메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 9, Issue 6, 1998, Pages 477-486

Thymalfasin: Clinical pharmacology and antiviral applications

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALPHA INTERFERON; BIOLOGICAL RESPONSE MODIFIER; CD4 ANTIGEN; CD8 ANTIGEN; CYCLIC AMP; CYCLIC GMP; IMMUNOMODULATING AGENT; INTERLEUKIN 4; INTERLEUKIN 5; INTERLEUKIN 6; THYMOPENTIN; THYMOSIN FRACTION 5;

EID: 0031832240     PISSN: 11738804     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/00063030-199809060-00005     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (15)

References (114)
  • 1
    • 85121080372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 1. A.L. Goldstein A. White 1971 The thymus gland: experimental and clinical studies of its role in the development and expression of immune functions V.M.T. James L. Martini Current topics in experimental endocrinology Academic Press New York 121 49 Goldstein AL, White A. The thymus gland: experimental and clinical studies of its role in the development and expression of immune functions. In: James VMT, Martini L, editors. Current topics in experimental endocrinology. New York: Academic Press, 1971: 121–49
  • 2
    • 49749221890 scopus 로고
    • Immunological function of the thymus
    • 2. J.F.A.P. Miller 1961 Immunological function of the thymus Lancet II 748 9 10.1016/S0140-6736(61)90693-6 Miller JFAP. Immunological function of the thymus. Lancet 1961; II: 748–9
    • (1961) Lancet , vol.II , pp. 748-9
    • Miller, J.F.A.P.1
  • 3
    • 0002099370 scopus 로고
    • Role of thymus in development of the immune response
    • 3. O.K. Archer J.C. Pierce 1961 Role of thymus in development of the immune response Fed Proc 20 26 Archer OK, Pierce JC. Role of thymus in development of the immune response. Fed Proc 1961; 20: 26
    • (1961) Fed Proc , vol.20 , pp. 26
    • Archer, O.K.1    Pierce, J.C.2
  • 4
    • 0000399572 scopus 로고
    • Congenital absence of the thymus and its immunologic consequences: concurrence with congenital hypoparathyroidism
    • 4. A.M. George De 1968 Congenital absence of the thymus and its immunologic consequences: concurrence with congenital hypoparathyroidism Birth Defects 4 116 23 De George AM. Congenital absence of the thymus and its immunologic consequences: concurrence with congenital hypoparathyroidism. Birth Defects 1968; 4: 116–23
    • (1968) Birth Defects , vol.4 , pp. 116-23
    • George, A.M.1
  • 5
    • 0013945220 scopus 로고
    • Preparation, assay and partial purification of a thymic lymphocytopoietic factor (thymosin)
    • 5. A.L. Goldstein F.D. Slater A. White 1966 Preparation, assay and partial purification of a thymic lymphocytopoietic factor (thymosin) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 56 1010 7 5230175 1:CAS:528:DyaF2sXosFWr 10.1073/pnas.56.3.1010 Goldstein AL, Slater FD, White A. Preparation, assay and partial purification of a thymic lymphocytopoietic factor (thymosin). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1966; 56: 1010–7
    • (1966) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.56 , pp. 1010-7
    • Goldstein, A.L.1    Slater, F.D.2    White, A.3
  • 6
    • 0018394926 scopus 로고
    • The chemistry and biology of thymosin. I. Isolation, characterization and biological activities of thymosin α1 and polypeptide β1 from calf thymus
    • 6. T.L.K. Low G.B. Thurman M. McAdoo 1979 The chemistry and biology of thymosin. I. Isolation, characterization and biological activities of thymosin α1 and polypeptide β1 from calf thymus J Biol Chem 254 981 6 216684 1:CAS:528:DyaE1MXhvF2jt70%3D Low TLK, Thurman GB, McAdoo M, et al. The chemistry and biology of thymosin. I. Isolation, characterization and biological activities of thymosin α1 and polypeptide β1 from calf thymus. J Biol Chem 1979; 254: 981–6
    • (1979) J Biol Chem , vol.254 , pp. 981-6
    • Low, T.L.K.1    Thurman, G.B.2    McAdoo, M.3
  • 7
    • 0000095902 scopus 로고
    • Prothymosin alpha: isolation and properties of major immunoreactive form of thymosin alpha-1 in rat thymus
    • 7. A.A. Haritos G.J. Goodall B.L. Horecker 1984 Prothymosin alpha: isolation and properties of major immunoreactive form of thymosin alpha-1 in rat thymus Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81 1008 11 6583693 1:CAS:528:DyaL2cXitVCjtb8%3D 10.1073/pnas.81.4.1008 Haritos AA, Goodall GJ, Horecker BL. Prothymosin alpha: isolation and properties of major immunoreactive form of thymosin alpha-1 in rat thymus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1984; 81: 1008–11
    • (1984) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.81 , pp. 1008-11
    • Haritos, A.A.1    Goodall, G.J.2    Horecker, B.L.3
  • 8
    • 0022997102 scopus 로고
    • The human prothymosin alpha gene is polymorphic and induces growth stimulation: evidence using a cloned cDNA
    • 8. W.H. Eschenfeldt S.L. Berger 1986 The human prothymosin alpha gene is polymorphic and induces growth stimulation: evidence using a cloned cDNA Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83 9403 7 3467312 1:CAS:528:DyaL2sXpslWktw%3D%3D 10.1073/pnas.83.24.9403 Eschenfeldt WH, Berger SL. The human prothymosin alpha gene is polymorphic and induces growth stimulation: evidence using a cloned cDNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986; 83: 9403–7
    • (1986) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.83 , pp. 9403-7
    • Eschenfeldt, W.H.1    Berger, S.L.2
  • 9
    • 1842318057 scopus 로고
    • Molecular cloning of cDNA for human prothymosin α
    • 9. G.J. Goodall F. Dominguez B.L. Horecker 1986 Molecular cloning of cDNA for human prothymosin α Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83 8926 8 3466166 1:CAS:528:DyaL2sXnvFGgsg%3D%3D 10.1073/pnas.83.23.8926 Goodall GJ, Dominguez F, Horecker BL. Molecular cloning of cDNA for human prothymosin α. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986; 83: 8926–8
    • (1986) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.83 , pp. 8926-8
    • Goodall, G.J.1    Dominguez, F.2    Horecker, B.L.3
  • 10
    • 0024598760 scopus 로고
    • Isolation and partial sequencing of the human prothymosin alpha gene family: evidence against export of the gene products
    • 10. W.H. Eschenfeldt R.E. Manrow M.S. Krug 1989 Isolation and partial sequencing of the human prothymosin alpha gene family: evidence against export of the gene products J Biol Chem 264 7546 55 2708378 1:CAS:528:DyaL1MXitVOis7g%3D Eschenfeldt WH, Manrow RE, Krug MS, et al. Isolation and partial sequencing of the human prothymosin alpha gene family: evidence against export of the gene products. J Biol Chem 1989; 264: 7546–55
    • (1989) J Biol Chem , vol.264 , pp. 7546-55
    • Eschenfeldt, W.H.1    Manrow, R.E.2    Krug, M.S.3
  • 11
    • 0021396332 scopus 로고
    • Distribution of prothymosin alpha in rat tissues
    • 11. A.A. Haritos O. Tsolas B.L. Horecker 1984 Distribution of prothymosin alpha in rat tissues Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81 1391 3 6584887 1:CAS:528:DyaL2cXhvVKhtbY%3D 10.1073/pnas.81.5.1391 Haritos AA, Tsolas O, Horecker BL. Distribution of prothymosin alpha in rat tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1984; 81: 1391–3
    • (1984) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.81 , pp. 1391-3
    • Haritos, A.A.1    Tsolas, O.2    Horecker, B.L.3
  • 12
    • 0024340627 scopus 로고
    • The expression of prothymosin alpha gene in T lymphocytes and leukemic lymphoid cells is tied to lymphocyte proliferation
    • 12. J. Gomez-Marquez F. Segade M. Dosil 1989 The expression of prothymosin alpha gene in T lymphocytes and leukemic lymphoid cells is tied to lymphocyte proliferation J Biol Chem 264 8451 5 2785990 1:CAS:528:DyaK3cXhtFehsrk%3D Gomez-Marquez J, Segade F, Dosil M, et al. The expression of prothymosin alpha gene in T lymphocytes and leukemic lymphoid cells is tied to lymphocyte proliferation. J Biol Chem 1989; 264: 8451–5
    • (1989) J Biol Chem , vol.264 , pp. 8451-5
    • Gomez-Marquez, J.1    Segade, F.2    Dosil, M.3
  • 13
    • 0024277370 scopus 로고
    • Prothymosin a is a nuclear protein
    • 13. J. Gomez-Marquez F. Segade 1988 Prothymosin a is a nuclear protein FEBS Lett 226 217 9 3338551 1:CAS:528:DyaL1cXmvFCgsA%3D%3D 10.1016/0014-5793(88)81425-X Gomez-Marquez J, Segade F. Prothymosin a is a nuclear protein. FEBS Lett 1988; 226: 217–9
    • (1988) FEBS Lett , vol.226 , pp. 217-9
    • Gomez-Marquez, J.1    Segade, F.2
  • 14
    • 0025777789 scopus 로고
    • Nuclear targeting of prothymosin alpha
    • 14. R.E. Manrow A.R. Sburlati J.A. Hanover 1991 Nuclear targeting of prothymosin alpha J Biol Chem 26 3916 24 Manrow RE, Sburlati AR, Hanover JA, et al. Nuclear targeting of prothymosin alpha. J Biol Chem 1991; 26: 3916–24
    • (1991) J Biol Chem , vol.26 , pp. 3916-24
    • Manrow, R.E.1    Sburlati, A.R.2    Hanover, J.A.3
  • 15
    • 0026729809 scopus 로고
    • Is thymosin α1 a thymic hormone?
    • 15. P. Szabo M.E. Weksler 1992 Is thymosin α 1 a thymic hormone? Clin Immunol Immunopathol 65 195 200 1451325 1:CAS:528:DyaK3sXhtFKrs7g%3D 10.1016/0090-1229(92)90146-F Szabo P, Weksler ME. Is thymosin α 1 a thymic hormone? Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1992; 65: 195–200
    • (1992) Clin Immunol Immunopathol , vol.65 , pp. 195-200
    • Szabo, P.1    Weksler, M.E.2
  • 16
    • 0026504074 scopus 로고
    • Thymosin α1 is a native peptide in several tissues
    • 16. F.J. Franco C. Diaz M. Barcia 1992 Thymosin α 1 is a native peptide in several tissues Biochim Biophys Acta 1120 43 8 1554740 1:CAS:528:DyaK38XisV2jt7o%3D 10.1016/0167-4838(92)90422-A Franco FJ, Diaz C, Barcia M, et al. Thymosin α 1 is a native peptide in several tissues. Biochim Biophys Acta 1992; 1120: 43–8
    • (1992) Biochim Biophys Acta , vol.1120 , pp. 43-8
    • Franco, F.J.1    Diaz, C.2    Barcia, M.3
  • 17
    • 0018850265 scopus 로고
    • Solid phase synthesis of thymosin α1
    • 17. S.S. Wang R. Makofske A.E. Bach 1980 Solid phase synthesis of thymosin α 1 Int J Pept Protein Res 15 1 4 7358454 1:CAS:528:DyaL3cXhvVWltr0%3D 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1980.tb02543.x Wang SS, Makofske R, Bach AE, et al. Solid phase synthesis of thymosin α 1. Int J Pept Protein Res 1980; 15: 1–4
    • (1980) Int J Pept Protein Res , vol.15 , pp. 1-4
    • Wang, S.S.1    Makofske, R.2    Bach, A.E.3
  • 18
    • 0019291064 scopus 로고
    • Production of biologically active Nα-desacetylthymosin α1 in Escherichia coli through expression of a chemically synthesized gene
    • 18. R. Wetzel H.L. Heyneker D.V. Goeddel 1980 Production of biologically active Nα-desacetylthymosin α 1 in Escherichia coli through expression of a chemically synthesized gene Biochemistry 19 6096 104 7008828 1:CAS:528:DyaL3MXht1KhtA%3D%3D 10.1021/bi00567a023 Wetzel R, Heyneker HL, Goeddel DV, et al. Production of biologically active Nα-desacetylthymosin α 1 in Escherichia coli through expression of a chemically synthesized gene. Biochemistry 1980; 19: 6096–104
    • (1980) Biochemistry , vol.19 , pp. 6096-104
    • Wetzel, R.1    Heyneker, H.L.2    Goeddel, D.V.3
  • 19
    • 0019962404 scopus 로고
    • Thymosin modulation of regulatory T cell function
    • 19. M.G. Mutchnick J.A. Prieto J.A. Schaffner 1982 Thymosin modulation of regulatory T cell function Clin Immunol Immunopathol 23 626 33 6214350 1:CAS:528:DyaL38XksFert7o%3D 10.1016/0090-1229(82)90325-7 Mutchnick MG, Prieto JA, Schaffner JA, et al. Thymosin modulation of regulatory T cell function. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1982; 23: 626–33
    • (1982) Clin Immunol Immunopathol , vol.23 , pp. 626-33
    • Mutchnick, M.G.1    Prieto, J.A.2    Schaffner, J.A.3
  • 20
    • 0005399774 scopus 로고
    • Thymosin increases production of T-cell growth factor by normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes
    • 20. M.M. Zatz J. Oliver C. Samuels 1984 Thymosin increases production of T-cell growth factor by normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81 2882 5 6609371 1:CAS:528:DyaL2cXktVWgsbk%3D 10.1073/pnas.81.9.2882 Zatz MM, Oliver J, Samuels C, et al. Thymosin increases production of T-cell growth factor by normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1984; 81: 2882–5
    • (1984) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.81 , pp. 2882-5
    • Zatz, M.M.1    Oliver, J.2    Samuels, C.3
  • 21
    • 0022525447 scopus 로고
    • Modulation of interleukin 2 receptor expression on normal human lymphocytes by thymic hormones
    • 21. M.B. Sztein S.A. Serrate A.L. Goldstein 1986 Modulation of interleukin 2 receptor expression on normal human lymphocytes by thymic hormones Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83 6107 11 3090550 1:CAS:528:DyaL28XltlWqs7o%3D 10.1073/pnas.83.16.6107 Sztein MB, Serrate SA, Goldstein AL. Modulation of interleukin 2 receptor expression on normal human lymphocytes by thymic hormones. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986; 83: 6107–11
    • (1986) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.83 , pp. 6107-11
    • Sztein, M.B.1    Serrate, S.A.2    Goldstein, A.L.3
  • 22
    • 0023639047 scopus 로고
    • Modulation of human natural killer cell cytotoxic activity, lymphokine production and interleukin 2 receptor expression by thymic hormones
    • 22. S.A. Serrate R.S. Schulof L. Leonaridis 1987 Modulation of human natural killer cell cytotoxic activity, lymphokine production and interleukin 2 receptor expression by thymic hormones J Immunol 139 2338 43 3116079 1:CAS:528:DyaL2sXmt12ksb8%3D Serrate SA, Schulof RS, Leonaridis L, et al. Modulation of human natural killer cell cytotoxic activity, lymphokine production and interleukin 2 receptor expression by thymic hormones. J Immunol 1987; 139: 2338–43
    • (1987) J Immunol , vol.139 , pp. 2338-43
    • Serrate, S.A.1    Schulof, R.S.2    Leonaridis, L.3
  • 23
    • 0023154912 scopus 로고
    • Immunoregulatory effects of fraction 5 thymus peptides: thymosin alpha 1 enhances while thymosin beta 4 suppresses the human autologous and allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction
    • 23. C.N. Baxevanis G.J. Reclos S. Perez 1987 Immunoregulatory effects of fraction 5 thymus peptides: thymosin alpha 1 enhances while thymosin beta 4 suppresses the human autologous and allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction Immunopharmacology 13 133 41 2954929 1:CAS:528:DyaL2sXktFyhtr8%3D 10.1016/0162-3109(87)90050-6 Baxevanis CN, Reclos GJ, Perez S, et al. Immunoregulatory effects of fraction 5 thymus peptides: thymosin alpha 1 enhances while thymosin beta 4 suppresses the human autologous and allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction. Immunopharmacology 1987; 13: 133–41
    • (1987) Immunopharmacology , vol.13 , pp. 133-41
    • Baxevanis, C.N.1    Reclos, G.J.2    Perez, S.3
  • 24
    • 85121079316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 24. G.B. Thurman T.L.K. Low J.L. Rossio 1981 Specific and non-specific macrophage migration inhibition A.L. Goldstein M.A. Chirigos Lymphokines and thymic hormones: their potential utilization in cancer therapeutics Raven Press New York 145 57 Thurman GB, Low TLK, Rossio JL, et al. Specific and non-specific macrophage migration inhibition. In: Goldstein AL, Chirigos MA, editors. Lymphokines and thymic hormones: their potential utilization in cancer therapeutics. New York: Raven Press, 1981: 145–57
  • 25
    • 0019771035 scopus 로고
    • Thymosin treatment modulates production of interferon
    • 25. K.Y. Huang P.D. Kind E.M. Jagoda 1981 Thymosin treatment modulates production of interferon J Interferon Res 1 411 20 6180073 1:CAS:528:DyaL38XktlOgsLs%3D 10.1089/jir.1981.1.411 Huang KY, Kind PD, Jagoda EM, et al. Thymosin treatment modulates production of interferon. J Interferon Res 1981; 1: 411–20
    • (1981) J Interferon Res , vol.1 , pp. 411-20
    • Huang, K.Y.1    Kind, P.D.2    Jagoda, E.M.3
  • 26
    • 0020046633 scopus 로고
    • Induction and augmentation of mitogen-induced immune interferon production in human peripheral blood lymphocytes by Nα -desacetylthymosin α1
    • 26. L.P. Svedersky A. Hui L. May 1982 Induction and augmentation of mitogen-induced immune interferon production in human peripheral blood lymphocytes by N α-desacetylthymosin α 1 Eur J Immunol 12 244 7 6284520 1:CAS:528:DyaL38XhvFOks74%3D 10.1002/eji.1830120314 Svedersky LP, Hui A, May L, et al. Induction and augmentation of mitogen-induced immune interferon production in human peripheral blood lymphocytes by N α-desacetylthymosin α 1. Eur J Immunol 1982; 12: 244–7
    • (1982) Eur J Immunol , vol.12 , pp. 244-7
    • Svedersky, L.P.1    Hui, A.2    May, L.3
  • 27
    • 0024349074 scopus 로고
    • Aspirin and thymosin increase interleukin-2 and interferon-γ production by human peripheral blood lymphocytes
    • 27. J. Hsia N. Sarin J.H. Oliver 1989 Aspirin and thymosin increase interleukin-2 and interferon-γ production by human peripheral blood lymphocytes Immunopharmacology 17 167 73 2504679 1:CAS:528:DyaL1MXksFSisLk%3D 10.1016/0162-3109(89)90045-3 Hsia J, Sarin N, Oliver JH, et al. Aspirin and thymosin increase interleukin-2 and interferon-γ production by human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Immunopharmacology 1989; 17: 167–73
    • (1989) Immunopharmacology , vol.17 , pp. 167-73
    • Hsia, J.1    Sarin, N.2    Oliver, J.H.3
  • 28
    • 0024453551 scopus 로고
    • Characterization of the immunoregulatory properties of thymosin alpha 1 on interleukin-2 production and interleukin-2 receptor expression in normal human lymphocytes
    • 28. M.B. Sztein S.A. Serrate 1989 Characterization of the immunoregulatory properties of thymosin alpha 1 on interleukin-2 production and interleukin-2 receptor expression in normal human lymphocytes Int J Immunopharmacol 7 789 800 10.1016/0192-0561(89)90133-1 Sztein MB, Serrate SA. Characterization of the immunoregulatory properties of thymosin alpha 1 on interleukin-2 production and interleukin-2 receptor expression in normal human lymphocytes. Int J Immunopharmacol 1989; 7: 789–800
    • (1989) Int J Immunopharmacol , vol.7 , pp. 789-800
    • Sztein, M.B.1    Serrate, S.A.2
  • 29
    • 0025019511 scopus 로고
    • Thymosin alpha 1 modulates the expression of high affinity interleukin-2 receptors on normal human lymphocytes
    • 29. K.D. Leichtling S.A. Serrate M.B. Sztein 1990 Thymosin alpha 1 modulates the expression of high affinity interleukin-2 receptors on normal human lymphocytes Int J Immunopharmacol 12 19 29 2303316 1:CAS:528:DyaK3cXpt1agtA%3D%3D 10.1016/0192-0561(90)90064-T Leichtling KD, Serrate SA, Sztein MB. Thymosin alpha 1 modulates the expression of high affinity interleukin-2 receptors on normal human lymphocytes. Int J Immunopharmacol 1990; 12: 19–29
    • (1990) Int J Immunopharmacol , vol.12 , pp. 19-29
    • Leichtling, K.D.1    Serrate, S.A.2    Sztein, M.B.3
  • 30
    • 0018587801 scopus 로고
    • T lymphocyte maturation: cell surface markers and immune function induced by T lymphocyte cell free products and thymosin polypeptides
    • 30. A. Ahmed D.M. Wong G.B. Thurman 1979 T lymphocyte maturation: cell surface markers and immune function induced by T lymphocyte cell free products and thymosin polypeptides Ann NY Acad Sci 332 81 94 316987 1:CAS:528:DyaL3cXhvFKhs78%3D 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1979.tb47100.x Ahmed A, Wong DM, Thurman GB, et al. T lymphocyte maturation: cell surface markers and immune function induced by T lymphocyte cell free products and thymosin polypeptides. Ann NY Acad Sci 1979; 332: 81–94
    • (1979) Ann NY Acad Sci , vol.332 , pp. 81-94
    • Ahmed, A.1    Wong, D.M.2    Thurman, G.B.3
  • 31
    • 0022967773 scopus 로고
    • Thymic hormones — a clinical update
    • 31. M.B. Sztein A.L. Goldstein 1986 Thymic hormones — a clinical update Springer Semin Immunopathol 9 1 18 3014672 1:STN:280:DyaL283mt1Wmuw%3D%3D 10.1007/BF00201901 Sztein MB, Goldstein AL. Thymic hormones — a clinical update. Springer Semin Immunopathol 1986: 9: 1–18
    • (1986) Springer Semin Immunopathol , vol.9 , pp. 1-18
    • Sztein, M.B.1    Goldstein, A.L.2
  • 32
    • 0023086604 scopus 로고
    • Thymic physiology and biochemistry
    • 32. R.S. Schulof P.H. Naylor M.B. Sztein 1987 Thymic physiology and biochemistry Adv Clin Chem 26 203 92 3307327 1:CAS:528:DyaL2sXmtlemtrs%3D 10.1016/S0065-2423(08)60324-8 Schulof RS, Naylor PH, Sztein MB, et al. Thymic physiology and biochemistry. Adv Clin Chem 1987; 26: 203–92
    • (1987) Adv Clin Chem , vol.26 , pp. 203-92
    • Schulof, R.S.1    Naylor, P.H.2    Sztein, M.B.3
  • 33
    • 0023180655 scopus 로고
    • Enhanced frequency of mitogen-responsive T cell precursors in old mice injected with thymosin alpha 1
    • 33. D. Frasca L. Adorini G. Doria 1987 Enhanced frequency of mitogen-responsive T cell precursors in old mice injected with thymosin alpha 1 Eur J Immunol 17 727 30 3495446 1:CAS:528:DyaL2sXlsFamu7k%3D 10.1002/eji.1830170524 Frasca D, Adorini L, Doria G. Enhanced frequency of mitogen-responsive T cell precursors in old mice injected with thymosin alpha 1. Eur J Immunol 1987; 17: 727–30
    • (1987) Eur J Immunol , vol.17 , pp. 727-30
    • Frasca, D.1    Adorini, L.2    Doria, G.3
  • 34
    • 0011948522 scopus 로고
    • The effect of thymosin alpha 1 on immunity to influenza in aged mice
    • 34. R.B. Effrros A. Casillas R.L. Walford 1988 The effect of thymosin alpha 1 on immunity to influenza in aged mice Aging: Immun Infect Dis 1 31 40 Effrros RB, Casillas A, Walford RL. The effect of thymosin alpha 1 on immunity to influenza in aged mice. Aging: Immun Infect Dis 1988; 1: 31–40
    • (1988) Aging: Immun Infect Dis , vol.1 , pp. 31-40
    • Effrros, R.B.1    Casillas, A.2    Walford, R.L.3
  • 35
    • 0018290805 scopus 로고
    • Thymosin: cyclic nucleotides and T-cell differentiation
    • 35. P.H. Naylor A.L. Goldstein 1979 Thymosin: cyclic nucleotides and T-cell differentiation Life Sci 25 301 9 224279 1:CAS:528:DyaE1MXltFOmt78%3D 10.1016/0024-3205(79)90259-5 Naylor PH, Goldstein AL. Thymosin: cyclic nucleotides and T-cell differentiation. Life Sci 1979; 25: 301–9
    • (1979) Life Sci , vol.25 , pp. 301-9
    • Naylor, P.H.1    Goldstein, A.L.2
  • 36
    • 0017028235 scopus 로고
    • Increase of cyclic GMP induced in murine lymphocytes by thymosin fraction five
    • 36. P.H. Naylor H. Sheppard G.B. Thurman 1976 Increase of cyclic GMP induced in murine lymphocytes by thymosin fraction five Biochem Biophys Res Commun 73 843 9 15625851 1:CAS:528:DyaE2sXmsFymug%3D%3D 10.1016/0006-291X(76)90198-4 Naylor PH, Sheppard H, Thurman GB, et al. Increase of cyclic GMP induced in murine lymphocytes by thymosin fraction five. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1976; 73: 843–9
    • (1976) Biochem Biophys Res Commun , vol.73 , pp. 843-9
    • Naylor, P.H.1    Sheppard, H.2    Thurman, G.B.3
  • 37
    • 0018576196 scopus 로고
    • Effect of calcium on the cyclic GMP elevation induced by thymosin fraction five
    • 37. P.H. Naylor G.B. Thurman A.L. Goldstein 1979 Effect of calcium on the cyclic GMP elevation induced by thymosin fraction five Biochem Biophys Res Commun 90 810 8 228670 1:CAS:528:DyaL3cXntFM%3D 10.1016/0006-291X(79)91900-4 Naylor PH, Thurman GB, Goldstein AL. Effect of calcium on the cyclic GMP elevation induced by thymosin fraction five. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1979; 90: 810–8
    • (1979) Biochem Biophys Res Commun , vol.90 , pp. 810-8
    • Naylor, P.H.1    Thurman, G.B.2    Goldstein, A.L.3
  • 38
    • 0020529298 scopus 로고
    • Is thymosin action mediated by prostaglandin release?
    • 38. C. Rinaldi-Garaci C. Favalli V. Gobbo Del 1983 Is thymosin action mediated by prostaglandin release? Science 220 1163 5 6574601 1:CAS:528:DyaL3sXksVyhsLs%3D 10.1126/science.6574601 Rinaldi-Garaci C, Favalli C, Del Gobbo V, et al. Is thymosin action mediated by prostaglandin release?. Science 1983; 220: 1163–5
    • (1983) Science , vol.220 , pp. 1163-5
    • Rinaldi-Garaci, C.1    Favalli, C.2    Gobbo, V.3
  • 39
    • 0025362706 scopus 로고
    • Thymosin α1 enhancement of human lymphocyte proliferation is not mediated by prostaglandin E2
    • 39. J. Colarian A. Sethi A. Merchant 1990 Thymosin α 1 enhancement of human lymphocyte proliferation is not mediated by prostaglandin E 2 Thymus 15 241 7 2368121 1:CAS:528:DyaK3MXktVWitrk%3D Colarian J, Sethi A, Merchant A, et al. Thymosin α 1 enhancement of human lymphocyte proliferation is not mediated by prostaglandin E 2. Thymus 1990; 15: 241–7
    • (1990) Thymus , vol.15 , pp. 241-7
    • Colarian, J.1    Sethi, A.2    Merchant, A.3
  • 40
    • 0021955313 scopus 로고
    • Receptors for thymosin alpha 1 on mouse thymocytes
    • 40. G. C. Rinaldi M.R. Torrisi T. Jezzi 1985 Receptors for thymosin alpha 1 on mouse thymocytes Cell Immunol 91 289 93 10.1016/0008-8749(85)90051-6 Rinaldi Garaci C, Torrisi MR, Jezzi T, et al. Receptors for thymosin alpha 1 on mouse thymocytes. Cell Immunol 1985; 91: 289–93
    • (1985) Cell Immunol , vol.91 , pp. 289-93
    • Rinaldi, G.C.1    Torrisi, M.R.2    Jezzi, T.3
  • 41
    • 85121085146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 41. Cordero OJ, Sarandeses C, Nogueira M. Prothymosin-α receptors on peripheral blood mononuclear cells. FEBS Lett 1994; 341: 23–7
  • 42
    • 0023136111 scopus 로고
    • Localization of thymosin alpha 1 production to thymus medullary epithelial cells by use of monoclonal antibodies
    • 42. K.K. Oates P.H. Naylor A.L. Goldstein 1987 Localization of thymosin alpha 1 production to thymus medullary epithelial cells by use of monoclonal antibodies Hybridoma 6 47 59 2445653 1:CAS:528:DyaL2sXhvFCgs7s%3D 10.1089/hyb.1987.6.47 Oates KK, Naylor PH, Goldstein AL. Localization of thymosin alpha 1 production to thymus medullary epithelial cells by use of monoclonal antibodies. Hybridoma 1987; 6: 47–59
    • (1987) Hybridoma , vol.6 , pp. 47-59
    • Oates, K.K.1    Naylor, P.H.2    Goldstein, A.L.3
  • 43
    • 0024473653 scopus 로고
    • Localization of immunoreactive thymosin alpha 1 in astrocytes of normal human brain
    • 43. Y.L. Su K.L. Ho M.C. Dalkas 1989 Localization of immunoreactive thymosin alpha 1 in astrocytes of normal human brain Ann Neurol 26 277 80 2774514 1:STN:280:DyaL1Mznt1OrsA%3D%3D 10.1002/ana.410260216 Su YL, Ho KL, Dalkas MC, et al. Localization of immunoreactive thymosin alpha 1 in astrocytes of normal human brain. Ann Neurol 1989; 26: 277–80
    • (1989) Ann Neurol , vol.26 , pp. 277-80
    • Su, Y.L.1    Ho, K.L.2    Dalkas, M.C.3
  • 44
    • 0022536617 scopus 로고
    • Thymosin alpha 1 and thymosin beta 4 in serum: comparison of normal, cord, homosexual and AIDS serum
    • 44. P.H. Naylor A. Friedman-Kien A.F. Hersh 1986 Thymosin alpha 1 and thymosin beta 4 in serum: comparison of normal, cord, homosexual and AIDS serum Int J Immunopharmacol 8 667 76 3781707 1:CAS:528:DyaL2sXhs1yksA%3D%3D 10.1016/0192-0561(86)90001-9 Naylor PH, Friedman-Kien A, Hersh AF, et al. Thymosin alpha 1 and thymosin beta 4 in serum: comparison of normal, cord, homosexual and AIDS serum. Int J Immunopharmacol 1986; 8: 667–76
    • (1986) Int J Immunopharmacol , vol.8 , pp. 667-76
    • Naylor, P.H.1    Friedman-Kien, A.2    Hersh, A.F.3
  • 45
    • 0026545993 scopus 로고
    • Serum levels of immunoreactive thymosin alpha 1 and thymosin beta 4 in large cohorts of healthy adults
    • 45. F.E. Weller U. Shah G.D. Cummings 1992 Serum levels of immunoreactive thymosin alpha 1 and thymosin beta 4 in large cohorts of healthy adults Thymus 19 45 52 1566283 1:CAS:528:DyaK38XhvVynsrY%3D Weller FE, Shah U, Cummings GD, et al. Serum levels of immunoreactive thymosin alpha 1 and thymosin beta 4 in large cohorts of healthy adults. Thymus 1992; 19: 45–52
    • (1992) Thymus , vol.19 , pp. 45-52
    • Weller, F.E.1    Shah, U.2    Cummings, G.D.3
  • 46
    • 0020065425 scopus 로고
    • Age-related changes in localization of thymosin in human thymus
    • 46. K. Hirokawa J.E. McClure A.L. Goldstein 1982 Age-related changes in localization of thymosin in human thymus Thymus 4 19 29 7036424 1:CAS:528:DyaL38XpvVajtA%3D%3D Hirokawa K, McClure JE, Goldstein AL. Age-related changes in localization of thymosin in human thymus. Thymus 1982; 4: 19–29
    • (1982) Thymus , vol.4 , pp. 19-29
    • Hirokawa, K.1    McClure, J.E.2    Goldstein, A.L.3
  • 47
    • 0020062607 scopus 로고
    • Immunochemical studies on thymosin: radioimmunoassay of thymosin alpha-1
    • 47. J.E. McClure N. Lameris D.W. Wara 1982 Immunochemical studies on thymosin: radioimmunoassay of thymosin alpha-1 J Immunol 128 368 75 7054279 1:CAS:528:DyaL38XotVSkug%3D%3D McClure JE, Lameris N, Wara DW, et al. Immunochemical studies on thymosin: radioimmunoassay of thymosin alpha-1. J Immunol 1982; 128: 368–75
    • (1982) J Immunol , vol.128 , pp. 368-75
    • McClure, J.E.1    Lameris, N.2    Wara, D.W.3
  • 48
    • 0020564758 scopus 로고
    • Circadian rhythm of thymosin α1 in normal and thymectomized mice
    • 48. J.P. McGillis N.R. Hall A.L. Goldstein 1983 Circadian rhythm of thymosin α1 in normal and thymectomized mice J Immunol 131 148 51 6863916 1:CAS:528:DyaL3sXkvVaqsrs%3D McGillis JP, Hall NR, Goldstein AL. Circadian rhythm of thymosin α1 in normal and thymectomized mice. J Immunol 1983; 131: 148–51
    • (1983) J Immunol , vol.131 , pp. 148-51
    • McGillis, J.P.1    Hall, N.R.2    Goldstein, A.L.3
  • 49
    • 84909678413 scopus 로고
    • Evidence for a circadian rhythm of thymosin alpha-1 in humans
    • 49. J.F. Bershof A.L. Goldstein 1983 Evidence for a circadian rhythm of thymosin alpha-1 in humans Clin Res 31 44 Bershof JF, Goldstein AL. Evidence for a circadian rhythm of thymosin alpha-1 in humans. Clin Res 1983; 31: 44
    • (1983) Clin Res , vol.31 , pp. 44
    • Bershof, J.F.1    Goldstein, A.L.2
  • 50
    • 0024832848 scopus 로고
    • Biochemical identification of thymosin alpha-1: its phylogenetic distribution and evolutionary implications
    • 50. K.K. Oates M. Erdos 1989 Biochemical identification of thymosin alpha-1: its phylogenetic distribution and evolutionary implications Comp Biochem Physiol B 94 759 63 2514072 1:STN:280:DyaK3c7gslektQ%3D%3D 10.1016/0305-0491(89)90161-2 Oates KK, Erdos M. Biochemical identification of thymosin alpha-1: its phylogenetic distribution and evolutionary implications. Comp Biochem Physiol B 1989; 94: 759–63
    • (1989) Comp Biochem Physiol B , vol.94 , pp. 759-63
    • Oates, K.K.1    Erdos, M.2
  • 51
    • 0020643124 scopus 로고
    • Isolation of thymosin α1 from thymosin fraction 5 of different species by high-performance liquid chromatography
    • 51. T.L.K. Low J.E. McClure P.H. Naylor 1983 Isolation of thymosin α1 from thymosin fraction 5 of different species by high-performance liquid chromatography J Chromatogr 266 533 44 6630360 1:CAS:528:DyaL3sXltlerur0%3D 10.1016/S0021-9673(01)90924-0 Low TLK, McClure JE, Naylor PH, et al. Isolation of thymosin α1 from thymosin fraction 5 of different species by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr 1983; 266: 533–44
    • (1983) J Chromatogr , vol.266 , pp. 533-44
    • Low, T.L.K.1    McClure, J.E.2    Naylor, P.H.3
  • 52
    • 0018412317 scopus 로고
    • The chemistry and biology of thymosin. II. Amino acid sequence analysis of thymosin alpha one and polypeptide beta
    • 52. T.L.K. Low A.L. Goldstein 1979 The chemistry and biology of thymosin. II. Amino acid sequence analysis of thymosin alpha one and polypeptide beta J Biol Chem 254 987 95 762108 1:CAS:528:DyaE1MXhvF2jt7o%3D Low TLK, Goldstein AL. The chemistry and biology of thymosin. II. Amino acid sequence analysis of thymosin alpha one and polypeptide beta. J Biol Chem 1979; 254: 987–95
    • (1979) J Biol Chem , vol.254 , pp. 987-95
    • Low, T.L.K.1    Goldstein, A.L.2
  • 53
    • 0024419581 scopus 로고
    • The role of thymosins as biological response modifiers
    • 53. K.K. Oates M.C. Coss 1989 The role of thymosins as biological response modifiers Med Sci Res 17 793 6 1:CAS:528:DyaK3cXnsV0%3D Oates KK, Coss MC. The role of thymosins as biological response modifiers. Med Sci Res 1989; 17: 793–6
    • (1989) Med Sci Res , vol.17 , pp. 793-6
    • Oates, K.K.1    Coss, M.C.2
  • 54
    • 0020309334 scopus 로고
    • The rationale for design of a screening procedure for the assessment of biological response modifiers for cancer treatment
    • 54. I.J. Fidler M. Berendt R.K. Oldham 1982 The rationale for design of a screening procedure for the assessment of biological response modifiers for cancer treatment J Biol Response Mod 1 15 26 Fidler IJ, Berendt M, Oldham RK. The rationale for design of a screening procedure for the assessment of biological response modifiers for cancer treatment. J Biol Response Mod 1982; 1: 15–26
    • (1982) J Biol Response Mod , vol.1 , pp. 15-26
    • Fidler, I.J.1    Berendt, M.2    Oldham, R.K.3
  • 55
    • 0020301640 scopus 로고
    • Biological response modifiers program
    • 55. R.K. Oldham 1982 Biological response modifiers program J Biol Response Mod 1 81 100 Oldham RK. Biological response modifiers program. J Biol Response Mod 1982; 1: 81–100
    • (1982) J Biol Response Mod , vol.1 , pp. 81-100
    • Oldham, R.K.1
  • 56
    • 0020262891 scopus 로고
    • Phase I trials of thymosin fraction 5 and thymosin alpha 1
    • 56. R.O. Dillman J. Beauregard J. Mendelsohn 1982 Phase I trials of thymosin fraction 5 and thymosin alpha 1 J Biol Response Mod 1 35 41 Dillman RO, Beauregard J, Mendelsohn J, et al. Phase I trials of thymosin fraction 5 and thymosin alpha 1. J Biol Response Mod 1982; 1: 35–41
    • (1982) J Biol Response Mod , vol.1 , pp. 35-41
    • Dillman, R.O.1    Beauregard, J.2    Mendelsohn, J.3
  • 57
    • 0020633885 scopus 로고
    • In vivo immune restoration in advanced cancer patients after administration of thymosin fraction 5 or thymosin α1
    • 57. R.O. Dillman J. Beauregard M.I. Zavanelli 1983 In vivo immune restoration in advanced cancer patients after administration of thymosin fraction 5 or thymosin α1 J Biol Response Mod 2 139 49 6315897 1:STN:280:DyaL2c%2FmtlOguw%3D%3D Dillman RO, Beauregard J, Zavanelli MI, et al. In vivo immune restoration in advanced cancer patients after administration of thymosin fraction 5 or thymosin α1. J Biol Response Mod 1983; 2: 139–49
    • (1983) J Biol Response Mod , vol.2 , pp. 139-49
    • Dillman, R.O.1    Beauregard, J.2    Zavanelli, M.I.3
  • 58
    • 0023554562 scopus 로고
    • Phase II trial of thymosin fraction 5 and thymosin alpha 1
    • 58. R.O. Dillman J. Beauregard I. Royston 1987 Phase II trial of thymosin fraction 5 and thymosin alpha 1 J Biol Response Mod 6 263 7 3598602 1:STN:280:DyaL2s3ltlahsA%3D%3D Dillman RO, Beauregard J, Royston I, et al. Phase II trial of thymosin fraction 5 and thymosin alpha 1. J Biol Response Mod 1987; 6: 263–7
    • (1987) J Biol Response Mod , vol.6 , pp. 263-7
    • Dillman, R.O.1    Beauregard, J.2    Royston, I.3
  • 59
    • 0028148431 scopus 로고
    • Thymosin alpha-1 as adjunct for conventional therapy of malignant tumors: a review
    • 59. G. Bepler 1994 Thymosin alpha-1 as adjunct for conventional therapy of malignant tumors: a review Cancer Invest 12 491 6 7922706 1:STN:280:DyaK2M%2FgslSmuw%3D%3D 10.3109/07357909409021409 Bepler G. Thymosin alpha-1 as adjunct for conventional therapy of malignant tumors: a review. Cancer Invest 1994; 12: 491–6
    • (1994) Cancer Invest , vol.12 , pp. 491-6
    • Bepler, G.1
  • 60
    • 0023906354 scopus 로고
    • Thymic factor-induced reduction of pulmonary metastases in mice with FSA-1 fibrosarcoma
    • 60. V.J. Tomazic C.R. Sacasa A. Loftus 1988 Thymic factor-induced reduction of pulmonary metastases in mice with FSA-1 fibrosarcoma Clin Exp Metastasis 6 17 25 2961496 1:STN:280:DyaL1c%2FotFWgsg%3D%3D 10.1007/BF01580403 Tomazic VJ, Sacasa CR, Loftus A, et al. Thymic factor-induced reduction of pulmonary metastases in mice with FSA-1 fibrosarcoma. Clin Exp Metastasis 1988; 6: 17–25
    • (1988) Clin Exp Metastasis , vol.6 , pp. 17-25
    • Tomazic, V.J.1    Sacasa, C.R.2    Loftus, A.3
  • 61
    • 0027102619 scopus 로고
    • T-lymphocyte subsets, cytokines, and effector functions
    • 61. T.R. Mossman 1992 T-lymphocyte subsets, cytokines, and effector functions Ann NY Acad Sci 664 89 92 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb39751.x Mossman TR. T-lymphocyte subsets, cytokines, and effector functions. Ann NY Acad Sci 1992; 664: 89–92
    • (1992) Ann NY Acad Sci , vol.664 , pp. 89-92
    • Mossman, T.R.1
  • 62
    • 0026616876 scopus 로고
    • Induction of TH1 and TH2 responses: a key role for the ‘natural’ immune response?
    • 62. S. Romagnani 1992 Induction of TH1 and TH2 responses: a key role for the ‘natural’ immune response? Immunol Today 13 379 81 1418371 1:CAS:528:DyaK3sXltFWq 10.1016/0167-5699(92)90083-J Romagnani S. Induction of TH1 and TH2 responses: a key role for the ‘natural’ immune response? Immunol Today 1992; 13: 379–81
    • (1992) Immunol Today , vol.13 , pp. 379-81
    • Romagnani, S.1
  • 63
    • 0028120518 scopus 로고
    • T-cell adjuvants
    • 63. J.W. Hadden 1994 T-cell adjuvants Int J Immunopharmacol 16 703 10 7806429 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXlslOjsb0%3D 10.1016/0192-0561(94)90090-6 Hadden JW. T-cell adjuvants. Int J Immunopharmacol 1994; 16: 703–10
    • (1994) Int J Immunopharmacol , vol.16 , pp. 703-10
    • Hadden, J.W.1
  • 64
    • 0021348977 scopus 로고
    • A placebo-controlled trial of thymic hormone treatment of recurrent herpes simplex labialis infection in immunodeficient host: results after a 1-year follow-up
    • 64. F. Aiuti M.C. Sirianni M. Fiorilli 1984 A placebo-controlled trial of thymic hormone treatment of recurrent herpes simplex labialis infection in immunodeficient host: results after a 1-year follow-up Clin Immunol Immunopathol 30 11 8 6321073 1:STN:280:DyaL2c7jtVKruw%3D%3D 10.1016/0090-1229(84)90002-3 Aiuti F, Sirianni MC, Fiorilli M, et al. A placebo-controlled trial of thymic hormone treatment of recurrent herpes simplex labialis infection in immunodeficient host: results after a 1-year follow-up. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1984; 30: 11–8
    • (1984) Clin Immunol Immunopathol , vol.30 , pp. 11-8
    • Aiuti, F.1    Sirianni, M.C.2    Fiorilli, M.3
  • 65
    • 0022349653 scopus 로고
    • Effect of thymopentin on the mortality and immune response after an experimental herpes simplex infection in mice
    • 65. R. Cappel F. deCuyper K. DeNeef 1985 Effect of thymopentin on the mortality and immune response after an experimental herpes simplex infection in mice Surv Immunol Res 4Suppl.1 48 57 Cappel R, deCuyper F, DeNeef K, et al. Effect of thymopentin on the mortality and immune response after an experimental herpes simplex infection in mice. Surv Immunol Res 1985; 4 Suppl. 1: 48–57
    • (1985) Surv Immunol Res , vol.4Suppl.1 , pp. 48-57
    • Cappel, R.1    deCuyper, F.2    DeNeef, K.3
  • 66
    • 0022377222 scopus 로고
    • Thymopentin treatment of herpes simplex infections. An open, monitored, multicenter study
    • 66. J. DeMauberge E. Haneke D. Djawari 1985 Thymopentin treatment of herpes simplex infections. An open, monitored, multicenter study Surv Immunol Res 4Suppl.1 30 6 DeMauberge J, Haneke E, Djawari D, et al. Thymopentin treatment of herpes simplex infections. An open, monitored, multicenter study. Surv Immunol Res 1985; 4 Suppl. 1: 30–6
    • (1985) Surv Immunol Res , vol.4Suppl.1 , pp. 30-6
    • DeMauberge, J.1    Haneke, E.2    Djawari, D.3
  • 67
    • 0021999573 scopus 로고
    • Prevention and therapy of herpesvirus infections
    • 67. J. Abb 1985 Prevention and therapy of herpesvirus infections Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg 180 107 20 1:STN:280:DyaL2M7psV2itA%3D%3D Abb J. Prevention and therapy of herpesvirus infections. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg 1985; 180: 107–20
    • (1985) Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg , vol.180 , pp. 107-20
    • Abb, J.1
  • 68
    • 0022461905 scopus 로고
    • Thymostimulin therapy in patients with measles meningoencephalitis
    • 68. P.A. Tovo A. Pugliese E. Palomba 1986 Thymostimulin therapy in patients with measles meningoencephalitis Thymus 8 91 4 3726944 1:STN:280:DyaL283mt1Kgsg%3D%3D Tovo PA, Pugliese A, Palomba E, et al. Thymostimulin therapy in patients with measles meningoencephalitis. Thymus 1986; 8: 91–4
    • (1986) Thymus , vol.8 , pp. 91-4
    • Tovo, P.A.1    Pugliese, A.2    Palomba, E.3
  • 69
    • 0023578843 scopus 로고
    • Immune modulators as antiviral agents
    • 69. R.W. Steel R.K. Charlton 1987 Immune modulators as antiviral agents Clin Lab Med 7 911 24 Steel RW, Charlton RK. Immune modulators as antiviral agents. Clin Lab Med 1987; 7: 911–24
    • (1987) Clin Lab Med , vol.7 , pp. 911-24
    • Steel, R.W.1    Charlton, R.K.2
  • 70
    • 0024449188 scopus 로고
    • Phase I/II trial of thymostimulin in opportunistic infections of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome
    • 70. A. Chachoua M.D. Green F. Valentine 1989 Phase I/II trial of thymostimulin in opportunistic infections of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome Cancer Invest 7 225 9 2790539 1:STN:280:DyaK3c%2Fgt1ejsw%3D%3D 10.3109/07357908909039841 Chachoua A, Green MD, Valentine F, et al. Phase I/II trial of thymostimulin in opportunistic infections of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Cancer Invest 1989; 7: 225–9
    • (1989) Cancer Invest , vol.7 , pp. 225-9
    • Chachoua, A.1    Green, M.D.2    Valentine, F.3
  • 71
    • 0025322921 scopus 로고
    • Chronic hepatitis B
    • 71. J.H. Hoofnagle 1990 Chronic hepatitis B New Engl J Med 323 337 9 2366843 1:STN:280:DyaK3czgvF2gtA%3D%3D 10.1056/NEJM199008023230510 Hoofnagle JH. Chronic hepatitis B. New Engl J Med 1990; 323: 337–9
    • (1990) New Engl J Med , vol.323 , pp. 337-9
    • Hoofnagle, J.H.1
  • 72
    • 85121087089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 72. A.L.W.F. Eddleston 1991 Overview of HBV pathogenesis F.B. Hollinger S.M. Lemon H.S. Margolis Viral hepatitis and liver disease ltimore: Williams & Wilkins B 234 7 Eddleston ALWF. Overview of HBV pathogenesis. In: Hollinger FB, Lemon SM, Margolis HS, editors. Viral hepatitis and liver disease. B ltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1991: 234–7
  • 73
    • 0018854508 scopus 로고
    • Lymphocyte cytotoxicity in human liver disease using rat hepatocyte monolayer cultures
    • 73. M.G. Mutchnick A. Missirian A.G. Johnson 1980 Lymphocyte cytotoxicity in human liver disease using rat hepatocyte monolayer cultures Clin Immunol Immunopathol 16 423 37 7408232 1:STN:280:DyaL3M%2Fgt1Cntw%3D%3D 10.1016/0090-1229(80)90184-1 Mutchnick MG, Missirian A, Johnson AG. Lymphocyte cytotoxicity in human liver disease using rat hepatocyte monolayer cultures. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1980; 16: 423–37
    • (1980) Clin Immunol Immunopathol , vol.16 , pp. 423-37
    • Mutchnick, M.G.1    Missirian, A.2    Johnson, A.G.3
  • 74
    • 0020574851 scopus 로고
    • Increased thymic hormone responsive suppressor T lymphocyte function in chronic active hepatitis
    • 74. M.G. Mutchnick J.A. Schaffner J.A. Prieto 1983 Increased thymic hormone responsive suppressor T lymphocyte function in chronic active hepatitis Dig Dis Sci 28 328 34 6219866 1:STN:280:DyaL3s7lslSqsg%3D%3D 10.1007/BF01324949 Mutchnick MG, Schaffner JA, Prieto JA, et al. Increased thymic hormone responsive suppressor T lymphocyte function in chronic active hepatitis. Dig Dis Sci 1983; 28: 328–34
    • (1983) Dig Dis Sci , vol.28 , pp. 328-34
    • Mutchnick, M.G.1    Schaffner, J.A.2    Prieto, J.A.3
  • 75
    • 0018830010 scopus 로고
    • Immunotherapy of patients with chronic virus B hepatitis. I. Maturation of human T-lymphocytes under influence of calf thymic hormone
    • 75. M.P. Dabrowski B.K. Dabrowska-Bernstein W.J. Brzosko 1980 Immunotherapy of patients with chronic virus B hepatitis. I. Maturation of human T-lymphocytes under influence of calf thymic hormone Clin Immunol Immunopathol 16 297 307 6967384 1:STN:280:DyaL3c3ksVyjtg%3D%3D 10.1016/0090-1229(80)90135-X Dabrowski MP, Dabrowska-Bernstein BK, Brzosko WJ, et al. Immunotherapy of patients with chronic virus B hepatitis. I. Maturation of human T-lymphocytes under influence of calf thymic hormone. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1980; 16: 297–307
    • (1980) Clin Immunol Immunopathol , vol.16 , pp. 297-307
    • Dabrowski, M.P.1    Dabrowska-Bernstein, B.K.2    Brzosko, W.J.3
  • 76
    • 85121083728 scopus 로고
    • Thymostimulin in the treatment of hepatitis B surface antigen-positive chronic active hepatitis
    • 76. F. Romeo L. Palmisano D. Arcoria 1987 Thymostimulin in the treatment of hepatitis B surface antigen-positive chronic active hepatitis Arzneimittel Forschung 37 450 6 3300664 1:STN:280:DyaL2s3ntV2guw%3D%3D Romeo F, Palmisano L, Arcoria D. Thymostimulin in the treatment of hepatitis B surface antigen-positive chronic active hepatitis. Arzneimittel Forschung 1987; 37: 450–6
    • (1987) Arzneimittel Forschung , vol.37 , pp. 450-6
    • Romeo, F.1    Palmisano, L.2    Arcoria, D.3
  • 77
    • 0022998080 scopus 로고
    • Suppressor cell function and thymopeptide therapy in viral hepatitis B
    • 77. D.-F. Zhang G.M. Chen C. Fan 1986 Suppressor cell function and thymopeptide therapy in viral hepatitis B Chin Med J 99 791 8 2948780 1:STN:280:DyaL2s7gsVGgtw%3D%3D Zhang D-F, Chen GM, Fan C, et al. Suppressor cell function and thymopeptide therapy in viral hepatitis B. Chin Med J 1986; 99: 791–8
    • (1986) Chin Med J , vol.99 , pp. 791-8
    • Zhang, D.-F.1    Chen, G.M.2    Fan, C.3
  • 78
    • 85121084949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 78. S. Sheng 1983 Use of porcine thymic extract and thymic peptide in treatment of chronic hepatitis B and fulminant viral hepatitis A.L. Goldstein Thymic hormones and lymphokines ’83 The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences Washington DC 94 Sheng S. Use of porcine thymic extract and thymic peptide in treatment of chronic hepatitis B and fulminant viral hepatitis. In: Goldstein AL, editor. Thymic hormones and lymphokines ’83. Washington DC: The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 1983: 94
  • 79
    • 85121064493 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 79. J.L. Gerin B.E. Korba P.J. Cote 1992 A preliminary report of a controlled study of thymosin alpha-1 in the woodchuck model of hepadnavirus infection T. Block Innovations in antiviral development and the detection of virus infection Plenum Press New York 121 3 10.1007/978-1-4615-3462-4_11 Gerin JL, Korba BE, Cote PJ, et al. A preliminary report of a controlled study of thymosin alpha-1 in the woodchuck model of hepadnavirus infection. In: Block T, et al., editors. Innovations in antiviral development and the detection of virus infection. New York: Plenum Press, 1992: 121–3
  • 80
    • 0025880857 scopus 로고
    • Low thymosin alpha-1 concentrations in patients chronically infected with the hepatitis B virus
    • 80. K.E. Sherman C.C. Jones A.L. Goldstein 1991 Low thymosin alpha-1 concentrations in patients chronically infected with the hepatitis B virus Viral Immunol 4 195 9 1810323 1:STN:280:DyaK383jvV2ktg%3D%3D 10.1089/vim.1991.4.195 Sherman KE, Jones CC, Goldstein AL, et al. Low thymosin alpha-1 concentrations in patients chronically infected with the hepatitis B virus. Viral Immunol 1991; 4: 195–9
    • (1991) Viral Immunol , vol.4 , pp. 195-9
    • Sherman, K.E.1    Jones, C.C.2    Goldstein, A.L.3
  • 81
    • 0026042722 scopus 로고
    • Thymosin treatment of chronic hepatitis B: a placebo-controlled pilot trial
    • 81. M.G. Mutchnick H.D. Appelman H.T. Chung 1991 Thymosin treatment of chronic hepatitis B: a placebo-controlled pilot trial Hepatology 14 409 15 1874487 1:STN:280:DyaK3MzktVaqtQ%3D%3D 10.1002/hep.1840140302 Mutchnick MG, Appelman HD, Chung HT, et al. Thymosin treatment of chronic hepatitis B: a placebo-controlled pilot trial. Hepatology 1991; 14: 409–15
    • (1991) Hepatology , vol.14 , pp. 409-15
    • Mutchnick, M.G.1    Appelman, H.D.2    Chung, H.T.3
  • 82
    • 4244168258 scopus 로고
    • Sustained response to thymosin therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B [abstract]
    • 82. M.G. Mutchnick J. Jaurequi D. Shafritz 1992 Sustained response to thymosin therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B [abstract] Hepatology 16 66A Mutchnick MG, Jaurequi J, Shafritz D. Sustained response to thymosin therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B [abstract]. Hepatology 1992; 16: 66A
    • (1992) Hepatology , vol.16 , pp. 66A
    • Mutchnick, M.G.1    Jaurequi, J.2    Shafritz, D.3
  • 83
    • 10144241676 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized controlled trial of thymosin-α1 versus interferon alfa treatment in patients with hepatitis B antigen antibody and hepatitis B virus DNA-positive chronic hepatitis B
    • 83. P. Andreone C. Cursaro A. Gramenzi 1996 A randomized controlled trial of thymosin-α1 versus interferon alfa treatment in patients with hepatitis B antigen antibody and hepatitis B virus DNA-positive chronic hepatitis B Hepatology 24 774 7 8855175 1:CAS:528:DyaK28XmvFOisLc%3D Andreone P, Cursaro C, Gramenzi A, et al. A randomized controlled trial of thymosin-α1 versus interferon alfa treatment in patients with hepatitis B antigen antibody and hepatitis B virus DNA-positive chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 1996; 24: 774–7
    • (1996) Hepatology , vol.24 , pp. 774-7
    • Andreone, P.1    Cursaro, C.2    Gramenzi, A.3
  • 84
    • 0022641368 scopus 로고
    • Chronic hepatitis in HBsAg carriers with serum HBV-DNA and anti-HBe
    • 84. F. Bonino F. Rosina M. Rizzetto 1986 Chronic hepatitis in HBsAg carriers with serum HBV-DNA and anti-HBe Gastroenterology 90 1268 73 3956945 1:STN:280:DyaL287msFKmtw%3D%3D Bonino F, Rosina F, Rizzetto M, et al. Chronic hepatitis in HBsAg carriers with serum HBV-DNA and anti-HBe. Gastroenterology 1986; 90: 1268–73
    • (1986) Gastroenterology , vol.90 , pp. 1268-73
    • Bonino, F.1    Rosina, F.2    Rizzetto, M.3
  • 85
    • 0024239739 scopus 로고
    • Long-term follow-up of anti-HBe positive chronic active hepatitis B
    • 85. G. Fattovich L. Brollo A. Alberti 1988 Long-term follow-up of anti-HBe positive chronic active hepatitis B Hepatology 8 1651 4 3192180 1:STN:280:DyaL1M%2Fltlantw%3D%3D 10.1002/hep.1840080630 Fattovich G, Brollo L, Alberti A, et al. Long-term follow-up of anti-HBe positive chronic active hepatitis B. Hepatology 1988; 8: 1651–4
    • (1988) Hepatology , vol.8 , pp. 1651-4
    • Fattovich, G.1    Brollo, L.2    Alberti, A.3
  • 86
    • 0024370468 scopus 로고
    • Natural course and response to interferon of chronic hepatitis B accompanied by antibody to hepatitis B e antigen
    • 86. M.R. Brunetto F. Oliveri G. Rocca 1989 Natural course and response to interferon of chronic hepatitis B accompanied by antibody to hepatitis B e antigen Hepatology 10 198 202 2663695 1:STN:280:DyaL1MzgslWqtA%3D%3D 10.1002/hep.1840100213 Brunetto MR, Oliveri F, Rocca G, et al. Natural course and response to interferon of chronic hepatitis B accompanied by antibody to hepatitis B e antigen. Hepatology 1989; 10: 198–202
    • (1989) Hepatology , vol.10 , pp. 198-202
    • Brunetto, M.R.1    Oliveri, F.2    Rocca, G.3
  • 87
    • 0028146743 scopus 로고
    • A randomized controlled trial of thymopentin therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B
    • 87. G. Fattovich G. Giustina A. Alberti 1994 A randomized controlled trial of thymopentin therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B J Hepatol 21 361 6 7836705 1:STN:280:DyaK2M7jvVClsg%3D%3D 10.1016/S0168-8278(05)80314-9 Fattovich G, Giustina G, Alberti A, et al. A randomized controlled trial of thymopentin therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B. J Hepatol 1994; 21: 361–6
    • (1994) J Hepatol , vol.21 , pp. 361-6
    • Fattovich, G.1    Giustina, G.2    Alberti, A.3
  • 88
    • 0030179606 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combination low-dose lymphoblastoid interferon and thymosin α1 therapy in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B
    • 88. G. Rasi M.G. Mutchnick D. Virgilio Di 1996 Combination low-dose lymphoblastoid interferon and thymosin α1 therapy in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B J Viral Hepat 3 191 6 8871880 1:STN:280:DyaK2s%2FisFOjsw%3D%3D 10.1111/j.1365-2893.1996.tb00094.x Rasi G, Mutchnick MG, Di Virgilio D, et al. Combination low-dose lymphoblastoid interferon and thymosin α1 therapy in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. J Viral Hepat 1996; 3: 191–6
    • (1996) J Viral Hepat , vol.3 , pp. 191-6
    • Rasi, G.1    Mutchnick, M.G.2    Virgilio, D.3
  • 89
    • 0029066627 scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of efficacy and safety of thymus humoral factor-gamma 2 in the management of chronic hepatitis B
    • 89. B.A. Farhat G. Marinos H.M. Daniels 1995 Evaluation of efficacy and safety of thymus humoral factor-gamma 2 in the management of chronic hepatitis B J Hepatol 23 21 7 8530805 1:STN:280:DyaK287jvVyqsw%3D%3D 10.1016/0168-8278(95)80306-8 Farhat BA, Marinos G, Daniels HM, et al. Evaluation of efficacy and safety of thymus humoral factor-gamma 2 in the management of chronic hepatitis B. J Hepatol 1995; 23: 21–7
    • (1995) J Hepatol , vol.23 , pp. 21-7
    • Farhat, B.A.1    Marinos, G.2    Daniels, H.M.3
  • 90
    • 0023276435 scopus 로고
    • Effect of thymosin immunostimulation with and without corticosteroid immuno-suppression on chimpanzee hepatitis B carriers
    • 90. J.W. Eichberg L.B. Seef D.L. Lawlor 1987 Effect of thymosin immunostimulation with and without corticosteroid immuno-suppression on chimpanzee hepatitis B carriers J Med Virol 21 25 37 3794672 1:CAS:528:DyaL2sXhtFOqtr0%3D 10.1002/jmv.1890210105 Eichberg JW, Seef LB, Lawlor DL, et al. Effect of thymosin immunostimulation with and without corticosteroid immuno-suppression on chimpanzee hepatitis B carriers. J Med Virol 1987; 21: 25–37
    • (1987) J Med Virol , vol.21 , pp. 25-37
    • Eichberg, J.W.1    Seef, L.B.2    Lawlor, D.L.3
  • 91
    • 0024451036 scopus 로고
    • Theoretical analysis of conformation and active sites of interferons
    • 91. V.P. Zav’yalova A.I. Denesyuk G.A. Zav’yalova 1989 Theoretical analysis of conformation and active sites of interferons Immunol Lett 22 173 81 2476384 10.1016/0165-2478(89)90186-7 Zav’yalova VP, Denesyuk AI, Zav’yalova GA. Theoretical analysis of conformation and active sites of interferons. Immunol Lett 1989; 22: 173–81
    • (1989) Immunol Lett , vol.22 , pp. 173-81
    • Zav’yalova, V.P.1    Denesyuk, A.I.2    Zav’yalova, G.A.3
  • 92
    • 0026097187 scopus 로고
    • The octapeptide corresponding to the region of the highest homology between α-interferon and thymosin-α1 effectively competes with both cytokines for common high-affinity receptors on murine thymocytes
    • 92. V.P. Zav’yalova E.V. Navolotskaya V.M. Abramov 1991 The octapeptide corresponding to the region of the highest homology between α-interferon and thymosin-α 1 effectively competes with both cytokines for common high-affinity receptors on murine thymocytes FEBS Lett 278 187 9 10.1016/0014-5793(91)80113-H Zav’yalova VP, Navolotskaya EV, Abramov VM, et al. The octapeptide corresponding to the region of the highest homology between α-interferon and thymosin-α 1 effectively competes with both cytokines for common high-affinity receptors on murine thymocytes. FEBS Lett 1991; 278: 187–9
    • (1991) FEBS Lett , vol.278 , pp. 187-9
    • Zav’yalova, V.P.1    Navolotskaya, E.V.2    Abramov, V.M.3
  • 93
    • 0030477782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thymosin-α1 but not interferon-α specifically inhibits anchorage-independent growth of hepatitis B viral transfected HepG2 cells
    • 93. J.A. Moshier M.G. Mutchnick J. Dosescu 1996 Thymosin-α 1 but not interferon-α specifically inhibits anchorage-independent growth of hepatitis B viral transfected HepG2 cells J Hepatol 25 814 20 9007707 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXotlCmtg%3D%3D 10.1016/S0168-8278(96)80283-2 Moshier JA, Mutchnick MG, Dosescu J, et al. Thymosin-α 1 but not interferon-α specifically inhibits anchorage-independent growth of hepatitis B viral transfected HepG2 cells. J Hepatol 1996; 25: 814–20
    • (1996) J Hepatol , vol.25 , pp. 814-20
    • Moshier, J.A.1    Mutchnick, M.G.2    Dosescu, J.3
  • 94
    • 85121068127 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 94. J.M. Taylor M. Chao S.Y. Hieh 1991 Structure and replication of hepatitis delta virus F.B. Hollinger Viral hepatitis and liver disease Williams & Wilkins Baltimore 460 3 Taylor JM, Chao M, Hieh SY, et al. Structure and replication of hepatitis delta virus. In: Hollinger FB, et al., editors. Viral hepatitis and liver disease. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1991: 460–3
  • 95
    • 85121076233 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 95. M. Rizzetto G. Verme J.I. Gerin 1986 Hepatitis delta virus disease H. Popper E. Schaffner Progress in liver disease Grune & Stratton New York 417 31 Rizzetto M, Verme G, Gerin JI, et al. Hepatitis delta virus disease. In: Popper H, Schaffner E, editors. Progress in liver disease. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1986: 417–31
  • 96
    • 0029792888 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A pilot study of thymosin-alpha 1 therapy for chronic hepatitis B
    • 96. C. Zavaglia R. Bottelli A. Smedile 1996 A pilot study of thymosin-alpha 1 therapy for chronic hepatitis B J Clin Gastroenterol 23 162 3 8877652 1:STN:280:DyaK2s%2FjtFOntA%3D%3D 10.1097/00004836-199609000-00024 Zavaglia C, Bottelli R, Smedile A, et al. A pilot study of thymosin-alpha 1 therapy for chronic hepatitis B. J Clin Gastroenterol 1996; 23: 162–3
    • (1996) J Clin Gastroenterol , vol.23 , pp. 162-3
    • Zavaglia, C.1    Bottelli, R.2    Smedile, A.3
  • 97
    • 8244258716 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of chronic hepatitis D with the thymosin derivative THF gamma-2: results of a pilot study [abstract]
    • 97. F. Rosina P. Conoscitore A. Giuliani 1994 Treatment of chronic hepatitis D with the thymosin derivative THF gamma-2: results of a pilot study [abstract] Hepatology 20 309A Rosina F, Conoscitore P, Giuliani A, et al. Treatment of chronic hepatitis D with the thymosin derivative THF gamma-2: results of a pilot study [abstract]. Hepatology 1994; 20: 309A
    • (1994) Hepatology , vol.20 , pp. 309A
    • Rosina, F.1    Conoscitore, P.2    Giuliani, A.3
  • 98
    • 0008181666 scopus 로고
    • A pilot study of thymosin alpha 1 therapy in chronic active hepatitis C [abstract]
    • 98. I. Rezakovic C. Zavaglia R. Bottelli 1993 A pilot study of thymosin alpha 1 therapy in chronic active hepatitis C [abstract] Hepatology 18 A252 10.1016/0270-9139(93)92530-D Rezakovic I, Zavaglia C, Bottelli R, et al. A pilot study of thymosin alpha 1 therapy in chronic active hepatitis C [abstract]. Hepatology 1993; 18: A252
    • (1993) Hepatology , vol.18 , pp. A252
    • Rezakovic, I.1    Zavaglia, C.2    Bottelli, R.3
  • 99
    • 9444228221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot trial of thymosin alpha 1 for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C
    • 99. P. Andreone C. Cursaro A. Gramenzi 1996 A double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot trial of thymosin alpha 1 for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C Liver 16 207 10 8873009 1:STN:280:DyaK2s%2Fis1ygsw%3D%3D Andreone P, Cursaro C, Gramenzi A, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot trial of thymosin alpha 1 for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C. Liver 1996; 16: 207–10
    • (1996) Liver , vol.16 , pp. 207-10
    • Andreone, P.1    Cursaro, C.2    Gramenzi, A.3
  • 100
    • 17344368726 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combination therapy with thymosin α1 and interferon for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C infection: a randomized, placebo-controlled double-blind trial
    • 100. K.E. Sherman M.H. Sjogren R.L. Creager 1998 Combination therapy with thymosin α1 and interferon for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C infection: a randomized, placebo-controlled double-blind trial Hepatology 27 1128 35 9537454 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXisFCkt7g%3D 10.1002/hep.510270430 Sherman KE, Sjogren MH, Creager RL, et al. Combination therapy with thymosin α1 and interferon for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C infection: a randomized, placebo-controlled double-blind trial. Hepatology 1998; 27: 1128–35
    • (1998) Hepatology , vol.27 , pp. 1128-35
    • Sherman, K.E.1    Sjogren, M.H.2    Creager, R.L.3
  • 101
    • 0030452149 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combination thymosin α 1 and lymphoblastoid interferon treatment in chronic hepatitis C
    • 101. G. Rasi V. D. Di M.G. Mutchnick 1996 Combination thymosin α 1 and lymphoblastoid interferon treatment in chronic hepatitis C Gut 39 679 83 9026482 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXnsVegsQ%3D%3D 10.1136/gut.39.5.679 Rasi G, Di Virgilio D, Mutchnick MG, et al. Combination thymosin α 1 and lymphoblastoid interferon treatment in chronic hepatitis C. Gut 1996; 39: 679–83
    • (1996) Gut , vol.39 , pp. 679-83
    • Rasi, G.1    Di, V.D.2    Mutchnick, M.G.3
  • 102
    • 85121068139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 102. J. Camps J. Cordoba J.I. Esteban 1993 Pathophysiology of chronic hepatitis C J.P. Miguet D. Dhumeaux Progress in hepatology ’93 John Libbey Eurotext Paris 63 8 Camps J, Cordoba J, Esteban JI. Pathophysiology of chronic hepatitis C. In: Miguet JP, Dhumeaux D, editors. Progress in hepatology ’93. Paris: John Libbey Eurotext, 1993: 63–8
  • 103
    • 0026506654 scopus 로고
    • Detection of intrahepatic replication of hepatitis C virus RNA by in situ hybridization and comparison with histopathology
    • 103. F. Negro D. Pacchioni Y. Shimizu 1992 Detection of intrahepatic replication of hepatitis C virus RNA by in situ hybridization and comparison with histopathology Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89 2247 51 1312716 1:CAS:528:DyaK38Xks1Oltb0%3D 10.1073/pnas.89.6.2247 Negro F, Pacchioni D, Shimizu Y, et al. Detection of intrahepatic replication of hepatitis C virus RNA by in situ hybridization and comparison with histopathology. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89: 2247–51
    • (1992) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.89 , pp. 2247-51
    • Negro, F.1    Pacchioni, D.2    Shimizu, Y.3
  • 104
    • 0027519138 scopus 로고
    • T-lymphocyte response to hepatitis C virus in different clinical courses of infection
    • 104. P. Botarelli M.R. Brunetto M.A. Minutello 1993 T-lymphocyte response to hepatitis C virus in different clinical courses of infection Gastroenterology 104 580 7 8425701 1:STN:280:DyaK3s7ks1aqtQ%3D%3D Botarelli P, Brunetto MR, Minutello MA, et al. T-lymphocyte response to hepatitis C virus in different clinical courses of infection. Gastroenterology 1993; 104: 580–7
    • (1993) Gastroenterology , vol.104 , pp. 580-7
    • Botarelli, P.1    Brunetto, M.R.2    Minutello, M.A.3
  • 105
    • 0028114198 scopus 로고
    • Pathogenetic mechanisms of hepatocellular damage in chronic hepatitis C virus infection
    • 105. R.P. Gonzales-Peralta G.L. Davis J.Y.N. Lau 1994 Pathogenetic mechanisms of hepatocellular damage in chronic hepatitis C virus infection J Hepatol 21 255 9 10.1016/S0168-8278(05)80405-2 Gonzales-Peralta RP, Davis GL, Lau JYN. Pathogenetic mechanisms of hepatocellular damage in chronic hepatitis C virus infection. J Hepatol 1994; 21: 255–9
    • (1994) J Hepatol , vol.21 , pp. 255-9
    • Gonzales-Peralta, R.P.1    Davis, G.L.2    Lau, J.Y.N.3
  • 106
    • 0028226920 scopus 로고
    • virus pathogenicity: the corner pieces of the jigsaw puzzle are found
    • 106. J.B. Zeldis P. Jensen C. Hepatitis 1994 virus pathogenicity: the corner pieces of the jigsaw puzzle are found Gastroenterology 106 1118 20 8143981 1:STN:280:DyaK2c7pt12nug%3D%3D Zeldis JB, Jensen P. Hepatitis C virus pathogenicity: the corner pieces of the jigsaw puzzle are found. Gastroenterology 1994; 106: 1118–20
    • (1994) Gastroenterology , vol.106 , pp. 1118-20
    • Zeldis, J.B.1    Jensen, P.2    Hepatitis, C.3
  • 107
    • 0027340164 scopus 로고
    • A TH1–TH2 switch is a critical step in the etiology of HIV infection
    • 107. M. Clerici G.M. Shearer 1993 A TH1–TH2 switch is a critical step in the etiology of HIV infection Immunol Today 14 107 11 8096699 1:CAS:528:DyaK3sXitlajur0%3D 10.1016/0167-5699(93)90208-3 Clerici M, Shearer GM. A TH1–TH2 switch is a critical step in the etiology of HIV infection. Immunol Today 1993; 14: 107–11
    • (1993) Immunol Today , vol.14 , pp. 107-11
    • Clerici, M.1    Shearer, G.M.2
  • 108
    • 0021096040 scopus 로고
    • Elevated serum thymosin alpha 1 levels associated with evidence of immune dysregulation in male homosexuals with a history of infectious diseases or Kaposi’s sarcoma
    • 108. E.M. Hersh J.M. Reuben A. Rios 1983 Elevated serum thymosin alpha 1 levels associated with evidence of immune dysregulation in male homosexuals with a history of infectious diseases or Kaposi’s sarcoma N Engl J Med 308 45 6 6847923 1:STN:280:DyaL3s%2Fmt1Oqsg%3D%3D Hersh EM, Reuben JM, Rios A, et al. Elevated serum thymosin alpha 1 levels associated with evidence of immune dysregulation in male homosexuals with a history of infectious diseases or Kaposi’s sarcoma. N Engl J Med 1983; 308: 45–6
    • (1983) N Engl J Med , vol.308 , pp. 45-6
    • Hersh, E.M.1    Reuben, J.M.2    Rios, A.3
  • 109
    • 0020607670 scopus 로고
    • Monoclonal antibody against human T cell leukemia virus p19 defines a human thymic epithelial antigen acquired during ontogeny
    • 109. B.F. Haynes M. Robert-Guroff R.S. Metzgar 1983 Monoclonal antibody against human T cell leukemia virus p19 defines a human thymic epithelial antigen acquired during ontogeny J Exp Med 157 907 20 6833950 1:STN:280:DyaL3s7mt12qtA%3D%3D 10.1084/jem.157.3.907 Haynes BF, Robert-Guroff M, Metzgar RS, et al. Monoclonal antibody against human T cell leukemia virus p19 defines a human thymic epithelial antigen acquired during ontogeny. J Exp Med 1983; 157: 907–20
    • (1983) J Exp Med , vol.157 , pp. 907-20
    • Haynes, B.F.1    Robert-Guroff, M.2    Metzgar, R.S.3
  • 110
    • 0022484045 scopus 로고
    • Neutralization of HTLV/LAV replication by antiserum to thymosin α1
    • 110. P.S. Sarin D.K. Sun A.H. Thornton 1986 Neutralization of HTLV/LAV replication by antiserum to thymosin α 1 Science 232 1135 7 3010464 1:CAS:528:DyaL28XktVCrsrs%3D 10.1126/science.3010464 Sarin PS, Sun DK, Thornton AH, et al. Neutralization of HTLV/LAV replication by antiserum to thymosin α 1. Science 1986; 232: 1135–7
    • (1986) Science , vol.232 , pp. 1135-7
    • Sarin, P.S.1    Sun, D.K.2    Thornton, A.H.3
  • 111
    • 0023630835 scopus 로고
    • Serum thymosin-alpha: lack of association between elevated levels and HIV infection
    • 111. S.J. Chen H.S. Ko 1987 Serum thymosin-alpha: lack of association between elevated levels and HIV infection Clin Exp Immunol 70 263 7 3427822 1:STN:280:DyaL1c7htVSmsQ%3D%3D Chen SJ, Ko HS. Serum thymosin-alpha: lack of association between elevated levels and HIV infection. Clin Exp Immunol 1987; 70: 263–7
    • (1987) Clin Exp Immunol , vol.70 , pp. 263-7
    • Chen, S.J.1    Ko, H.S.2
  • 112
    • 85121081697 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 112. M.T. Lotze 1985 Treatment of immunologic disorders in patients with AIDS V.T. Vita De S. Hellman D.A. Rosenberg AIDS Lippincott New York 235 64 Lotze MT. Treatment of immunologic disorders in patients with AIDS. In: De Vita VT, Hellman S, Rosenberg DA, editors. AIDS. New York: Lippincott, 1985: 235–64
  • 113
    • 0022995469 scopus 로고
    • Phase I/II trial of thymosin fraction 5 and thymosin alpha one in HTLV-III seropositive subjects
    • 113. R.S. Schulof G.L. Simon M.B. Sztein 1986 Phase I/II trial of thymosin fraction 5 and thymosin alpha one in HTLV-III seropositive subjects J Biol Response Mod 5 429 43 3490545 1:STN:280:DyaL2s%2FjsFKrtQ%3D%3D Schulof RS, Simon GL, Sztein MB, et al. Phase I/II trial of thymosin fraction 5 and thymosin alpha one in HTLV-III seropositive subjects. J Biol Response Mod 1986; 5: 429–43
    • (1986) J Biol Response Mod , vol.5 , pp. 429-43
    • Schulof, R.S.1    Simon, G.L.2    Sztein, M.B.3
  • 114
    • 0028249186 scopus 로고
    • Combination treatment with zidovudine, thymosin α1 and interferon-α in human immunodeficiency virus infection
    • 114. E. Garaci G. Rocchi L. Perroni 1994 Combination treatment with zidovudine, thymosin α 1 and interferon-α in human immunodeficiency virus infection Int J Clin Lab Res 24 23 8 7910053 1:STN:280:DyaK2c3jsFyquw%3D%3D 10.1007/BF02592405 Garaci E, Rocchi G, Perroni L, et al. Combination treatment with zidovudine, thymosin α 1 and interferon-α in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Int J Clin Lab Res 1994; 24: 23–8
    • (1994) Int J Clin Lab Res , vol.24 , pp. 23-8
    • Garaci, E.1    Rocchi, G.2    Perroni, L.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.