메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 32, Issue 7-8, 1998, Pages 802-817

Drug and environmental factors associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes: Part I: Antiepileptic drugs, contraceptives, smoking, and folate

Author keywords

Antiepileptic drugs; Contraceptives; Folate; Neural tube defect; Smoking

Indexed keywords

ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; CARBAMAZEPINE; CLOMIFENE; CLONAZEPAM; COLCHICINE; COTRIMOXAZOLE; CYCLOSERINE; DESOGESTREL; DIAZEPAM; EPOXIDE; ETHINYLESTRADIOL; FELBAMATE; FOLIC ACID; LAMOTRIGINE; LEVONORGESTREL; MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE; METHOTREXATE; ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENT; OXAZEPAM; PHENOBARBITAL; PHENYTOIN; PRIMIDONE; SALAZOSULFAPYRIDINE; STIRIPENTOL; TRIAMTERENE; TRIMETHOPRIM; UNINDEXED DRUG; VALPROIC ACID;

EID: 0031852410     PISSN: 10600280     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1345/aph.17297     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (41)

References (171)
  • 1
    • 0014414409 scopus 로고
    • Anticonvulsant drugs and congenital abnormalities
    • Meadow SR. Anticonvulsant drugs and congenital abnormalities (letter). Lancet 1968;2:1296.
    • (1968) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 1296
    • Meadow, S.R.1
  • 2
    • 0016798512 scopus 로고
    • The fetal hydantoin syndrome
    • Hanson JW, Smith DW. The fetal hydantoin syndrome. J Pediatr 1975; 87:285-90.
    • (1975) J Pediatr , vol.87 , pp. 285-290
    • Hanson, J.W.1    Smith, D.W.2
  • 3
    • 0017145488 scopus 로고
    • Risks to the offspring of women treated with hydantoin anticonvulsants, with emphasis on the fetal hydantoin syndrome
    • Hanson JW, Myrianthopoulos NC, Harvey MAS, Smith DW. Risks to the offspring of women treated with hydantoin anticonvulsants, with emphasis on the fetal hydantoin syndrome. J Pediatr 1976;89:662-8.
    • (1976) J Pediatr , vol.89 , pp. 662-668
    • Hanson, J.W.1    Myrianthopoulos, N.C.2    Harvey, M.A.S.3    Smith, D.W.4
  • 4
    • 0026611722 scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of anticonvulsant drugs during pregnancy in a population-based Hungarian study
    • Czeizel AE, Bod M, Halasz P. Evaluation of anticonvulsant drugs during pregnancy in a population-based Hungarian study. Eur J Epidemiol 1992;8:122-7.
    • (1992) Eur J Epidemiol , vol.8 , pp. 122-127
    • Czeizel, A.E.1    Bod, M.2    Halasz, P.3
  • 5
    • 0026281619 scopus 로고
    • Parental epilepsy, anticonvulsant drugs, and reproductive outcome: Epidemiologic and experimental findings spanning three decades. II human studies
    • Dansky LV, Finnell RH. Parental epilepsy, anticonvulsant drugs, and reproductive outcome: epidemiologic and experimental findings spanning three decades. II human studies. Reprod Toxicol 1991;5:301-35.
    • (1991) Reprod Toxicol , vol.5 , pp. 301-335
    • Dansky, L.V.1    Finnell, R.H.2
  • 7
    • 0026843021 scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of teratogenesis: Folic acid and antiepileptic therapy
    • Dansky LV, Rosenblatt DS, Andermann E. Mechanisms of teratogenesis: folic acid and antiepileptic therapy. Neurology 1992;42(suppl 5):32-42.
    • (1992) Neurology , vol.42 , Issue.5 SUPPL. , pp. 32-42
    • Dansky, L.V.1    Rosenblatt, D.S.2    Andermann, E.3
  • 8
    • 0027506286 scopus 로고
    • Folates and fetal development
    • Hibbard BM. Folates and fetal development. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1993; 100:307-9.
    • (1993) Br J Obstet Gynaecol , vol.100 , pp. 307-309
    • Hibbard, B.M.1
  • 10
    • 0028863219 scopus 로고
    • Folate levels and neural tube defects: Implications for prevention
    • Daly LE, Kirke PN, Molloy A, Weir DG, Scott JM. Folate levels and neural tube defects: implications for prevention. JAMA 1995;274:1698-702.
    • (1995) JAMA , vol.274 , pp. 1698-1702
    • Daly, L.E.1    Kirke, P.N.2    Molloy, A.3    Weir, D.G.4    Scott, J.M.5
  • 14
    • 0028364178 scopus 로고
    • Homocysteine increases as folate decreases in plasma of healthy men during short-term dietary folate and methyl group restriction
    • Jacob RA, Wu M, Henning SM, Swendseid ME. Homocysteine increases as folate decreases in plasma of healthy men during short-term dietary folate and methyl group restriction. J Nutr 1994;124:1072-80.
    • (1994) J Nutr , vol.124 , pp. 1072-1080
    • Jacob, R.A.1    Wu, M.2    Henning, S.M.3    Swendseid, M.E.4
  • 15
    • 0027382008 scopus 로고
    • Vitamin status and intake as primary determinants of homocysteinemia in an elderly population
    • Selhub J, Jacques PF, Wilson PWF, Rush D, Rosenberg IH. Vitamin status and intake as primary determinants of homocysteinemia in an elderly population. JAMA 1993;270:2693-8.
    • (1993) JAMA , vol.270 , pp. 2693-2698
    • Selhub, J.1    Jacques, P.F.2    Wilson, P.W.F.3    Rush, D.4    Rosenberg, I.H.5
  • 16
    • 0029881624 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • More folic acid for everyone, now
    • Oakley GP, Adams MJ, Dickinson CM. More folic acid for everyone, now. J Nutr 1996;126(suppl):751S-5S.
    • (1996) J Nutr , vol.126 , Issue.SUPPL.
    • Oakley, G.P.1    Adams, M.J.2    Dickinson, C.M.3
  • 17
    • 0021160005 scopus 로고
    • 12 deficiency in pregnancy and in the neonatal period
    • 12 deficiency in pregnancy and in the neonatal period. Clin Perinatol 1984;11:433-59.
    • (1984) Clin Perinatol , vol.11 , pp. 433-459
    • Shojania, A.M.1
  • 19
    • 0029089183 scopus 로고
    • Periconceptional folic acid supplementation as a social intervention
    • Rose NC, Mennuti MT. Periconceptional folic acid supplementation as a social intervention. Semin Perinatol 1995;19:243-54.
    • (1995) Semin Perinatol , vol.19 , pp. 243-254
    • Rose, N.C.1    Mennuti, M.T.2
  • 20
    • 0025292327 scopus 로고
    • The role of nutrition in neural tube defects
    • Scott JM, Kirke PN, Weir DG. The role of nutrition in neural tube defects. Annu Rev Nutr 1990;10:277-95.
    • (1990) Annu Rev Nutr , vol.10 , pp. 277-295
    • Scott, J.M.1    Kirke, P.N.2    Weir, D.G.3
  • 22
    • 0028969815 scopus 로고
    • Multiple sites of anterior neural tube closure in humans: Evidence from anterior neural tube defects (anencephaly)
    • Golden JA, Chemoff GF. Multiple sites of anterior neural tube closure in humans: evidence from anterior neural tube defects (anencephaly). Pediatrics 1995;95:506-10.
    • (1995) Pediatrics , vol.95 , pp. 506-510
    • Golden, J.A.1    Chemoff, G.F.2
  • 24
    • 0025730095 scopus 로고
    • The epidemiology of neural tube defects: A review of dietary intake and related factors as etiologic agents
    • Slattery ML, Janerich DT. The epidemiology of neural tube defects: a review of dietary intake and related factors as etiologic agents. Am J Epidemiol 1991;133:526-40.
    • (1991) Am J Epidemiol , vol.133 , pp. 526-540
    • Slattery, M.L.1    Janerich, D.T.2
  • 25
    • 0029795674 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of prenatal diagnosis and elective termination on prevalence and risk estimates of neural tube defects in California, 1989-1991
    • Velie EM, Shaw GM. Impact of prenatal diagnosis and elective termination on prevalence and risk estimates of neural tube defects in California, 1989-1991. Am J Epidemiol 1996;144:473-9.
    • (1996) Am J Epidemiol , vol.144 , pp. 473-479
    • Velie, E.M.1    Shaw, G.M.2
  • 26
    • 0028832419 scopus 로고
    • Impact of prenatal diagnosis on the birth prevalence of neural tube defects, Atlanta, 1990-1991
    • Roberts HE, Moore CA, Cragan JD, Fernhoff PM, Khoury MJ. Impact of prenatal diagnosis on the birth prevalence of neural tube defects, Atlanta, 1990-1991. Pediatrics 1995;96:880-3.
    • (1995) Pediatrics , vol.96 , pp. 880-883
    • Roberts, H.E.1    Moore, C.A.2    Cragan, J.D.3    Fernhoff, P.M.4    Khoury, M.J.5
  • 27
    • 0029652028 scopus 로고
    • Surveillance for anencephaly and spina bifida and the impact of prenatal diagnosis - United States, 1985-1994
    • Surveillance for anencephaly and spina bifida and the impact of prenatal diagnosis - United States, 1985-1994. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1995;44:1-13.
    • (1995) MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep , vol.44 , pp. 1-13
  • 28
    • 0038629489 scopus 로고
    • Glutathione peroxidase deficiency in families with neural tube defects
    • Graf W, Pippenger CE. Glutathione peroxidase deficiency in families with neural tube defects (abstract). Ann Neurol 1993;34:476-7.
    • (1993) Ann Neurol , vol.34 , pp. 476-477
    • Graf, W.1    Pippenger, C.E.2
  • 29
    • 0028892025 scopus 로고
    • Neural tube defects - Why are rates high among populations of Mexican descent?
    • Harris JA, Shaw GM. Neural tube defects - why are rates high among populations of Mexican descent? Environ Health Perspect 1995;103 (suppl 6):163-4.
    • (1995) Environ Health Perspect , vol.103 , Issue.6 SUPPL. , pp. 163-164
    • Harris, J.A.1    Shaw, G.M.2
  • 30
    • 0030054078 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hispanic origin and neural tube defects in Houston/Harris County, Texas: 1. Descriptive epidemiology
    • Canfield MA, Annegers JF, Brender JD, Cooper SP, Greenberg F. Hispanic origin and neural tube defects in Houston/Harris County, Texas: 1. Descriptive epidemiology. Am J Epidemiol 1996;143:1-11.
    • (1996) Am J Epidemiol , vol.143 , pp. 1-11
    • Canfield, M.A.1    Annegers, J.F.2    Brender, J.D.3    Cooper, S.P.4    Greenberg, F.5
  • 33
    • 0028846638 scopus 로고
    • Looking for causes of neural tube defects: Where does the environment fit in?
    • Sever LE. Looking for causes of neural tube defects: where does the environment fit in? Environ Health Perspect 1995;103(suppl 6):165-71.
    • (1995) Environ Health Perspect , vol.103 , Issue.6 SUPPL. , pp. 165-171
    • Sever, L.E.1
  • 34
    • 0027309438 scopus 로고
    • Case-control study of congenital defects and parental employment in health care
    • Matte TD, Mulinare J, Erickson JD. Case-control study of congenital defects and parental employment in health care. Am J Ind Med 1993;24: 11-23.
    • (1993) Am J Ind Med , vol.24 , pp. 11-23
    • Matte, T.D.1    Mulinare, J.2    Erickson, J.D.3
  • 36
    • 0031020260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Involvement of deprivation and environmental lead in neural tube defects: A matched case-control study
    • Bound JP, Harvey PW, Francis BJ, Awwad F, Gatrell AC. Involvement of deprivation and environmental lead in neural tube defects: a matched case-control study. Arch Dis Child 1997;76:107-12.
    • (1997) Arch Dis Child , vol.76 , pp. 107-112
    • Bound, J.P.1    Harvey, P.W.2    Francis, B.J.3    Awwad, F.4    Gatrell, A.C.5
  • 37
    • 0028072257 scopus 로고
    • Periconceptional folate supplementation and neural tube defects
    • Rose NC, Mennuti MT. Periconceptional folate supplementation and neural tube defects. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1994;37:605-20.
    • (1994) Clin Obstet Gynecol , vol.37 , pp. 605-620
    • Rose, N.C.1    Mennuti, M.T.2
  • 38
    • 0025017481 scopus 로고
    • Diabetes mellitus during pregnancy and the risks for specific birth defects: A population-based case control study
    • Becerra JE, Khoury MJ, Cordero JF, Erickson JD. Diabetes mellitus during pregnancy and the risks for specific birth defects: a population-based case control study. Pediatrics 1990;85:1-9.
    • (1990) Pediatrics , vol.85 , pp. 1-9
    • Becerra, J.E.1    Khoury, M.J.2    Cordero, J.F.3    Erickson, J.D.4
  • 39
    • 0019981907 scopus 로고
    • Vitamin A concentration in amniotic fluid and maternal serum related to neural-tube defects
    • Parkinson CE, Tan JCY, Gal I. Vitamin A concentration in amniotic fluid and maternal serum related to neural-tube defects. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1982;89:935-9.
    • (1982) Br J Obstet Gynaecol , vol.89 , pp. 935-939
    • Parkinson, C.E.1    Tan, J.C.Y.2    Gal, I.3
  • 40
    • 0038736175 scopus 로고
    • Vitamin A in relation to human congenital malformations
    • Gal I, Sharman IM, Pryse-Davies J. Vitamin A in relation to human congenital malformations. Adv Teratol 1972;5:143-59.
    • (1972) Adv Teratol , vol.5 , pp. 143-159
    • Gal, I.1    Sharman, I.M.2    Pryse-Davies, J.3
  • 45
    • 0029026415 scopus 로고
    • Low levels of selenium in mothers and their newborns in pregnancies with a neural tube defect
    • Guvenc H, Karatas F, Guvenc M, Kunc S, Aygun AD, Bektas S. Low levels of selenium in mothers and their newborns in pregnancies with a neural tube defect. Pediatrics 1995;95:879-82.
    • (1995) Pediatrics , vol.95 , pp. 879-882
    • Guvenc, H.1    Karatas, F.2    Guvenc, M.3    Kunc, S.4    Aygun, A.D.5    Bektas, S.6
  • 46
    • 0028879698 scopus 로고
    • Pantothenic acid decreases valproic acid-induced neural tube defects in mice (I)
    • Sato M, Shirota M, Nagao T. Pantothenic acid decreases valproic acid-induced neural tube defects in mice (I). Teratology 1995;52:143-8.
    • (1995) Teratology , vol.52 , pp. 143-148
    • Sato, M.1    Shirota, M.2    Nagao, T.3
  • 47
    • 0029799199 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is maternal obesity a risk factor for anencephaly and spina bifida?
    • Watkins ML, Scanlon KS, Mulinare J, Khoury MJ. Is maternal obesity a risk factor for anencephaly and spina bifida? Epidemiology 1996;7:507-12.
    • (1996) Epidemiology , vol.7 , pp. 507-512
    • Watkins, M.L.1    Scanlon, K.S.2    Mulinare, J.3    Khoury, M.J.4
  • 48
    • 0029869817 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk of neural tube defect-affected pregnancies among obese women
    • Shaw GM, Velie EM, Schaffer D. Risk of neural tube defect-affected pregnancies among obese women. JAMA 1996;275:1093-6.
    • (1996) JAMA , vol.275 , pp. 1093-1096
    • Shaw, G.M.1    Velie, E.M.2    Schaffer, D.3
  • 49
    • 0029869816 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prepregnant weight in relation to risk of neural tube defects
    • Werler MM, Louik C, Shapiro S, Mitchell AA. Prepregnant weight in relation to risk of neural tube defects. JAMA 1996;275:1089-92.
    • (1996) JAMA , vol.275 , pp. 1089-1092
    • Werler, M.M.1    Louik, C.2    Shapiro, S.3    Mitchell, A.A.4
  • 50
    • 0028018433 scopus 로고
    • Survival of infants with neural tube defects in Western Australia 1966-1990
    • Kalucy M, Bower C, Stanley F, Burton P. Survival of infants with neural tube defects in Western Australia 1966-1990. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 1994;8:334-51.
    • (1994) Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol , vol.8 , pp. 334-351
    • Kalucy, M.1    Bower, C.2    Stanley, F.3    Burton, P.4
  • 51
    • 0025058440 scopus 로고
    • Open spina bifida: Outcome for a complete cohort treated unselectively and followed into adulthood
    • Hunt GM. Open spina bifida: outcome for a complete cohort treated unselectively and followed into adulthood. Dev Med Child Neurol 1990; 32:108-18.
    • (1990) Dev Med Child Neurol , vol.32 , pp. 108-118
    • Hunt, G.M.1
  • 53
    • 0026509087 scopus 로고
    • Maternal vitamin levels during pregnancies producing infants with neural tube defects
    • Mills JL, Tuomilehto J, Yu KF, Colman N, Blaner WS, Koskela P, et al. Maternal vitamin levels during pregnancies producing infants with neural tube defects. J Pediatr 1992;120:863-71.
    • (1992) J Pediatr , vol.120 , pp. 863-871
    • Mills, J.L.1    Tuomilehto, J.2    Yu, K.F.3    Colman, N.4    Blaner, W.S.5    Koskela, P.6
  • 55
    • 0028360869 scopus 로고
    • Investigation of folate intake and metabolism in women who have had two pregnancies complicated by neural tube defects
    • Wild J, Seller MJ, Schorah CJ, Smithells RW. Investigation of folate intake and metabolism in women who have had two pregnancies complicated by neural tube defects. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1994;101:197-202.
    • (1994) Br J Obstet Gynaecol , vol.101 , pp. 197-202
    • Wild, J.1    Seller, M.J.2    Schorah, C.J.3    Smithells, R.W.4
  • 56
    • 0027983904 scopus 로고
    • The methylfolate axis in neural tube defects: In vitro characterisation and clinical investigation
    • Lucock MD, Wild J, Schorah CJ, Levene MI, Hartley R. The methylfolate axis in neural tube defects: in vitro characterisation and clinical investigation. Biochem Med Metabol Biol 1994;52:101-14.
    • (1994) Biochem Med Metabol Biol , vol.52 , pp. 101-114
    • Lucock, M.D.1    Wild, J.2    Schorah, C.J.3    Levene, M.I.4    Hartley, R.5
  • 60
    • 0031045995 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maternal smoking and orofacial clefts
    • Kallen K. Maternal smoking and orofacial clefts. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 1997;34:11-6.
    • (1997) Cleft Palate Craniofac J , vol.34 , pp. 11-16
    • Kallen, K.1
  • 61
    • 0024596131 scopus 로고
    • Does maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy cause cleft lip and palate in offspring?
    • Khoury MJ, Gomez-Farias M, Mulinare J. Does maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy cause cleft lip and palate in offspring? Am J Dis Child 1989;143:333-7.
    • (1989) Am J Dis Child , vol.143 , pp. 333-337
    • Khoury, M.J.1    Gomez-Farias, M.2    Mulinare, J.3
  • 66
    • 0019294787 scopus 로고
    • Multiinstitutional study on the teratogenicity and fetal toxicity of antiepileptic drugs: A report of a collaborative study group in Japan
    • Nakane Y, Okuma T, Takahashi R, Sato Y, Wada T, Sato T, et al. Multiinstitutional study on the teratogenicity and fetal toxicity of antiepileptic drugs: a report of a collaborative study group in Japan. Epilepsia 1980; 21:663-80.
    • (1980) Epilepsia , vol.21 , pp. 663-680
    • Nakane, Y.1    Okuma, T.2    Takahashi, R.3    Sato, Y.4    Wada, T.5    Sato, T.6
  • 67
    • 0026004960 scopus 로고
    • Differences in phenytoin biotransformation and susceptibility to congenital malformations: A review
    • Van Dyke DC, Berg MJ, Olson CH. Differences in phenytoin biotransformation and susceptibility to congenital malformations: a review. DICP Ann Pharmacother 1991;25:987-92.
    • (1991) DICP Ann Pharmacother , vol.25 , pp. 987-992
    • Van Dyke, D.C.1    Berg, M.J.2    Olson, C.H.3
  • 69
    • 0028197242 scopus 로고
    • Neurodevelopment of children exposed in utero to phenytoin and carbamazepine monotherapy
    • Scolnik D, Nulman I, Rovet J, Gladstone D, Czuchta D, Gardner HA, et al. Neurodevelopment of children exposed in utero to phenytoin and carbamazepine monotherapy. JAMA 1994;271:767-70.
    • (1994) JAMA , vol.271 , pp. 767-770
    • Scolnik, D.1    Nulman, I.2    Rovet, J.3    Gladstone, D.4    Czuchta, D.5    Gardner, H.A.6
  • 70
    • 0026761324 scopus 로고
    • The effects of prenatal exposure to phenytoin and other anticonvulsants on intellectual function at 4 to 8 years of age
    • Vanoverloop D, Schnell RR, Harvey EA, Holmes LB. The effects of prenatal exposure to phenytoin and other anticonvulsants on intellectual function at 4 to 8 years of age. Neurotoxicol Teratol 1992;14:329-35.
    • (1992) Neurotoxicol Teratol , vol.14 , pp. 329-335
    • Vanoverloop, D.1    Schnell, R.R.2    Harvey, E.A.3    Holmes, L.B.4
  • 71
    • 0026303466 scopus 로고
    • Parental epilepsy, anticonvulant drugs, and experimental findings spanning three decades. I animal studies
    • Finnell RH, Dansky LV. Parental epilepsy, anticonvulant drugs, and experimental findings spanning three decades. I animal studies. Reprod Toxicol 1991;5:281-99.
    • (1991) Reprod Toxicol , vol.5 , pp. 281-299
    • Finnell, R.H.1    Dansky, L.V.2
  • 72
    • 0024772798 scopus 로고
    • The fetal hydantoin syndrome: Answers from a mouse model
    • Finnell RH, Abbott LC, Taylor SM. The fetal hydantoin syndrome: answers from a mouse model. Reprod Toxicol 1989;3:127-33.
    • (1989) Reprod Toxicol , vol.3 , pp. 127-133
    • Finnell, R.H.1    Abbott, L.C.2    Taylor, S.M.3
  • 73
    • 0028299243 scopus 로고
    • Epilepsy and pregnancy: A prospective study of seizure control in relation to free and total plasma concentrations of carbamazepine and phenytoin
    • Tomson T, Lindbom U, Ekqvist B, Sundqvist A. Epilepsy and pregnancy: a prospective study of seizure control in relation to free and total plasma concentrations of carbamazepine and phenytoin. Epilepsia 1994; 35:122-30.
    • (1994) Epilepsia , vol.35 , pp. 122-130
    • Tomson, T.1    Lindbom, U.2    Ekqvist, B.3    Sundqvist, A.4
  • 74
    • 0028295778 scopus 로고
    • Disposition of carbamazepine and phenytoin in pregnancy
    • Tomson T, Lindbom U, Ekqvist B, Sundqvist A. Disposition of carbamazepine and phenytoin in pregnancy. Epilepsia 1994;35:131-5.
    • (1994) Epilepsia , vol.35 , pp. 131-135
    • Tomson, T.1    Lindbom, U.2    Ekqvist, B.3    Sundqvist, A.4
  • 75
    • 0025726584 scopus 로고
    • Plasma antiepileptic drug concentrations during pregnancy
    • Lander CM, Eadie MJ. Plasma antiepileptic drug concentrations during pregnancy. Epilepsia 1991;32:257-66.
    • (1991) Epilepsia , vol.32 , pp. 257-266
    • Lander, C.M.1    Eadie, M.J.2
  • 77
    • 0024410655 scopus 로고
    • The effect of pregnancy in humans on the pharmacokinetics of stable isotope labelled phenytoin
    • Dickinson RG, Hooper WD, Wood B, Lander CM, Eadie MJ. The effect of pregnancy in humans on the pharmacokinetics of stable isotope labelled phenytoin. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1989;28:17-27.
    • (1989) Br J Clin Pharmacol , vol.28 , pp. 17-27
    • Dickinson, R.G.1    Hooper, W.D.2    Wood, B.3    Lander, C.M.4    Eadie, M.J.5
  • 78
  • 81
    • 0028268251 scopus 로고
    • Protection from phenytoin-induced congenital malformations by coadministration of the antiepileptic drug stiripentol in a mouse model
    • Finnell RH, Kerr BM, Van Waes M, Steward RL, Levy RH. Protection from phenytoin-induced congenital malformations by coadministration of the antiepileptic drug stiripentol in a mouse model. Epilepsia 1994; 35:141-8.
    • (1994) Epilepsia , vol.35 , pp. 141-148
    • Finnell, R.H.1    Kerr, B.M.2    Van Waes, M.3    Steward, R.L.4    Levy, R.H.5
  • 82
    • 0021222571 scopus 로고
    • Decreased hepatic 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase activity in mice after chronic phenytoin treatment
    • Billings RE. Decreased hepatic 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase activity in mice after chronic phenytoin treatment. Mol Pharmacol 1984;25:459-66.
    • (1984) Mol Pharmacol , vol.25 , pp. 459-466
    • Billings, R.E.1
  • 83
    • 0021822857 scopus 로고
    • Phenytoin teratogenicity and effects on embryonic and maternal folate metabolism
    • Hansen DK, Billings RE. Phenytoin teratogenicity and effects on embryonic and maternal folate metabolism. Teratology 1985;31:363-71.
    • (1985) Teratology , vol.31 , pp. 363-371
    • Hansen, D.K.1    Billings, R.E.2
  • 84
    • 0030248574 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Embryofoetopathie au valproate: Une pathologie encore trop mal connue. A propos de quatre observations
    • Espinasse M, Manouvrier S, Boute O, Farriaux JP. Embryofoetopathie au valproate: une pathologie encore trop mal connue. A propos de quatre observations. Arch Pediatr 1996;3:896-9.
    • (1996) Arch Pediatr , vol.3 , pp. 896-899
    • Espinasse, M.1    Manouvrier, S.2    Boute, O.3    Farriaux, J.P.4
  • 85
    • 0024399184 scopus 로고
    • Pattern of malformations in the children of women treated with carbamazepine during pregnancy
    • Jones KL, Lacro RV, Johnson KA, Adams J. Pattern of malformations in the children of women treated with carbamazepine during pregnancy. N Engl J Med 1989;320:1661-6.
    • (1989) N Engl J Med , vol.320 , pp. 1661-1666
    • Jones, K.L.1    Lacro, R.V.2    Johnson, K.A.3    Adams, J.4
  • 86
    • 0012967624 scopus 로고
    • General principles: Teratogenicity of antiepileptic drugs
    • Levy RH, Mattson RH, Meldrum BS, eds. New York: Raven Press
    • Finnell RH, Nau H, Yerby MS. General principles: teratogenicity of antiepileptic drugs. In: Levy RH, Mattson RH, Meldrum BS, eds. Antiepileptic drugs. 4th ed. New York: Raven Press, 1995:209-30.
    • (1995) Antiepileptic Drugs. 4th Ed. , pp. 209-230
    • Finnell, R.H.1    Nau, H.2    Yerby, M.S.3
  • 87
    • 0026030573 scopus 로고
    • Spina bifida in infants of women treated with carbamazepine during pregnancy
    • Rosa FW. Spina bifida in infants of women treated with carbamazepine during pregnancy. N Engl J Med 1991;324:674-7.
    • (1991) N Engl J Med , vol.324 , pp. 674-677
    • Rosa, F.W.1
  • 88
    • 0025960692 scopus 로고
    • Antiepileptic medication in pregnancy: Late effects on the children's central nervous system development
    • Van der pol MC, Hadders-Algra M, Huisjes HJ, Touwen BCL. Antiepileptic medication in pregnancy: late effects on the children's central nervous system development. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991;164:121-8.
    • (1991) Am J Obstet Gynecol , vol.164 , pp. 121-128
    • Van Der Pol, M.C.1    Hadders-Algra, M.2    Huisjes, H.J.3    Touwen, B.C.L.4
  • 89
    • 0030299983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outcome of children born to epileptic mothers treated with carbamazepine during pregnancy
    • Ornoy A, Cohen E. Outcome of children born to epileptic mothers treated with carbamazepine during pregnancy. Arch Dis Child 1996;75:517-20.
    • (1996) Arch Dis Child , vol.75 , pp. 517-520
    • Ornoy, A.1    Cohen, E.2
  • 90
    • 0021332620 scopus 로고
    • Teratogenicity of antiepileptic drug combinations with special emphasis on epoxidation (of carbamazepine)
    • Lindhout D, Hoppener RJEA, Meinardi H. Teratogenicity of antiepileptic drug combinations with special emphasis on epoxidation (of carbamazepine). Epilepsia 1984;25:77-83.
    • (1984) Epilepsia , vol.25 , pp. 77-83
    • Lindhout, D.1    Hoppener, R.J.E.A.2    Meinardi, H.3
  • 91
    • 0029552422 scopus 로고
    • Effect of treatment with phenobarbital and stiripentol on carbamazepine-induced teratogenicity and reactive metabolite formation
    • Finnell RH, Bennett GD, Slattery JT, Amore BM, Bajpai M, Levy RH. Effect of treatment with phenobarbital and stiripentol on carbamazepine-induced teratogenicity and reactive metabolite formation. Teratology 1995;52:324-32.
    • (1995) Teratology , vol.52 , pp. 324-332
    • Finnell, R.H.1    Bennett, G.D.2    Slattery, J.T.3    Amore, B.M.4    Bajpai, M.5    Levy, R.H.6
  • 92
    • 0019943881 scopus 로고
    • Interactions between folates and carbamazepine or valproate in the rat
    • Smith DB, Carl GF. Interactions between folates and carbamazepine or valproate in the rat. Neurology 1982;32:965-9.
    • (1982) Neurology , vol.32 , pp. 965-969
    • Smith, D.B.1    Carl, G.F.2
  • 93
    • 15644364811 scopus 로고
    • Serum folate concentrations in epileptic patients treated with carbamazepine and valproate
    • Calandre EP, Jorde F, Rodriguez E. Serum folate concentrations in epileptic patients treated with carbamazepine and valproate (abstract). Epilepsia 1991;32(suppl 1):75.
    • (1991) Epilepsia , vol.32 , Issue.1 SUPPL. , pp. 75
    • Calandre, E.P.1    Jorde, F.2    Rodriguez, E.3
  • 94
    • 0026845320 scopus 로고
    • The risk of spina bifida aperta after first-trimester exposure to valproate in a prenatal cohort
    • Omtzigt JGC, Los FJ, Grobbee DE, Pijpers L, Jahoda MGJ, Brandenburg H, et al. The risk of spina bifida aperta after first-trimester exposure to valproate in a prenatal cohort. Neurology 1992;42(suppl 5): 119-25.
    • (1992) Neurology , vol.42 , Issue.5 SUPPL. , pp. 119-125
    • Omtzigt, J.G.C.1    Los, F.J.2    Grobbee, D.E.3    Pijpers, L.4    Jahoda, M.G.J.5    Brandenburg, H.6
  • 95
    • 0026846163 scopus 로고
    • Spectrum of neural-tube defects in 34 infants prenatally exposed to antiepileptic drugs
    • Lindhout D, Omtzigt JGC, Cornel MC. Spectrum of neural-tube defects in 34 infants prenatally exposed to antiepileptic drugs. Neurology 1992; 42(suppl 5):111-8.
    • (1992) Neurology , vol.42 , Issue.5 SUPPL. , pp. 111-118
    • Lindhout, D.1    Omtzigt, J.G.C.2    Cornel, M.C.3
  • 96
    • 0026001902 scopus 로고
    • Valproic acid-induced neural tube defects in mouse and human: Aspects of chirality, alternative drug development, pharmacokinetics and possible mechanisms
    • Nau H, Hauck R, Ehlers K. Valproic acid-induced neural tube defects in mouse and human: aspects of chirality, alternative drug development, pharmacokinetics and possible mechanisms. Pharmacol Toxicol 1991;69:310-21.
    • (1991) Pharmacol Toxicol , vol.69 , pp. 310-321
    • Nau, H.1    Hauck, R.2    Ehlers, K.3
  • 98
    • 0022902799 scopus 로고
    • Fetal valproate syndrome
    • Chessa L, Iannetti P. Fetal valproate syndrome (letter). Am J Med Genet 1986;24:381-2.
    • (1986) Am J Med Genet , vol.24 , pp. 381-382
    • Chessa, L.1    Iannetti, P.2
  • 99
    • 0022635244 scopus 로고
    • Fetal growth, major malformations, and minor anomalies in infants born to women receiving valproic acid
    • Jager-Roman E, Deichl A, Jakob S, Hartmann A, Koch S, Rating D, et al. Fetal growth, major malformations, and minor anomalies in infants born to women receiving valproic acid. J Pediatr 1986;108:997-1004.
    • (1986) J Pediatr , vol.108 , pp. 997-1004
    • Jager-Roman, E.1    Deichl, A.2    Jakob, S.3    Hartmann, A.4    Koch, S.5    Rating, D.6
  • 100
    • 0023788265 scopus 로고
    • Congenital abnormalities in two sibs exposed to valproic acid in utero
    • Chitayat D, Farrell K, Anderson L, Hall JG. Congenital abnormalities in two sibs exposed to valproic acid in utero. Am J Med Genet 1988; 31:369-73.
    • (1988) Am J Med Genet , vol.31 , pp. 369-373
    • Chitayat, D.1    Farrell, K.2    Anderson, L.3    Hall, J.G.4
  • 102
    • 0027427808 scopus 로고
    • Malformations, withdrawal manifestations, and hypoglycaemia after exposure to valproate in utero
    • Thisted E, Ebbesen F. Malformations, withdrawal manifestations, and hypoglycaemia after exposure to valproate in utero. Arch Dis Child 1993;69:288-91.
    • (1993) Arch Dis Child , vol.69 , pp. 288-291
    • Thisted, E.1    Ebbesen, F.2
  • 103
    • 0028220791 scopus 로고
    • Fetal valproate syndrome: Clinical and neuro-developmental features in two sibling pairs
    • Christianson AL, Chesler N, Kromberg JGR. Fetal valproate syndrome: clinical and neuro-developmental features in two sibling pairs. Dev Med Child Neurol 1994;36:361-9.
    • (1994) Dev Med Child Neurol , vol.36 , pp. 361-369
    • Christianson, A.L.1    Chesler, N.2    Kromberg, J.G.R.3
  • 104
    • 0023620111 scopus 로고
    • Fetal valproate syndrome: Is there a recognisable phenotype?
    • Winter RM, Donnai D, Burn J, Tucker SM. Fetal valproate syndrome: is there a recognisable phenotype? J Med Genet 1987;24:692-5.
    • (1987) J Med Genet , vol.24 , pp. 692-695
    • Winter, R.M.1    Donnai, D.2    Burn, J.3    Tucker, S.M.4
  • 105
    • 0029810007 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antiepileptic drug treatment in pregnancy: Drug side effects in the neonate and neurological outcome
    • Koch S, Jagar-Roman E, Losche G, Nau H, Rating D, Helge H. Antiepileptic drug treatment in pregnancy: drug side effects in the neonate and neurological outcome. Acta Paediatr 1996;84:739-46.
    • (1996) Acta Paediatr , vol.84 , pp. 739-746
    • Koch, S.1    Jagar-Roman, E.2    Losche, G.3    Nau, H.4    Rating, D.5    Helge, H.6
  • 106
    • 0001395089 scopus 로고
    • Valproic acid: Chemistry and biotransformation
    • Levy RH, Mattson RH, Meldrum BS, eds. New York: Raven Press
    • Baillie TA, Sheffels PR. Valproic acid: chemistry and biotransformation. In: Levy RH, Mattson RH, Meldrum BS, eds. Antiepileptic drugs. 4th ed. New York: Raven Press, 1995:589-604.
    • (1995) Antiepileptic Drugs. 4th Ed. , pp. 589-604
    • Baillie, T.A.1    Sheffels, P.R.2
  • 107
    • 0028997903 scopus 로고
    • Antiepileptic drugs alter endogenous retinoid concentrations: A possible mechanism of teratogenesis of anticonvulsant therapy
    • Nau H, Tzimas G, Mondry M, Plum C, Spohr HL. Antiepileptic drugs alter endogenous retinoid concentrations: a possible mechanism of teratogenesis of anticonvulsant therapy. Life Sci 1995;57:53-60.
    • (1995) Life Sci , vol.57 , pp. 53-60
    • Nau, H.1    Tzimas, G.2    Mondry, M.3    Plum, C.4    Spohr, H.L.5
  • 108
    • 0026848306 scopus 로고
    • Alteration of embryonic folate metabolism by valproic acid during organogenesis: Implications for mechanism of teratogenesis
    • Wegner C, Nau H. Alteration of embryonic folate metabolism by valproic acid during organogenesis: implications for mechanism of teratogenesis. Neurology 1992;42(suppl 5):17-24.
    • (1992) Neurology , vol.42 , Issue.5 SUPPL. , pp. 17-24
    • Wegner, C.1    Nau, H.2
  • 109
    • 0026794031 scopus 로고
    • Effects of exposure to benzodiazepine during fetal life
    • Bergman U, Rosa FW, Baum C, Wiholm B, Faich GA. Effects of exposure to benzodiazepine during fetal life. Lancet 1992;340:694-6.
    • (1992) Lancet , vol.340 , pp. 694-696
    • Bergman, U.1    Rosa, F.W.2    Baum, C.3    Wiholm, B.4    Faich, G.A.5
  • 110
    • 0024579358 scopus 로고
    • Teratogenic effects of benzodiazepine use during pregnancy
    • Laegreid L, Olegard R, Walstrom J, Conradi N. Teratogenic effects of benzodiazepine use during pregnancy. J Pediatr 1989;114:126-31.
    • (1989) J Pediatr , vol.114 , pp. 126-131
    • Laegreid, L.1    Olegard, R.2    Walstrom, J.3    Conradi, N.4
  • 111
    • 0026581243 scopus 로고
    • Neurodevelopment in late infancy after prenatal exposure to benzodiazepines - A prospective study
    • Laegreid L, Hagberg G, Lundberg A. Neurodevelopment in late infancy after prenatal exposure to benzodiazepines - a prospective study. Neuropediatrics 1992;23:60-7.
    • (1992) Neuropediatrics , vol.23 , pp. 60-67
    • Laegreid, L.1    Hagberg, G.2    Lundberg, A.3
  • 112
    • 0027248488 scopus 로고
    • Benzodiazepine amplification of valproate teratogenic effects in children of mothers with absence epilepsy
    • Laegreid L, Kyllerman M, Hedner T, Hagberg B, Viggedahl G. Benzodiazepine amplification of valproate teratogenic effects in children of mothers with absence epilepsy. Neuropediatrics 1993;24:88-92.
    • (1993) Neuropediatrics , vol.24 , pp. 88-92
    • Laegreid, L.1    Kyllerman, M.2    Hedner, T.3    Hagberg, B.4    Viggedahl, G.5
  • 113
    • 0023156078 scopus 로고
    • In-utero exposure to benzodiazepines
    • Czeizel A, Lendvay A. In-utero exposure to benzodiazepines (letter). Lancet 1987;1:628.
    • (1987) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 628
    • Czeizel, A.1    Lendvay, A.2
  • 114
    • 0017184509 scopus 로고
    • Growth retardation, dysmorphic facies and minor malformations following massive exposure to phenobarbitone in utero
    • Seip M. Growth retardation, dysmorphic facies and minor malformations following massive exposure to phenobarbitone in utero. Acta Paediatr Scand 1976;65:617-21.
    • (1976) Acta Paediatr Scand , vol.65 , pp. 617-621
    • Seip, M.1
  • 115
    • 0018768701 scopus 로고
    • A possible primidone embryopathy
    • Rudd NL, Freedom RM. A possible primidone embryopathy. J Pediatr 1979;94:835-7.
    • (1979) J Pediatr , vol.94 , pp. 835-837
    • Rudd, N.L.1    Freedom, R.M.2
  • 116
    • 0021723935 scopus 로고
    • Four siblings with similar malformations after exposure to phenytoin and primidone
    • Krauss CM, Holmes LB, VanLang QN, Keith DA. Four siblings with similar malformations after exposure to phenytoin and primidone. J Pediatr 1984;105:750-5.
    • (1984) J Pediatr , vol.105 , pp. 750-755
    • Krauss, C.M.1    Holmes, L.B.2    Vanlang, Q.N.3    Keith, D.A.4
  • 118
    • 0028799430 scopus 로고
    • In utero exposure to phenobarbital and intelligence deficits in adult men
    • Reinisch JM, Sanders SA, Mortensen EL, Rubin DB. In utero exposure to phenobarbital and intelligence deficits in adult men. JAMA 1995; 274:1518-25.
    • (1995) JAMA , vol.274 , pp. 1518-1525
    • Reinisch, J.M.1    Sanders, S.A.2    Mortensen, E.L.3    Rubin, D.B.4
  • 119
    • 0015538388 scopus 로고
    • Folate metabolism and the anticonvulsant efficacy of phenobarbital
    • Smith DB, Racusen LC. Folate metabolism and the anticonvulsant efficacy of phenobarbital. Arch Neurol 1973;28:18-22.
    • (1973) Arch Neurol , vol.28 , pp. 18-22
    • Smith, D.B.1    Racusen, L.C.2
  • 120
  • 121
    • 0023184130 scopus 로고
    • Effect of chronic primidone treatment on folate-dependent one-carbon metabolism in the rat
    • Carl GF, Gill MW, Schatz RA. Effect of chronic primidone treatment on folate-dependent one-carbon metabolism in the rat. Biochem Pharmacol 1987;36:2139-44.
    • (1987) Biochem Pharmacol , vol.36 , pp. 2139-2144
    • Carl, G.F.1    Gill, M.W.2    Schatz, R.A.3
  • 122
    • 0023234742 scopus 로고
    • Chronic treatment of rats with primidone causes depletion of pteroylpentaglutamates in liver
    • Carl GF, Eto I, Krumdieck CL. Chronic treatment of rats with primidone causes depletion of pteroylpentaglutamates in liver. J Nutr 1987; 117:970-5.
    • (1987) J Nutr , vol.117 , pp. 970-975
    • Carl, G.F.1    Eto, I.2    Krumdieck, C.L.3
  • 123
    • 0020571266 scopus 로고
    • Serum folate concentrations during pregnancy in women with epilepsy: Relation to antiepileptic drug concentrations, number of seizures, and fetal outcome
    • Hiilesmaa VK, Teramo K, Granstrom M, Bardy AH. Serum folate concentrations during pregnancy in women with epilepsy: relation to antiepileptic drug concentrations, number of seizures, and fetal outcome. Br Med J 1983;287:577-9.
    • (1983) Br Med J , vol.287 , pp. 577-579
    • Hiilesmaa, V.K.1    Teramo, K.2    Granstrom, M.3    Bardy, A.H.4
  • 124
    • 0026843022 scopus 로고
    • Pharmacogenetics and drug interactions: Role in antiepileptic-drug-induced teratogenesis
    • Lindhout D. Pharmacogenetics and drug interactions: role in antiepileptic-drug-induced teratogenesis. Neurology 1992;42(suppl 5):43-7.
    • (1992) Neurology , vol.42 , Issue.5 SUPPL. , pp. 43-47
    • Lindhout, D.1
  • 125
    • 0024506797 scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of epoxide hydrolase by anticonvulsants and risk of teratogenicity
    • Kerr BM, Levy RH. Inhibition of epoxide hydrolase by anticonvulsants and risk of teratogenicity (letter). Lancet 1989;1:610-1.
    • (1989) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 610-611
    • Kerr, B.M.1    Levy, R.H.2
  • 126
    • 0029071781 scopus 로고
    • Valproic acid-carbamazepine interaction: Is valproic acid a selective inhibitor of epoxide hydrolase?
    • Svinarov DA, Pippenger CE. Valproic acid-carbamazepine interaction: is valproic acid a selective inhibitor of epoxide hydrolase? Ther Drug Monit 1995;17:217-20.
    • (1995) Ther Drug Monit , vol.17 , pp. 217-220
    • Svinarov, D.A.1    Pippenger, C.E.2
  • 127
    • 0028903367 scopus 로고
    • Lamotrigine: An antiepileptic agent for the treatment of partial seizures
    • Gilman JT. Lamotrigine: an antiepileptic agent for the treatment of partial seizures. Ann Pharmacother 1995;29:144-51.
    • (1995) Ann Pharmacother , vol.29 , pp. 144-151
    • Gilman, J.T.1
  • 128
    • 0026788484 scopus 로고
    • An assessment of serum and red blood cell folate concentrations in patients with epilepsy on lamotrigine therapy
    • Sander JW, Patsalos PN. An assessment of serum and red blood cell folate concentrations in patients with epilepsy on lamotrigine therapy. Epilepsy Res 1992;13:89-92.
    • (1992) Epilepsy Res , vol.13 , pp. 89-92
    • Sander, J.W.1    Patsalos, P.N.2
  • 129
    • 0029759838 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serum concentrations of lamotrigine in epileptic patients: The influence of dose and comedication
    • May TW, Rambeck B, Jurgens U. Serum concentrations of lamotrigine in epileptic patients: the influence of dose and comedication. Ther Drug Monit 1996;18:523-31.
    • (1996) Ther Drug Monit , vol.18 , pp. 523-531
    • May, T.W.1    Rambeck, B.2    Jurgens, U.3
  • 130
    • 0026597799 scopus 로고
    • Lamotrigine-induced carbamazepine toxicity: An interaction with carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide
    • Warner T, Patsalos PN, Prevett M, Elyas AA, Duncan JS. Lamotrigine-induced carbamazepine toxicity: an interaction with carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide. Epilepsy Res 1992;11:147-50.
    • (1992) Epilepsy Res , vol.11 , pp. 147-150
    • Warner, T.1    Patsalos, P.N.2    Prevett, M.3    Elyas, A.A.4    Duncan, J.S.5
  • 134
    • 0028138439 scopus 로고
    • Gabapentin: A new agent for the management of epilepsy
    • Andrews CO, Fischer JH. Gabapentin: a new agent for the management of epilepsy. Ann Pharmacother 1994;28:1188-96.
    • (1994) Ann Pharmacother , vol.28 , pp. 1188-1196
    • Andrews, C.O.1    Fischer, J.H.2
  • 135
    • 0002463012 scopus 로고
    • Vigabatrin: Chemistry, absorption, distribution, and elimination
    • Levy RH, Mattson RH, Meldrum BS, eds. New York: Raven Press
    • Ben-Menachem E. Vigabatrin: chemistry, absorption, distribution, and elimination. In: Levy RH, Mattson RH, Meldrum BS, eds. Antiepileptic drugs. 4th ed. New York: Raven Press, 1995:915-23.
    • (1995) Antiepileptic Drugs. 4th Ed. , pp. 915-923
    • Ben-Menachem, E.1
  • 137
    • 0026845321 scopus 로고
    • Clinical and experimental studies linking oxidative metabolism to phenytoin-induced teratogenesis
    • Finnell RH, Buehler BA, Kerr BM, Ager PL, Levy RH. Clinical and experimental studies linking oxidative metabolism to phenytoin-induced teratogenesis. Neurology 1992;42(suppl 5):25-31.
    • (1992) Neurology , vol.42 , Issue.5 SUPPL. , pp. 25-31
    • Finnell, R.H.1    Buehler, B.A.2    Kerr, B.M.3    Ager, P.L.4    Levy, R.H.5
  • 138
    • 0018250124 scopus 로고
    • Fetal hydantoin syndrome in triplets: A unique experiment of nature
    • Bustamante SA, Stumpff LC. Fetal hydantoin syndrome in triplets: a unique experiment of nature. Am J Dis Child 1978;132:978-9.
    • (1978) Am J Dis Child , vol.132 , pp. 978-979
    • Bustamante, S.A.1    Stumpff, L.C.2
  • 139
    • 0019955331 scopus 로고
    • Discordant expression of fetal hydantoin syndrome in heteropaternal dizygotic twins
    • Phelan MC, Pellock JM, Nance WE. Discordant expression of fetal hydantoin syndrome in heteropaternal dizygotic twins. N Engl J Med 1982;307:99-101.
    • (1982) N Engl J Med , vol.307 , pp. 99-101
    • Phelan, M.C.1    Pellock, J.M.2    Nance, W.E.3
  • 140
    • 0023942345 scopus 로고
    • Maternal drug histories and congenital malformations: Limb reduction defects and oral clefts
    • Hill L, Murphy M, McDowall M, Paul AH. Maternal drug histories and congenital malformations: limb reduction defects and oral clefts. J Epidemiol Community Health 1988;42:1-7.
    • (1988) J Epidemiol Community Health , vol.42 , pp. 1-7
    • Hill, L.1    Murphy, M.2    McDowall, M.3    Paul, A.H.4
  • 141
    • 0029972236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spina bifida and cleft lip among newborns of Norwegian women with epilepsy: Changes related to the use of anticonvulsants
    • King PB, Lie RT, Irgens LM. Spina bifida and cleft lip among newborns of Norwegian women with epilepsy: changes related to the use of anticonvulsants. Am J Public Health 1996;86:1454-6.
    • (1996) Am J Public Health , vol.86 , pp. 1454-1456
    • King, P.B.1    Lie, R.T.2    Irgens, L.M.3
  • 144
    • 0025810088 scopus 로고
    • Serum folic acid levels in epileptic mothers and their relationship to congenital malformations
    • Ogawa Y, Kaneko S, Otani K, Fukushima Y. Serum folic acid levels in epileptic mothers and their relationship to congenital malformations. Epilepsy Res 1991;8:75-8.
    • (1991) Epilepsy Res , vol.8 , pp. 75-78
    • Ogawa, Y.1    Kaneko, S.2    Otani, K.3    Fukushima, Y.4
  • 147
    • 0021808717 scopus 로고
    • Drugs and folate metabolism
    • Lambie DG, Johnson RH. Drugs and folate metabolism. Drugs 1985; 30:145-55.
    • (1985) Drugs , vol.30 , pp. 145-155
    • Lambie, D.G.1    Johnson, R.H.2
  • 148
    • 0017626052 scopus 로고
    • Effect of oral contraceptives on blood folate levels in pregnancy
    • Martinez O, Roe DA. Effect of oral contraceptives on blood folate levels in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1977;128:255-61.
    • (1977) Am J Obstet Gynecol , vol.128 , pp. 255-261
    • Martinez, O.1    Roe, D.A.2
  • 150
    • 0019976526 scopus 로고
    • Evidence against oral contraceptives as a cause of neural tube defects
    • Cuckle HS, Wald NJ. Evidence against oral contraceptives as a cause of neural tube defects. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1982;89:547-9.
    • (1982) Br J Obstet Gynaecol , vol.89 , pp. 547-549
    • Cuckle, H.S.1    Wald, N.J.2
  • 151
    • 0018388228 scopus 로고
    • Outcome of pregnancy in women using different methods of contraception
    • Vessey M, Meisler L, Flavel R, Yeates D. Outcome of pregnancy in women using different methods of contraception. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1979;86:548-56.
    • (1979) Br J Obstet Gynaecol , vol.86 , pp. 548-556
    • Vessey, M.1    Meisler, L.2    Flavel, R.3    Yeates, D.4
  • 152
    • 0018932849 scopus 로고
    • Oral contraception and congenital abnormalities
    • Kasan PN, Andrews J. Oral contraception and congenital abnormalities. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1980;87:545-51.
    • (1980) Br J Obstet Gynaecol , vol.87 , pp. 545-551
    • Kasan, P.N.1    Andrews, J.2
  • 153
    • 0017188072 scopus 로고
    • The outcome of pregnancy in former oral contraceptive users
    • Royal College of General Practitioners' Oral Contraception Study. The outcome of pregnancy in former oral contraceptive users. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1976;83:608-16.
    • (1976) Br J Obstet Gynaecol , vol.83 , pp. 608-616
  • 154
    • 0018234013 scopus 로고
    • Role of oral contraception in congenital malformations of offspring
    • Bracken MB, Holford TR, White C, Kelsey JL. Role of oral contraception in congenital malformations of offspring. Int J Epidemiol 1978;7: 309-17.
    • (1978) Int J Epidemiol , vol.7 , pp. 309-317
    • Bracken, M.B.1    Holford, T.R.2    White, C.3    Kelsey, J.L.4
  • 155
  • 156
    • 0017822154 scopus 로고
    • Vitamin and trace mineral metabolism in medroxyprogesterone acetate users
    • Amatayakul K, Sivasomboon B, Thanangkul O. Vitamin and trace mineral metabolism in medroxyprogesterone acetate users. Contraception 1978;18:253-69.
    • (1978) Contraception , vol.18 , pp. 253-269
    • Amatayakul, K.1    Sivasomboon, B.2    Thanangkul, O.3
  • 157
    • 0015827934 scopus 로고
    • Anencephaly and ovulation stimulation
    • Sandler B. Anencephaly and ovulation stimulation (letter). Lancet 1973;2:379.
    • (1973) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 379
    • Sandler, B.1
  • 158
    • 0016399470 scopus 로고
    • Ovulation stimulation and defects of neural-tube closure
    • Field B, Kerr C. Ovulation stimulation and defects of neural-tube closure (letter). Lancet 1974;2:1511.
    • (1974) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 1511
    • Field, B.1    Kerr, C.2
  • 159
    • 0018142398 scopus 로고
    • Possible relationship between clomiphene and neural tube defects
    • Singh M, Singhi S. Possible relationship between clomiphene and neural tube defects (letter). J Pediatr 1978;93:152.
    • (1978) J Pediatr , vol.93 , pp. 152
    • Singh, M.1    Singhi, S.2
  • 160
    • 0015912460 scopus 로고
    • Anencephaly and ovulation stimulation
    • Dyson JL, Kohler HG. Anencephaly and ovulation stimulation (letter). Lancet 1973;1:1256-7.
    • (1973) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 1256-1257
    • Dyson, J.L.1    Kohler, H.G.2
  • 162
    • 0024443137 scopus 로고
    • Ovulation induction and neural tube defects
    • Cuckle H, Wald N. Ovulation induction and neural tube defects (letter). Lancet 1989;2:1281.
    • (1989) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 1281
    • Cuckle, H.1    Wald, N.2
  • 164
    • 0024970967 scopus 로고
    • Ovulation induction and neural tube defects
    • Czeizel A. Ovulation induction and neural tube defects (letter). Lancet 1989;2:167.
    • (1989) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 167
    • Czeizel, A.1
  • 165
    • 0024387831 scopus 로고
    • Ovulation induction and neural tube defects
    • Karabacak RO, Korur C, Celiloglu M. Ovulation induction and neural tube defects (letter). Lancet 1989;2:1391-2.
    • (1989) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 1391-1392
    • Karabacak, R.O.1    Korur, C.2    Celiloglu, M.3
  • 167
    • 0020507720 scopus 로고
    • Congenital malformations of newborn infants after clomiphene-induced ovulation
    • Kurachi K, Aono T, Minagawa J, Miyake A. Congenital malformations of newborn infants after clomiphene-induced ovulation. Fertil Steril 1983;40:187-9.
    • (1983) Fertil Steril , vol.40 , pp. 187-189
    • Kurachi, K.1    Aono, T.2    Minagawa, J.3    Miyake, A.4
  • 168
  • 169
    • 0028793546 scopus 로고
    • Clomiphene citrate and neural tube defects: A pooled analysis of controlled epidemiologic studies and recommendations for future studies
    • Greenland S, Ackerman DL. Clomiphene citrate and neural tube defects: a pooled analysis of controlled epidemiologic studies and recommendations for future studies. Fertil Steril 1995;64:936-41.
    • (1995) Fertil Steril , vol.64 , pp. 936-941
    • Greenland, S.1    Ackerman, D.L.2
  • 170
    • 0015931346 scopus 로고
    • Anencephaly, ovulation stimulation, subfertility, and illegitimacy
    • James WH. Anencephaly, ovulation stimulation, subfertility, and illegitimacy (letter). Lancet 1973;2:916.
    • (1973) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 916
    • James, W.H.1
  • 171
    • 0024328042 scopus 로고
    • Folic acid safety and toxicity: A brief review
    • Butterworth CE, Tamura T. Folic acid safety and toxicity: a brief review. Am J Clin Nutr 1989;50:353-8.
    • (1989) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.50 , pp. 353-358
    • Butterworth, C.E.1    Tamura, T.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.