The Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus Revisited: 1998 Update

Experimental Biology and Medicine

Volumn 218, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 284-306

  Bernardis, Lee L ^a,b   Bellinger, Larry L ^c  

^a VA WESTERN NEW YORK HEALTHCARE SYSTEM   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY AT BUFFALO   (United States)

^c BAYLOR COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARCUATE NUCLEUS; CONFERENCE PAPER; FEEDBACK SYSTEM; HORMONAL REGULATION; HYPERPROLACTINEMIA; HYPOTHALAMUS VENTROMEDIAL NUCLEUS; MICROALBUMINURIA; NERVE CELL NETWORK; NONHUMAN; RAT;

ANIMALS; AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; DORSOMEDIAL HYPOTHALAMIC NUCLEUS; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMANS; NEUROTRANSMITTER AGENTS; RATS;

EID: 0031856907     PISSN: 00379727     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3181/00379727-218-44296     Document Type: Article

References (227)

1. Hetherington AW, Ranson SW. Hypothalamic lesions and adiposity in the rat. Anat Rec 78:149-172, 1940.
2. Bernardis LL, Goldman JK. Origin of endocrine-metabolic changes in the weanling rat ventromedial syndrome. J Neurosci Res 2:91-116, 1976.
3. Teitelbaum P, Epstein A. The lateral hypothalamic syndrome. Psychol Rev 69:74-90, 1962.
4. Epstein AN. The lateral hypothalamic syndrome: Its implications for the physiological psychology of hunger and thirst. In: Stellar E, Sprague JM, Eds. Progress in Physiological Psychology. New York: Academic Press, Vol 4, pp263-317, 1971.
5. Bernardis LL, Bellinger LL. The lateral hypothalamic area revisited: Neuroanatomy, body weight regulation, neuroendocrinology and metabolism. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 17:141-193, 1993.
6. Bernardis LL, Bellinger LL. The lateral hypothalamic area revisited: ingestive behavior. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 20:189-287, 1996.
7. Gold RM, Jones AP, Sawchenko PE. Paraventricular area: Critical focus longitudinal neurocircuitry mediating food intake. Physiol Behav 18:1111-1119, 1977.
8. Swanson LW, Sawchenko PE. Paraventricular nucleus: A site for the integration of neuroendocrine and autonomic mechanisms. Neuroendocrinology 31:410-417, 1980.
9. Bernardis LL. Participation of the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus in the "feeding center" and water intake circuitry of the weanling rat. J Neurovisc Relat 31:387-398, 1970.
10. Bernardis LL. The dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus in autonomic and neuroendocrine homeostasis. Can J Neurol Sci 2:45-60, 1975.
11. Bernardis LL, Bellinger LL. The dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus revisited: 1986 update. Brain Res Rev 12:321-381, 1987.
12. Anderson JJ, Dimicco JA. Effect of local inhibition of gamma-aminobutyric acid uptake in the dorsomedial hypothalamus on extra-cellular levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid and on stress-induced tachycardia: A study using microdialysis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 255:1399-1407, 1990.
13. Buijis RM, Kalsbeek A, Van Der Woude TP, Van Heerikhuize JJ, Shinn S. Suprachiasmatic nucleus lesion increases corticosterone secretion. Am J Physiol 264:R1186-R1192, 1993.
14. Inglefield JR, Schwarzkopf SB, Kellogg CK. Alterations in behavioral responses to stressors following excitotoxin lesions of dorsomedial hypothalamic regions. Brain Res 633:151-161, 1994.
15. A and excitatory amino acid receptors in dorsomedial hypothalamus and heart rate in rats. Am J Physiol 260:R13-R20, 1991a.
16. A and excitatory amino acid receptors controlling heart rate in rats. Am J Physiol 261:R427-R433, 1991b.
17. Soltis RP, DiMicco JA. Hypothalamic excitatory amino acid receptors mediate stress-induced tachycardia in rats. Am J Physiol 262:R689-R697, 1992.
18. Stotz-Potter EH, Morin SM, DiMicco JA. Effect of microinjection of muscimol into the dorsomedial or paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus on air-stress-induced neuroendocrine and cardiovascular changes in rats. Brain Res 742:219-224, 1996b.
19. Stotz-Potter EH, Willis LR, DiMicco JA. Muscimol acts in dorso-medial but not paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus to suppress cardiovascular effects of stress. J Neurosci 16:1173-1179, 1996.
20. Thompson RH, Canteras NS, Swanson LW. Organization of projections from the dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus: A PHA-L study. J Comp Neurol 376:143-173, 1996.
21. Petrovicky P. Hypothalamic-reticular connections in the rat. Acta Univ Carol Med 13:385-396, 1967.
22. Matano S, Sakai A, Ban T. Dendritic arborization of the hypothalamus in the mouse. Med J Osaka Univ 20:1-6, 1969.
23. Brobeck JR. Mechanism of development of obesity in animals with hypothalamic lesions. Physiol Rev 26:541-559, 1946.
24. Ter Horst GJ, Luiten PGM. The projections of the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus in the rat. Brain Res Bull 16:231-248, 1986.
25. Shimazu T. Neuronal regulation of hepatic glucose metabolism in mammals. Diabetes Metab Rev 3:185-206, 1987.
26. Wagner CK, Waton MJ, Moore KE. Lookingland KJ. Efferent projections from the region of the medial zona incerta containing A 13 dopaminergic neurons: A PHL-L anterograde tract-tracing study in the rat. Brain Res 677:229-237, 1995.
27. Niewenhuys R, Voogd J, Van Huijzen C. The Human Central Nervous System. Berlin: Springer Verlag, pp142-145, 1978.
28. Evered MD, Mogenson GJ. Regulatory and secondary water intake in rats with lesions in the zona incerta. Am J Physiol 230:1049-1057, 1976.
29. Seeger J. Zytoarchitektur and Topographic ausgewaehkter Kerngebiete des ventromedialen Hypothalamus des Schweines (Sus scrofa domestica). Journal fuer Hirnforschung 31:601-611, 1990.
30. Krawczuk-Robak A, Szteyn S, Szatkowski E. Topography and cytoarchitectonics of small-cell nuclei of the tuber cinereum in insectivora. Anatomischer Anzeiger 170:63-71, 1990.
31. Bruce LL, Neary TJ. Afferent projections to the lateral and dorsomedial hypothalamus in a lizard, Gecko. Brain Behav Evol 46:30-42, 1995.
32. Hurley KM, Herbert H, Moga NM, Saper CB. Efferent projection of the infralimbic cortex of the rat. J Comp Neurol 308:249-276, 1991.
33. Canteras NS, Swanson IW. The dorsal premammillary nucleus, an unusual component of the mammillary body. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:10089-10093, 1992.
34. Bellinger LL, Bemardis LL. Mendel VE. Effect of ventromedial and dorsomedial hypothalamic lesions on circadian corticosterone rhythms. Neuroendocrinology 22:216-222, 1976.
35. Kalsbeek A, Teclemariam-Mesbah R, Pevet P. Efferent projections of the suprachaismatic nucleus in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). J Comp Neurol 332:293-314, 1993.
36. Moga MM, Moore RY. Organization of neural inputs to the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the rat. J Comp Neurol 389:508-534, 1997.
37. Merchenthaler I, Lopez FJ, Negro-Villar A. Anatomy and physiology of central galanin-containing pathways. Prog Neurobiol 10:711-769, 1993.
38. Dai J, Swaab DF, Buijs RM. Distribution of vasopressin and vaso-active intestinal polypeptide (VIP) fibers in the human hypothalamus with special emphasis on suprachiasmatic nucleus efferent projections. J Comp Neurol 383:397-414, 1997.
39. Lowry CA, Richardson CF, Zoeller TR, Miller LJ, Muske LE, Moore FL. Neuroanatomical distribution of vasotocin in a urodele amphibian (Taricha granulosa) revealed by immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization techniques [review]. J Comp Neurol 385(1):43-70, 1997.
40. Boudaba C, Schrader LA, Tasker JG. Physiological evidence for local excitatory synaptic circuits in the rat hypothalamus. J Neuro-physiol 77(6):3396-3400, 1997.
41. Berk ML, Finkelstein JA. Afferent projection to the preoptic area and hypothalamic regions in the rat brain. Neuroscience 6:1604-1624, 1981.
42. Shirakova T, Nakamura S. Antidromic activation of rat dorsomedial hypothalamic neurons from locus coeruleus and median eminence. Brain Res Bull 18:291-295, 1987.
43. Beaulieu J, Champagne D, Drolet G. Enkephalin innervation of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus: Distribution of fibers and origins of input. J Chem Neuroanat 10:79-92, 1996.
44. Arezki F, Afailal I, Bosler O, Steinbusch HW, Calas A. Serotonin and serotoninergic neurons. A radioautographic and immunocytochemical study of the nucleus raphe dorsalis and nucleus dorsomedialis hypothalami. Cellule 74:243-261, 1987.
45. Bjorklund A, Lindvall O, Nobin A. Evidence of an incertohypothalamic dopamine neuron system in the rat. Brain Res 89:29-42, 1975.
46. Ungerstedt U. Stereotaxic mapping of the monoamine pathways in the rat brain. Axta Physiol Scand Suppl 367:1-49, 1971.
47. Pujol JF, Stein D, Blondeux C, Petitjean F, Froment JL, Jouvet M. Biochemical evidence for interaction phenomenon between noradrenergic and serotonergic systems in the cat brain. In: Usdin E, (Ed). Frontiers in Catecholamine Research. Oxford: Pergamon Press, p77. 1973.
48. Tian Y, Eaton MJ, Goudreau JL, Lookingland KJ, Moore KE. Neurochemical evidence that 5-hydroxytriptaminergic neurons tonically inhibit noradrenergic neurons terminating in the hypothalamus. Brain Res 607:215-221, 1993.
49. Frankfurt M, Mendelsohn SD, McKittrick CR, McEwen BS. Alter-ations of serotonin receptor binding in the hypothalamus following acute denervation. Brain Res 601:349-352, 1993.
50. Tohda M, Tohda C, Oda H, Nomura Y. Inhibitory effects of botulism toxin on 5-HT-induced inositol phosphate formation in 5-HTIC cDNA transfected cells. Neurosci Lett 190:1-4, 1995.
51. Tohda M, Watanabe H. Imipramine-induced increase in 5-HT2C receptor mRNA levels in the rat brain. Neurosci Res 24:189-193, 1996.
52. Stanley BG, Leibowitz SF. Neuropeptide Y: Stimulation of feeding and drinking by injection into the paraventricular nucleus. Life Sci 35:2635-2642, 1984.
53. Chronwall BM, DiMaggio DA, Massari VJ, Pickels VM, Ruggiero DA, O'Donohue DL. The anatomy of NPY-containing neurons in rat brain. Neuroscience 15:1159-1181, 1985.
54. Bai FL, Yamon M, Shiotani Y, Emson PC, Smith AD, Powell JF, Toyama M. An arcuate-paraventricular and dorsomedial hypothalamic neuropeptide Y-containing system which lacks noradrenaline in the rat. Brain Res 331:172-175, 1985.
55. Sahu A, Kalra SP, Crowley WR, Kalra PS. Evidence that NPY-containing neurons in the brainstem project into selected hypothalamic nuclei: Implication in feeding behavior. Brain Res 457:376-378, 1988.
56. Beck B, Jhanwar-Uniyal M, Burlet A, Chapleur-Chateau M, Leibowitz SF, Burlet C. Rapid and localized alterations of neuropeptide Y in discrete hypothalamic nuclei with feeding status. Brain Res 528:245-249, 1990.
57. Beck B, Burlet A, Nicholas JP, Burlet C. Unexpected regulation of hypothalamic neuropeptide Y by food deprivation and refeeding in the Zucker rat. Life Sci 50:923-930, 1992.
58. McKibbin PE, Cotton SJ, McMillian S, Holloway B, Meyers R, McCarthy HD, Williams G. Altered neuropeptide Y concentrations in specific hypothalamic regions of obese (fa/fa) Zucker rats: Possible relationship to obesity and neuroendocrine disturbances. Diabetes 40:1423-1429, 1991.
59. Ter Horst GJ, Luiten PGM. Phaseolus vulgaris leuco-agglutinin tracing if intra-hypothalamic connections of the lateral, ventromedial, dorsomedial, and paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei in the rat. Brain Res Bull 18:191-203, 1987.
60. Beck B, Burlet A, Bazin R, Nicolas JP, Burlet C. Elevated neuropeptide Y in the arcuate nucleus of young obese Zucker rats may contribute to the development of their overeating. J Nutr 123:1168-1172, 1993.
61. Williams G, Shellard L, Lewis DE, McKibbin PE, McCarthy HD, Koeslag DG, Russell JC. Hypothalamic neuropeptide Y disturbances in the obese (cp/cp) JCR:LA corpulent rat. Peptides 13:537-540, 1992.
62. Kesterson RA, Huszar D, Lynch CA, Simerly RB, Cone RD. Induction of neuropeptide Y gene expression in the dorsal medial hypothalamic nucleus in two models of the Agouti obesity syndrome. Mol Endocrinol 11:630-637, 1997.
63. Sahu A, Dube MG, Kalra SP, Kalra PS. Bilateral neural transsections at the level of mesencephalon increase food intake and reduce latency to onset of feeding in response to neuropeptide Y. Peptides 9:1269-1273, 1989.
64. Boswell T, Richardson RD, Schwartz MW, D'Alessio DA, Woods SC, Sipols AJ, Baskin DG, Kenagy GJ. NPY and galanin in a hibernator: Hypothalamic gene expression and effects on feeding. Brain Res Bull 32:379-384, 1993.
65. Conrad LC, Pfaff DW. Efferents from medial basal forebrain and hypothalamic: An autoradiographic study of the medial preoptic area. J Comp Neurol 169:185-220, 1976.
66. Tempel DL, Leibowitz KJ, Leibowitz SF. Effects of PVN galanin on macronutrient selection. Peptides 9:309-314, 1988.
67. Tempel DL, Leibowitz SF. Diurnal variations in the feeding responses to norepinephrine, neuropeptide Y, and galanin in the PVN. Brain Res Bull 25:821-825, 1990.
68. Okada S, York DA, Bray GA, Mai I, Erlanson-Albertsson C. Differential inhibition of fat intake in two strains of rat by the peptide enterostatin. Am J Physiol 262:R1111-R1116, 1992.
69. Lin L, Gehlert DR, York DA, Bray GA. Effect of enterostatin on the feeding responses to galanin and NPY. Obes Res 1:186-192, 1993.
70. Akabayashi A, Koenig JI, Watanabe Y, Alexander JT, Leibowitz SF. Galanin-containing neurons in the paraventricular nucleus: A neurochemical marker for fat ingestion and body weight gain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:10375-10379, 1994.
71. Tappaz ML, Brownstein MI, Kopin IJ. Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in discrete nuclei of hypothalamus and substantia nigra. Brain Res 125:109-121, 1977.
72. Tappaz ML, Brownstein MJ. Origin of glutamate-decarboxylase (GAD)-containing cells on discrete hypothalamic nuclei. Brain Res 132:95-106, 1977.
73. 72a. Kimura H, Kuriyama K. Distribution of GABA in the rat hypothalamus: Functional correlates of GABA with activities of appetite controlling mechanisms. J Neurochem 24:903-907, 1975.
74. Okamura H, Abitol M, Jukien JF, Dumas S, Berod A, Geffard M, Kitahama K, Bobillier P, Mallet I, Wiklund L. Neurons containing messenger RNA encoding glutamal decarboxylase in rat hypothalamus demonstrated by in situ hybridization with special emphasis on cell groups in medial preoptic area, anterior hypothalamic area, and dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus. Neuroscience 39:675-699, 1990.
75. Boudaba C, Szabo K, Tasker JG. Physiological mapping of local inhibitory inputs to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Neuroscience 15:7151-7160, 1996.
76. Keim SR, Shekhar A. The effects of GABA A receptor blockade in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus on corticotrophin (ACTH) and corticosterone secretion in male rats. Brain Res 739:46-51, 1996.
77. 75a. Bellinger LL, Bernardis LL, Williams FE. Naloxone suppression of food and water intake and cholecystokinin reduction in feeding is attenuated in weanling rats with dorsomedial hypothalamic lesions. Physiol Behav 31:839-896, 1983.
78. Khawaja XZ, Chattopadhyay AK, Green IC. Increased betaendorphin and dynorphin concentrations in discrete hypothalamic regions of genetically obese (ob/ob) mice. Brain Res 555:164-168, 1991.
79. Ishibashi S. The effect of auricular electro-acupuncture on the neuronal activity of the thalamic and hypothalamic neurons of the rat. Acuupuncet Eletrother Res 11:15-23, 1986.
80. Wen HL, Cheung SYC. Treatment of drug addiction by acupuncture and electrical stimulation. Am J Acupuncture 1:71-75, 1973.
81. Sjoden P, Terenius LLL, Erikson M. Increased cerebrospinal fluid levels of endorphins after electro-acupuncture. Acta Physiol Scand 100:382-384, 1977.
82. Giller RM. Auricular acupuncture and weight reduction: A controlled study. Am J Acupuncture 3:151-153, 1975.
83. Morozova AS, Patkina NA, Zvartau EE. Neuroanatomical dissociation of reinforcing and analgesic effects of morphine. Biull Eksp Biol Med 107:45-47, 1989.
84. Huang Z, Tong Z, Sun W. Effect of electroacupuncture on the discharge of pain-sensitive neurons in the hypothalamic dorsomedial nucleus of rats. Chen Tzu Yen Chiu 20:20-23, 1995.
85. 82a. Yabuuchi K, Maruta E, Yamamoto J, Nishiyori A, Takami S, Minami M, Satoh M. Intracerebroventricular injection of isoproterenol produces its analgesic effect through interleukin-1-beta production. Eur J Pharmacol 334(2-3):133-140, 1997.
86. Bellinger LL, Bernardis LL, McCuster RH, Campion DR. Plasma hormone levels in growth-retarded rats with dorsomedial hypothalamic lesions. Physiol Behav 34:783-790, 1985.
87. Bernardis LL, Tannenbaum GS. Failure to demonstrate disruption of ultradian growth hormone rhythm and insulin secretion by dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus lesions that cause reduced body weight, linear growth and food intake. Exp Brain Res 66:572-576, 1987.
88. Byrd SL, Bellinger LL. Growth hormone secretion and ultradian rhythms in growth-retarded rats with dorsomedial hypothalamic lesions. Physiol Behav 46:279-283, 1989.
89. Gunnet JW, Moore KE. Effect of electrical stimulation of the ventromedial nucleus and the dorsomedial nucleus on the activity of tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons. Neuroendocrinology 47:20-26, 1988.
90. Delville Y, Conklin LS, Ferris CF. Differential expression of vaso-pressin receptor binding in the hypothalamus during lactation in golden hamsters. Brain Res 689:147-150, 1995.
91. Goldsmith PC, Boggan JE, Thind KK. Estrogen and progesterone receptor expression in neuroendocrine and related neurons of the pubertal female monkey hypothalamus. Neuroendocrinology 65(5): 325-334, 1997.
92. Halasz B, Pupp D, Ohlarik S. Hypophysiotrophic area of the hypothalamus. J Endocrinol 25:147-154, 1962.
93. Dorner G, Staudl J. Vergleichende morphologische Untersuchungen der Hypothalamus-Differenzierung ebi Ratte und Mensch. Endokrinologie 59:152-155, 1972.
94. Bernardis LL, Ciesla A, Bellinger LL. Hypophagic rats with dorsomedial hypothalamic lesions produce lighter and smaller pups with lower survival rates at weaning than offspring of sham-operated controls. Physiol Behav 53:59-64, 1993.
95. Jones AP, Friedman MI. Obesity and adipocyte abnormalities in off-spring of rats undernourished during pregnancy. Science 215:1518-1519, 1982.
96. Bernardis LL, Bellinger LL. Organismic set point system in dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei. In: Finger S, Almli R, Eds. Early Brain Damage, Neurobiology and Behavior. New York: Academic. Vol 2:269-287, 1984.
97. Cullinan WE, Helmreich DL, Watson SJ. fos Expression in forebrain afferents to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus following swim stress. J Com Neurol 368:88-99, 1996.
98. Lowenstein LM. Development of the rodent as a model system of aging. In: Gibson DCG, Ed. Bethesda MD: National Institutes of Health, Vol II (US Dept of Health, Education and Welfare Publication No 79-161) 1978.
99. Coleman GL, Barthold SW, Obaldiston GW, Foster SJ, Jonas AM. Pathological changes during aging in barrier-raised Fischer 344 male rats. J Gerontol 32:258-278, 1977.
100. Bolton WK, Benton FR, Maclay JG, Sturgill BC. Spontaneous glomerular sclerosis in aging Sprague-Dawley rats. Am J Pathol 85:277-300, 1976.
101. Alt JM, Hackbarth H, Deerberg F, Stolte H. Proteinuria in rats in relation to age-dependent renal changes. Lab Anim 14:95-101, 1980.
102. Van Liew JB, Davis FB, Davis PJ, Noble B, Bernardis LL. Caloric restriction decreases microalbuminuria associated with aging in barrier-raised Fischer 344 rats. Am J Physiol 263:F554-F561, 1992.
103. Van Liew JB, Noble B, Bernardis LL. The effect of dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus lesions on kidney function and structure after 1 and 12 months. Physiol Behav 54:275-281, 1993.
104. Tucker SM, Manson RL, Beauchene RE. Influence of diet and feed restriction on kidney function of aging male rats. J Gerontol 31:264-270, 1976.
105. Saxton JA, Kimball GC. Relation of nephrosis and other disease of albino rats to age and to modification of diet. Arch Pathol Lab Med 32:951-965, 1941.
106. Masoro EJ. A dietary key to uncovering age processes. News in Physiol Sci 7:157-160, 1987.
107. Calaresu ER, Kim P, Nakamura HM, Sato A. Electrophysiological characteristics of reno-renal reflexes in the cat. J Physiol (Lond) 283:141-154, 1978.
108. Florini JR, Prinz PN, Vitiello MV, Hintz RL. Somatomedin-C levels in healthy young and old men: Relationship to peak and 24-hour integrated growth hormone. J Gerontol 45:B113-119, 1985.
109. Clemmons DR, Thissen JP, Mead M, Ketelsleger JM, Underwood LW. Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) infusion into hypophysectomized or protein-deprived rats induces specific IGF-binding proteins in serum. Endocrinology 125:2967-2972, 1989.
110. Breese CR, Ingram RL, Sonntag WE. Influence of age and long-term dietary restriction on plasma insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), IGF-I gene expression and IGF-I binding proteins. J Gerontol Biol Sci 46:B180-187, 1991.
111. Prinz PN, Weitzman ED, Cunningham GR, Karacan I. Plasma growth hormone during sleep in young and aged men. J Gerontol 38:519-524, 1983.
112. Florini JR, Ewton DZ. Skeletal muscle fiber types and myosin ATPase activity do not change with age or growth hormone administration. J Gerontol Biol Sci 44:B110-B117, 1989.
113. Bernardis LL, Benedict MR, Deziel MR, Davis FB, Davis PJ. Increased plasma IGF-I levels but lack of changes in adipocyte glucose transport in weanling rats with dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus lesions 1 year after lesion production. Physiol Behav 59:689-697, 1966b.
114. Stachura ME, Bernardis LL, Tyler JM, Kent PG. Differential spontaneous and stimulated in vitro release of newly synthesized or stored RHG and RPRL by pituitaries from rats with hypothalamic lesions. Neuroendocrinology 44:195-203, 1986.
115. Brownstein MJ. Neurotransmitters and hypothalamic hormones in the central nervous system. Fed Proc 36:1960-1963, 1977.
116. Brugger M. Fresstrieb als hypothalamisches. Symptom Helvetica Physiologica Acta 1:183-198, 1943.
117. Bellinger LL, Williams FE. Aphagia and adipsia after kainic acid lesions of the dorsomedial hypothalamic area. Am J Physiol 244:R389-R399, 1983.
118. Bellinger LL. The effect of ibotenic acid lesions (IBO-L) in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMN) on ingestive behaviors of rats, (abstract) IXth Int Conf on the Physiol of Food and Fluid Intake, Seattle WA, p. 3, 1986.
119. Bellinger LL, Bernardis LL, Brooks S. The effect of dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus lesions on body weight regulation. Neuroscience 4:659-665, 1979.
120. Bernardis LL, Lee PC, Brooks S, Lebenthal E. Normal pancreatic and intestinal enzymes in hypophagic-growth retarded rats that received dorsomedial hypothalamic lesions shortly after weaning. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 21:245-253, 1984.
121. Bernardis LL, Bellinger LL, McEwen G, Kodis M, Feldman MJ. Further evidence for the existence of an "organismic" set point in rats with dorsomedial hypothalamic lesions (DMNL rats): Normal catch-up growth. Physiol Behav 44:561-568, 1988.
122. Bernardis LL, McEwen G, Kodis M, Feldman MJ. Somatic, metabolic, and endocrine correlates of set point recovery in food-restricted and ad libitum-fed weanling rats with dorsomedial hypothalamic lesions. Physiol Behav 37:875-884, 1986a.
123. Bernardis LL, McEwen G, Kodis M. Body weight set point studies in weanling rats with dorsomedial hypothalamic lesions (DMNL rats). Brain Res Bull 17:451-460, 1986.
124. Bernardis LL, Bellinger LL, Kodis M, Feldman MJ. Normal catch-up growth in rats severely food-restricted prior to lesions of the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus: The first 48 hr. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 32:957-960, 1989.
125. Scharrer E, Baile CA, Mayer J. Effect of amino acids and protein on food intake of hyperphagic and recovered aphagic rats. Am J Physiol 218:400-404, 1970.
126. Tabuchi E, Ono T, Hishijo H, Torii K. Amino acid and NaCl appetite and LHA neuron responses of lysine-deficient rat. Physiol Behav 49:951-964, 1991.
127. Gietzen DW, Leung PMB, Rogers QR. Dietary amino acid imbalance and neurochemical changes in three hypothalamic areas. Physiol Behav 46:503-511, 1989.
128. Anand BK, Banerjee MG, Chhina GS. Activity of single neurons in the hypothalamic feeding centers: Effect on protein hydrolysate. Indian J Med Res 53:1172-1179, 1965.
129. Wang Y, Cummungs LS, Gietzen DW. Temporal spatial pattern of c-fos expression in the rat brain in response to indispensable amino acid deficiency. I. The initial reactivation phase. Mol Brain Res 40:27-34, 1996.
130. Bellinger LL, Evans JF, Gietzen DW. Dorsomedial hypothalamic lesions alter intake of an unbalanced amino acid diet. J Nutr 128:in press.
131. 127a. Stevenson JAF. Effect of hypothalamic lesions on water and energy metabolism in the rat. Recent Prog Horm Res 4:363-387, 1949.
132. Bellinger LL, Bernardis LL. Water regulation in weanling hypodipsic dorsomedial hypothalamic lesioned rats. Am J Physiol 242:R285-R295, 1982.
133. 128a. Kennedy G. The role of depot fat in the hypothalamic control of food intake in the rat. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 140:578-592, 1956.
134. Hervey GR. The effects of lesions in the hypothalamus of parabiotic rats. J Physiol 145:336-353, 1959.
135. Zheng Y, Potenca R, Maffei M, Barone M, Leopold L, Friedman JM. Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature (Lond) 372:425-432, 1994.
136. Weigle DS, Bukowski TR, Foster DC, Holderman S, Kramer JM, Lasser G, Lofton-Day CE, Prunkard DE, Raymond C, Kuijper JL. Recombinant ob protein reduces feeding and body weight in the ob/ob mouse. J Clin Invest 96:2065-2070, 1995.
137. Campfieid LA, Smith FJ, Guisez Y, Devos R, Burn P. Recombinant mouse ob protein: Evidence for a peripheral signal linking adiposity and central neural networks. Science Wash DC 269:546-549, 1995.
138. Pelleymounter MA, Cullen MJ, Baker MB, Hecht R, Winters D, Boene T, Collins F. Effects of the obese gene product on body weight regulation in ob/ob mouse. Science 269:540-543, 1995.
139. Halasz JL, Gajiwala KS, Maffeim M, Cohen SL, Chait BT, Rabinowitz D, Lallone RL, Burley SK, Friedman JM. Weight-reducing effects of the plasma protein encoded by the obese gene. Science 269:543-546, 1995.
140. Tartaglia LA, Dembski M, Weng X, Deng N, Culpepper J, Devos R, Richards GJ, Campfieid LA, Clark FT, Deeds J, Muir S, Sanker S, Moriarty A, Moore KJ, Smutko JS, Mays G, Woolf EA, Monroe CA, Tepper RJ. Identification and expression of cloning of a leptin receptor OB-R. Cell 83:126-127, 1995.
141. Schwartz MW, Seeley RS, Campfield AL, Bum P, Baskin DG. Identification of targets of leptin action in rat hypothalamus. J Clin Invest 98:1101-1106, 1996.
142. Van Dijk G, Thiele TE, Donahey JC, Campfieid LA, Smith FJ, Burn P. Bernstein IL, Woods SC, Seeley RJ. Central infusions of leptin and GLP-1 (7-36) amide differentially stimulate c-FLI in the rat brain. Am J Physiol 271:R1096-R1100, 1996.
143. Kreymann B, Yiangou Y, Kanse S, Williams G, Ghatel MA, Bloom SR. Isolation and characterization of GLP-1 (7-36) NH 2 from rat intestine. FEBS Lett 242:167-170, 1988.
144. Herrmann C, Coke R, Richter G, Fehman HC, Arnbold R, Goke B. Glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucose-dependent insulin-releasing polypeptide plasma levels in response to nutrients. Digestion 56:117-126, 1995.
145. Jin SL, Han VK, Simmons JE, Towley AC, Lander JM, Lund PK. Distribution of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucagon, and gli- centin in the rat brain: An immunocytochemical study. J Comp Neurol 271:519-532, 1988.
146. Turton MD, O'Shea D, Gunn L, Beak SA, Edwards CM, Meeran K, Choi SJ, Taylor GM, Heath MM, Lambert PD, Wilding JP, Smith DM, Ghatai MA, Herberte J, Bloom SR. A role for glucagon-like peptide-1 in the central regulation of feeding. Nature (Lond) 379:69-72, 1995.
147. Considine RV, Sinha MK, Heiman ML, Kriauciunas A, Stephens TW, Nyce MR, Ohannesian JP, Marco CC, McKee LJ, Bauer TL, Caro FJ. Serum immunoreactive leptin concentrations in normal-weight and obese humans. N Engl J Med 334:292-295, 1996.
148. Holst JJ. Glucagon-like peptide 1: A newly discovered gastrointestinal hormone. Gastroenterology 107:1848-1855, 1994.
149. Knapper JM, Health A, Fletcher JM, Morgan LM, Marks V. GIP and GLP-1 (7-36) amide secretion in response to intraduodenal infusions of nutrients in pigs. Comp Biochem Physiol C Pharmacol Toxicol Endocrinol 111:445-450, 1995.
150. Elmquist JK, Ahima RS, Flier JF, Saper CB. Leptin activates distinct projections from the dorsomedial and ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei. Proc US Acad Sci 95:741-756, 1998.
151. Banks WA, Kastin AJ, Huang W, Japan JB, Maness LM. Leptin enters the brain by a saturable mechanism. Peptides 17:305-311, 1996.
152. Elmquist JK, Ahima RS, Maratos-Flier E, Flier JS, and Saper CB. Leptin activates neurons in ventrolateral hypothalamus and brain stem. Endocrinology 132:839-842, 1997.
153. Bernardis LL, Bellinger LL. Relative normophagia and organ growth in growth-retarded weanling rats with ventromedial and dorsomedial hypothalamic lesions. J Neurosci Res 4:197-203, 1979.
154. Bernardis LL, Bellinger LL. Further nutritional characterization of the dorsomedial hypophagia: Diet consistency, finickincss, self-selection of diets, starvation, and realimentation and "stress eating." J Nutr 111:721-732, 1981.
155. Bernardis LL, Goldman JK. Growth and metabolic changes in weanling rats with lesions in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei. Exp Brain Res 15:424-429, 1972.
156. Bernardis LL, Bellinger LL. Somatic, endocrine, and metabolic changes in control pair-fed for six weeks to rats with dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus lesions (DMNL rats). Physiol Behav 48:789-794, 1990.
157. Bellinger LL, Costonguay TW, Bernardis LL. Hormone and somatic changes in rats pair-fed to growth-retarded dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei-lesioned rats. Brain Res Bull 34:117-124, 1994.
158. Hammond PB, Chernausek SD, Succop PA, Shukla R, Bornschein RL. Mechanisms by which lead depresses linear and ponderal growth in weanling rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 99:474-486, 1989.
159. Hammond PB, Dietrick KN. Lead exposure in early life: Health consequences. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 115:91-124, 1990.
160. Hammond PB, Succop PA. Effects of supplemental nutrition on lead-induced depression of growth and food consumption in weanling rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 131:80-84, 1995.
161. Angle CR, Thomas DJ, Swanson SA. Lead inhibits the basal and stimulated responses of a rat osteoblast-like cell line ROS 17/2.8 to 1-α,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 and IGF-I. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 103:281-287, 1990.
162. Govoni S, Montefusco O, Spano PF, Trabucchi M. Effect of chronic lead treatment on brain dopamine synthesis and serum prolactin release in the rat. Toxicol Lett 2:333-337, 1978.
163. Bernardis LL, Bellinger LL. Production of weanling rat ventromedial and dorsomedial hypothalamic syndromes by electrolytic lesions with Pt-Ir electrodes. Neuroendocrinology 22:97-106, 1976.
164. Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto L, Tuomisto J. The central nervous system may be involved in TCDD toxicity. Toxicology 58:167-174, 1989.
165. Russell DH, Buckler AR, Shah GN, Sipes IG, Blask DE, Benson B. Hypothalamic site of action of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 94:496-502, 1988.
166. Stahl BU, Rozman K. 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-induced appetite suppression in the Sprague-Dawley rat is not a direct effect on feed intake regulation in the brain. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 106:158-162, 1990.
167. Seefeld MD, Peterson RE. Digestible energy and efficiency of food utilization in rats treated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorobenzo-p-dioxin. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 74:214-222, 1984.
168. Mosier HD, Jansons RA. Effect of Z-irradiation of selected areas of the head of the newborn rat on growth. Pediatr Res 43:92-104, 1970.
169. Mosier HD. Growth failure in the head-irradiated rat. Horm Res 30:77-83, 1988.
170. Mosier HD, Crinella FM, Yu J, Culler FC, Jansons RA. Food efficiency in rats following brain lesions which affect target body size: Implications on the set point for target size. Growth. Dev Aging 57:223-231, 1993.
171. Mosier HD, Jansons RA. Pituitary content of somatotropin, gonadotropin, and thyrotropin in rats with stunted linear growth following head and X-ray irradiation. Proc Soc Exp Biol Mod 128:23-26, 1968.
172. Mosier HD, Jansons RA, Swingl KF. Growth hormone secretion in the stunted head-irradiated rat. Pediatr Res 19:543-548, 1985.
173. Savkovic NV. Effect of local irradiation of the head of 2-day old rats: Morphological and functional disorders and genetic changes in their progeny. In: Sikov MR, Mahlum DD, Eds. Radiation Biology of the Fetal and Juvenile Mammal. US Atomic Commission, Division of Technical Information. Publication CON-690501, pp453-474, 1969.
174. Bernardis LL. Normal plasma growth hormone levels in growth-retarded weanling rats with dorsomedial hypothalamic lesions. Exp Brain Res 18:374-382, 1973.
175. Bernardis LL, Bellinger LL, Goldman JK, MacKenzie RG. Dorsomedial hypothalamic lesions at weaning and ovariectomy after maturity: Somatic and metabolic changes. Physiol Behav 26:91-98, 1980.
176. Bernardis LL, Luboshitzky R. Hypothalamus and brown fat: White and brown adipose tissue lipolysis in weanling rats with dorsomedial hypothalamic lesions. Neural Res 5:69-81, 1983.
177. Shimizu N. Neurohistologische Untersuchungen zum Blutzuckerstich, Osaka Igakkai Zasshi 40:1029-1049; 1472-1488: 1632-1644, 1941.
178. Frohman LA, Bernardis LL. Effect of hypothalamic stimulation on plasma glucose, insulin, and glucagon levels. Am J Physiol 221:1596-1603, 1971.
179. Frohman LA, Bernardis LL, Stachura ME. Factors modifying plasma insulin and glucose responses in ventromedial hypothalamic stimulation. Metabolism 23:1047-1056, 1974.
180. Steffens AB, Scheurink AJ, Luiten PG, Bonus B. Hypothalamic food intake regulating areas are involved in the homeostasis of blood glucose and plasma FFA levels. Physiol Behav 44:581-589, 1988.
181. Zaia CT, Gaziri LC, Zaia DA, Delattre E, Dolnikoff MS. Timo-Taria C. Effect of chemical stimulation of the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus on blood glucose, triglycerides, and free fatty acids in rats. Brain Res Bull 42:195-198, 1997.
182. Dunn-Meynell AA, Govek E, Levin BE, Intracarotid glucose selectively increases fos-like immunoreactivity in paraventricular, ventromedial and dorsomedial nuclei neurons. Brain Res 748(1-2): 100-106, 1997.
183. Kurotsu T. Experimental and histological studies on the autonomic centers. Proc 12th Meeting Japan Med Assoc, pp99-111, 1947.
184. Ban T. Fiber connections in the hypothalamus and some autonomic functions. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 3(Suppl 11):3-13, 1975.
185. Jhanwar-Uniyal M, Papmichel MJ, Leibowitz SF. Glucose-dependent changes in alpha-2-noradrenergic receptors in hypothalamic nuclei. Physiol Behav 44:611-617, 1988.
186. Arase K, Sakaguchi T, Bray GA. Lateral hypothalamic lesions and activity of the central nervous system. Life Sci 41:657-662, 1987.
187. Niijima A. Effects of glucose and other hexones on efferent discharges on brown adipose tissue nerves. Am J Physiol 251:R240-R242, 1986.
188. Yoshimatsu H, Bray GA. Hypothalamic cholecystokinin stimulates sympathetic activity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 15(Suppl 3):42, 1991.
189. Yoshimatsu H, Egawa M, Bray GA. Effects of cholecystokinin on sympathetic activity to interscapular brown adipose tissue. Brain Res 597:298-303, 1992.
190. Yoshimatsu H, Egawa M, Bray GA. Adrenal sympathetic nerve activity in response to hypothalamic injections of 2-deoxy-D-glucose. Am J Physiol 261(4 Pt 2):R875-R881, 1991.
191. Bray GA. Reciprocal relation between the sympathetic nervous system and food intake. Brain Res Bull 27:517-520, 1991.
192. Oomura Y, Yoshimatsu H. Neural network of glucose monitoring system. Auton Nerv Syst 10:359-372, 1984.
193. Yoshimatsu H, Egawa M, Bray GA. Sympathetic nerve activity after discrete hypothalamic injections of L-glutamate. Brain Res 601:121-128, 1993.
194. Perkins MN, Rothwell NJ, Stock M, Stone TW. Activation of brown adipose tissue thermogenesis by the ventromedial hypothalamus. Nature 289:401-402, 1981.
195. Bernardis LL, Bellinger LL. Brown (BAT) and white (WAT) adipose tissue in high-fat junk food (HFJF) and chow-fed rats with dorsomedial hypothalamic lesions (DMNL). Behav Brain Res 43:191-195, 1991.
196. DiMicco JA, Soltis RP, Anderson JJ, Wible JH Jr. Hypothalamic mechanisms and cardiovascular response to stress. In: Kunos G, Ciriello J, Eds. Central Neural Mechanisms in Cardiovascular Regulation. Boston: Birkhauser, Vol. 2:52079, 1992.
197. Panksepp J. The psychoneurology of fear: Evolutionary perspectives and the role of animal models in understanding human anxiety. In: Burrows GD, Roth M, Noyes R Jr. Ed. Handbook of Anxiety: The Neurobiology of Anxiety, Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers BV, pp3-58, 1990.
198. Christmas AJ, Maxwell DR. A comparison of the effect of some benzodiazepines and other drugs on aggressive and exploratory behavior in mice and rats. Neuropharmacology 9:17-29, 1970.
199. File SE. The use of social interaction as a method for detecting anxiolytic activity in chlordiazepoxide-like drugs. J Neurosci Methods 2:219-238, 1980.
200. Fellow S, Chopin P, File SE, Briley M. Validation of open: Closed arm entries in an elevated plus-maze as a measure of anxiety in rats. J Neurosci Methods 14:149-167, 1985.
201. Kellogg CK, Sullivan AT, Bitran D, Ison JR. Modulation of noise-potentiated acoustic startle via the benzodiazepine-gammaaminobutyric receptor complex. Behav Neurosci 105:640-646, 1991.
202. Shekhar A, Keim SR. The circumventricular organs form a potential neural pathway for lactate sensitivity: Implications for panic disorder. J Neurosci 17(24):9726-9735, 1997.
203. Shekhar A, Katner JS, Rusche WP, Dajdyk TJ, Simon JR. Fear-potentiated startle elevates catecholamine levels in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus of rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 48:525-529, 1994.
204. Sajdyk TJ, Katner JS, Shekhar A. Monamines in the dorsomedial hypothalamus of rats following exposure to different tests of "anxiety." Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biologica. Psychiatry 21:193-209, 1997.
205. Nikolaev VI, Goraushkina EI, Nikolaeva AA. Effects of hypothalamic mediator systems on the hormonal changes in rabbit blood during prolonged electric stimulation of emotiogenic zones of the hypothalamus. Problemy Endokrinologii 40:53-56, 1994.
206. 200a. Nikolaev VI, Denisenko NP, Nikolaeva NV. Change in lipid peroxidation depending on hormonal reactions during lengthy electrical stimulation of the rabbit hypothalamic dorsomedial nucleus. Voprosy Meditsinskoi Khimii 41:33-36, 1995.
207. Nagao S, Honma Y, Mishiura T, Tsutsui T, Momma F, Kuyama H, Nishimoto A. The effect of brain-stem vasomotor centers on the neurogenic control of cerebrovascular tomus-Part 3: The effects of destruction and stimulation of the brain stem on intracranial pressure in acute subarachnoid hemorrhage. No Shinkei Geka-Neurological Surgery 14:1215-1220, 1986.
208. Zhu WJ, Zhang RB. Spinal mechanism of the inhibitory effect of somatic input on the cardiac ischemia induced by hypothalamus stimulation. Sheng Li Hsueh Pao 43:141-148, 1991a.
209. Zhu WJ, Zhang RB. Effect of hypothalamic stimulation on RMBF and SP content in IML of spinal cord in rabbits. Sheng Li Hsueh Pao 43:38-45, 1991b.
210. Kabat H, Magoun HW, Ranson JW. Electrical stimulation of points in the forebrain and midbrain: The resultant alterations in blood pressure. Arch Neurol 34:931-955, 1935.
211. Fan YP, Zhang RB. The role of accumbens nucleus in the inhibitory effect of somatic afferent inputs on the defense cardiovascular responses and its mechanism. Sheng Li Hsueh Pao Acta Physiologica, Sinica 47:149-154, 1995.
212. Berrino L, Pizzirusso A, Maione S, Vitigliano S, Damico M, Rossi F. Hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus involvement in the presser response to N-methyl-D-aspartic acid in the periequiductal grey matter. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Archives of Pharmacology 353:157-160, 1996.
213. Van der Plaas J, Wiersinga-Post JE, Macs FW, Bohus B. Cardiovascular effects and changes in midbrain periequiductal gray neuronal activity induced by electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus in the rat. Brain Res Bull 37:645-656, 1995.
214. Kunos G, Varga K. The tachycardia associated with the defense reactions involves activation of both GABA and GABA-B receptors in the nucleus tractus solitarii. Clin Exp Hypertens 17:91-100, 1995.
215. Greewood B, DiMicco JA. Activation of the hypothalamic dorsomedial nucleus stimulates intestinal motility in rats. Am J Physiol 268 (3 Pt 1):G514-G521, 1995.
216. Schvarcz JR. Results of stimulation and destruction of the posterior hypothalamus: A long-term evaluation. In: Sweet WH, Obrador S, Martin-Rodriguez JG, Eds. Neurosurgical Treatments in Psychiatry, Pain and Epilepsy. Baltimore, MD: University Park Press, pp429-438, 1977.
217. Hilton SM, Redfern WS. A search for brain stem cell groups integrating the defense reaction in the rat. J Physiol Lond 378:213-228, 1986.
218. Darlington DN, Miyamoto M, Dallman MF. Paraventricular stimulation with glutamate elicits bradycardia and pituitary responses. Am J Physiol 256(Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol 25):R112-R119, 1989.
219. DiMicco JA, Stotz-Potter EH, Monroe AJ, Morin SM. Role of the dorsomedial hypothalamic in the cardiovascular response to stress. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 23:171-176, 1996.
220. Shapiro RE, Miselis RR. The central neural connections of the area postrema of the rat. J Comp Neurol 234:344-364, 1985.
221. Hosoya Y, Matsushita M. A direct projection from the hypothalamus to the area postrema in the rat as demonstrated by the HRP and autoradiography methods. Brain Res 214:144-149, 1981.
222. Davis PJ, Collins BJ, Levine MW. Peripheral control of meal size: Interaction of gustatory stimulation and post-ingestional feedback. In: Novin D, Wyrwybka W, Bray G, Eds. Hunger: Basic Mechanisms and Clinical Implications. New York: Raven, p395, 1976.
223. Beckstead RM, Norgren R. An autoradiographic examination of the central distribution of the trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagal nerves in the monkey. J Comp Neurol 184:455-472, 1979.
224. Hyde TM, Miselis RR. Effects of area postrema/caudal medial nucleus of solitary tract lesions on food intake and body weight. Am J Physiol 244:R577-R587, 1983.
225. Lind RW, Swanson LW. New afferent and efferent neural connections of the subfomical organ. Neuroscience Meeting, Dallas TX Oct 1985, Vol II, Abstract 167.7.
226. Van Houten M, Posner BI. Circumventricular organs: Receptors and mediators of direct peptide hormone action on brain. In: Szabo AJ, Ed. Advances in Metabolic Disorders, Vol 10, Central Nervous System Regulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism. New York: Academic pp269-289, 1984.
227. Simerly RB, Swanson LW. Projections of the medial preoptic nucleus: A phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin anterograde tracttracing study in the rat. J Comp Neurol 270:209,242, 1988.