol.19, No.4, pages 427-45; also see reference 3, Moore (1994a).
70. Cleves Mosse, J. (1993), Half the World: Halfa Chance, Oxfam, Oxford.
71. See reference 34, Bradshaw (1996); also Chant, S. (1997b), "Women-headed households: poorest of the poor? Perspectives from Mexico, Costa Rica and the Philippines", IDS Bulletin Vol.28, No.3, pages 26-48; see reference 25, Chant and Mcllwaine (1995); Pulsipher, L. (1993),"He won't let she stretch she foot': gender relations in traditional West Indian houseyards" in Katz, C. and J.Monk (editors) (1993), Full Circles: Geographies of Women over the Life Course, Routledge, London, pages 107-21 ; and Safa, H. (1995), The Myth of the Male Breadwinner: Women and Industrialisation in the Caribbean, Westview Press, Boulder.
72. See reference 34, Bradshaw (1996); also Chant, S. (1997b), "Women-headed households: poorest of the poor? Perspectives from Mexico, Costa Rica and the Philippines", IDS Bulletin Vol.28, No.3, pages 26-48; see reference 25, Chant and Mcllwaine (1995); Pulsipher, L. (1993),"He won't let she stretch she foot': gender relations in traditional West Indian houseyards" in Katz, C. and J.Monk (editors) (1993), Full Circles: Geographies of Women over the Life Course, Routledge, London, pages 107-21 ; and Safa, H. (1995), The Myth of the Male Breadwinner: Women and Industrialisation in the Caribbean, Westview Press, Boulder.
73. See reference 34, Bradshaw (1996); also Chant, S. (1997b), "Women-headed households: poorest of the poor? Perspectives from Mexico, Costa Rica and the Philippines", IDS Bulletin Vol.28, No.3, pages 26-48; see reference 25, Chant and Mcllwaine (1995); Pulsipher, L. (1993),"He won't let she stretch she foot': gender relations in traditional West Indian houseyards" in Katz, C. and J.Monk (editors) (1993), Full Circles: Geographies of Women over the Life Course, Routledge, London, pages 107-21 ; and Safa, H. (1995), The Myth of the Male Breadwinner: Women and Industrialisation in the Caribbean, Westview Press, Boulder.
74. See reference 14, Folbre (1991), page 108.
75. Bradshaw, S. (1995), "Female-headed households in Honduras: perspectives on rural-urban differences", Third World Planning Review Vol.17, No.2, pages 117-31; also Chant, S. (1985), "Single-parent families: choice or constraint? The formation of female-headed households in Mexican shanty towns", Development and Change Vol. 16, No.4, pages 635-56; and see reference 25, Chant and Mcllwaine (1995), Chapter 7.
76. Bradshaw, S. (1995), "Female-headed households in Honduras: perspectives on rural-urban differences", Third World Planning Review Vol.17, No.2, pages 117-31; also Chant, S. (1985), "Single-parent families: choice or constraint? The formation of female-headed households in Mexican shanty towns", Development and Change Vol. 16, No.4, pages 635-56; and see reference 25, Chant and Mcllwaine (1995), Chapter 7.
77. Jackson, C. (1996), "Rescuing gender from the poverty trap", World Development Vol.24, No.3, pages 489-504.
78. See reference 14, Buvinic (1990), page 10; also Moore (1996) "Mothering and social responsibilities in a cross-cultural perspective" in Bortolaia-Silva, E. (editor) Good Enough Mothering? Feminist Perspectives on Lone Motherhood Routledge, London, pages 61-2; and see reference 32, Kennedy (1994).
79. See reference 18, Chapters.
80. See reference 18; also see reference 25, Chant and Mcllwaine (1995), Chapter 7.
81. See reference 2, Baylies (1996) page 77.
82. Pugh, C. (1996),The changing roles of self-help housing and urban policies, 1950-1996", Third World Planning Review Vol.19, No. 1, pages 91-109.
83. Kabeer, N. (1994b),"Genderaware policy and planning: a social relations perspective" in MacDonald, M. (editor) (1994), Gender Planning in Development Agencies: Meeting the Challenge, Oxfam, Oxford, pages 80-97.
84. Rathgeber, E. (1995), "Gender and development in action" in Marchand, M. and J. Parpart (editors), Feminism/Postmodernism/ Development, Routledge, London, pages 204-20.
85. Baden, S. and A.M. Goetz (1997), "Who needs [sex] when you can have [gender]", Feminist Review No.53, pages 3-25; also see reference 1, Corrêa and Reichmann (1994), page 3.
86. See reference 35, Beall (1996a); also see reference 18.
87. See reference 43, Chant (1997b).
88. de Oliveira, O. with M. Eternod and A. Monroy, A. (1995), Las Families Mexicanas, Mexico DF, CONAPO, Comité Nacional Coordinador para la IV Conferencia Mundial de la Mujer, page 27.
89. See for example, Bruce, J. and C. Lloyd (1992), Finding the Ties that Bind: Beyond Headship and the Household, Population Council/Washington DC, International Center for Research on Women, New York; also Folbre, N. (1994), Who Pays for the Kids? Gender and the Structures of Constraint, Routledge, London.
90. See for example, Bruce, J. and C. Lloyd (1992), Finding the Ties that Bind: Beyond Headship and the Household, Population Council/Washington DC, International Center for Research on Women, New York; also Folbre, N. (1994), Who Pays for the Kids? Gender and the Structures of Constraint, Routledge, London.
91. See reference 14, Buvinic (1990).
92. Chant, S. (1997d), "Men, households and poverty in Costa Rica: a pilot study", final report to the Economic and Social Research Council, UK (Award NO.R000222205).