Risk factors for osteoporotic fracture

Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America

Volumn 27, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 289-301

  Ross, P D ^a  

^a MERCK RESEARCH LABORATORIES   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; BENZODIAZEPINE; CAFFEINE; CALCIUM; CORTICOSTEROID; ESTROGEN; THIAZIDE DIURETIC AGENT; THYROID HORMONE; VITAMIN D;

ADULT; AGE; AGED; ALCOHOL ABUSE; BONE DENSITY; CAUCASIAN; CHRONIC DISEASE; CIGARETTE SMOKING; ESTROGEN THERAPY; FALLING; FRACTURE; GENDER; GENETICS; HUMAN; HYPOGONADISM; IMMOBILIZATION; LIFE EXPECTANCY; NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY; OSTEOPOROSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR;

EID: 0031803155     PISSN: 08898529     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0889-8529(05)70006-2     Document Type: Article

References (151)

1. K. Akesson S. Ljunghall B. Jonsson Assessment of biochemical markers of bone metabolism in relation to the occurrence of fracture: A retrospective and prospective population-based study of women J Bone Miner Res 10 1995 1823 1829
2. S.M. Andersson B.E. Nilsson Changes in bone mineral content following tibia shaft fractures Clin Orthop 144 1979 226 229
3. S.M. Andersson B.E. Nilsson Changes in bone mineral content following ligamentous knee injuries Med Sci Sports 11 1979 351 353
4. S.M. Andersson B.E. Nilsson Post-traumatic bone mineral loss in tibial shaft fractures treated with a weight-bearing brace Acta Orthop Scand 50 1979 689 691
5. S.P. Baillie C.E. Davison F. Johnson Pathogenesis of vertebral crush fractures in men Age Ageing 21 1992 139 141
6. D.C. Bauer W.S. Browner J.A. Cauley Factors associated with appendicular bone mass in older women Ann Intern Med 118 1993 657 665
7. D.M. Black S.R. Cummings D. Karpf Randomized trial of effect of alendronate on risk of fracture in women with existing vertebral fractures Lancet 348 1996 1535 1541
8. D.M. Black M.C. Nevitt L. Palermo Prediction of new vertebral deformities [abstract] J Bone Miner Res 8 suppl 1 1993 S135
9. A.J. Campbell M.J. Borrie F. Spears Risk factors for falls in a community-based prospective study of people 70 years and older J Gerontology 44 1989 M112 M117
10. J.A. Cauley S.R. Cummings D.G. Seeley Effects of thiazide diuretic therapy on bone mass, fractures, and falls Ann Intern Med 118 1993 666 673
11. J.A. Cauley D.G. Seeley K. Ensrud Estrogen replacement therapy and fractures in older women: Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group Ann Intern Med 122 1995 9 16
12. E.A. Chrischilles T. Shireman R. Wallace Costs and health effects of osteoporotic fractures Bone 15 1994 377 386
13. J.T. Citron B. Ettinger H.K. Genant Spinal bone mineral loss in estrogen-replete, calcium-replete premenopausal women Osteoporosis Int 5 1995 228 233
14. C. Cooper Epidemiology of vertebral fractures in western populations Cooper C. Reeve J. Spine. State of the Art Reviews: Vertebral Osteoporosis 1994 Hanley and Belfus Philadelphia 1 21
15. C. Cooper E.J. Atkinson W.M. O'Fallon Incidence of clinically diagnosed vertebral fractures: A population-based study in Rochester, Minnesota, 1985–1989 J Bone Miner Res 7 1992 221 227
16. C. Cooper D.J.P. Barker C. Wickham Physical activity, muscle strength, and calcium intake in fracture of the proximal femur in Britain BMJ 297 1988 443 446
17. C. Cooper M. Cawley A. Bhalla Childhood growth, physical activity, and peak bone mass in women J Bone Miner Res 10 1995 940 947
18. R.G. Cumming R.J. Klineberg Case-control study of risk factors for hip fractures in the elderly Am J Epidemiol 139 1994 493 503
19. R.G. Cumming M.C. Nevitt Calcium for prevention of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women J Bone Miner Res 12 1997 321 329
20. S.R. Cummings D.M. Black S.M. Rubin Lifetime risks of hip, Colles', or vertebral fracture and coronary heart disease among white postmenopausal women Arch Intern Med 149 1989 2445 2448
21. S.R. Cummings J. Cauley L. Palermo Racial differences in hip axis length might explain racial differences in rates of hip fracture Osteoporosis Int 4 1994 226 229
22. S.R. Cummings M.C. Nevitt The causes of hip fracture: An hypothesis J Gerontol (Med Sci) 44 1989 107 111
23. S.R. Cummings M.C. Nevitt W.S. Browner Risk factors for hip fracture in white women N Engl J Med 332 1995 767 773
24. S.R. Cummings D.M. Black T.M. Vogt Changes in BMD substantially underestimate the anti-fracture effects of alendronate and other antiresorptive drugs [abstract] J Bone Miner Res 11 1996 S102
25. T. Cundy J. Cornish M.C. Evans Sources of interracial variation in bone mineral density J Bone Miner Res 10 1995 368 373
26. J.W. Davis P.D. Ross N.E. Johnson Estrogen and calcium supplement use among Japanese-American women: Effects upon bone loss when used singly and in combination Bone 17 1995 369 373
27. J.W. Davis P.D. Ross J.M. Vogel Age-related changes in bone mass among Japanese-American men Bone Miner 15 1991 227 236
28. J.W. Davis P.D. Ross R.D. Wasnich Comparison of cross-sectional and longitudinal measurements of age-related changes in bone mass J Bone Miner Res 4 1989 351 357
29. J.W. Davis P.D. Ross R.D. Wasnich The long-term precision of bone loss rate measurements among postmenopausal women Calcif Tissue Int 48 1991 311 318
30. B. Dawson-Hughes G.E. Dallal E.A. Krall Effect of vitamin D supplementation on wintertime and overall bone loss in healthy postmenopausal women Ann Intern Med 115 1991 505 512
31. I. Elffors E. Allander J.A. Kanis The variable incidence of hip fracture in Southern Europe: The MEDOS Study Osteoporosis Int 4 1994 253 263
32. K.E. Ensrud L. Palermo D. Black Hip and calcaneal bone loss increase with advancing age: Longitudinal results from the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures J Bone Miner Res 10 1995 1778 1787
33. B. Ettinger H.K. Genant C.E. Cann Long-term estrogen replacement therapy prevents bone loss and fractures Ann Intern Med 102 1985 319 324
34. M.E. Farmer L.R. White J.A. Brody Race and sex differences in hip fracture incidence Am J Public Health 74 1984 1374 1380
35. D.T. Felson D.P. Kiel J.J. Anderson Alcohol consumption and hip fractures: The Framingham Study Am J Epidemiol 128 1988 1102 1110
36. K.M. Fox S.R. Cummings K. Threets Family history and risk of osteoporotic fracture [abstract] J Bone Miner Res 9 suppl 1 1994 S153
37. A.L. Friedlander H.K. Genant S. Sadowsky A two-year program of aerobics and weight training enhances bone mineral density of young women J Bone Miner Res 10 1995 574 585
38. Gallagher J.C. Melton L.J. III B.L. Riggs Epidemiology of fractures of the proximal femur in Rochester, Minnesota Clin Orthop 150 1980 163 171
39. P. Gärdsell O. Johnell B.E. Nilsson The predictive value of fracture, disease, and falling tendency for fragility fractures in women Calcif Tissue Int 45 1989 327 330
40. P. Gärdsell O. Johnell B.E. Nilsson Predicting fractures in women by using forearm bone densitometry Calcif Tissue Int 44 1989 235 242
41. P. Garnero W.J. Shih E. Gineyts Comparison of new biochemical markers of bone turnover in late postmenopausal osteoporotic women in response to alendronate treatment J Clin Endocrinol Metab 79 1994 1693 1700
42. B.J. Gertz P. Shao D.A. Hanson Monitoring bone resorption in early postmenopausal women by an immunoassay for cross-linked collagen peptides in urine J Bone Miner Res 9 1994 135 142
43. S.L. Greenspan L.A. Maitland E.R. Myers Femoral bone loss progresses with age: A longitudinal study in women over age 65 J Bone Miner Res 9 1994 1959 1965
44. J.A. Grisso G.Y. Chiu G. Maislin Risk factors for hip fractures in men: A preliminary study J Bone Miner Res 6 1991 865 868
45. J.A. Grisso J.L. Kelsey B.L. Strom Risk factors for falls as a cause of hip fracture in women N Engl J Med 324 1991 1326 1331
46. B. Gutin M.J. Kasper Can vigorous exercise play a role in osteoporosis prevention? A review Osteoporosis Int 2 1992 55 69
47. M.T. Hannan D.P. Kiel C.E. Mercier Longitudinal bone mineral density (BMD) change in elderly men and women: The Framingham Osteoporosis Study [abstract] J Bone Miner Res 9 suppl 1 1994 S153
48. D. Hans P. Garnero A.M. Schott Combination of a marker of bone resorption, bone density and ultrasound parameters improves the prediction of hip fracture in the elderly: The EPIDOS prospective study Osteoporosis Int 6 suppl 1 1996 149
49. M.A. Hansen K. Overgaard B.J. Riis Potential risk factors for development of postmenopausal osteoporosis examined over a 12-year period Osteoporosis Int 1 1991 95 102
50. S. Harris B. Dawson-Hughes Rates of change in bone mineral density of the spine, heel, femoral neck and radius in healthy postmenopausal women J Bone Miner Res 17 1992 87 95
51. M. Hernandez-Avila G.A. Colditz M.J. Stampfer Caffeine, moderate alcohol intake, and risk of fractures of the hip and forearm in middle-aged women Am J Clin Nutr 54 1991 157 163
52. A. Horsman B.E. Nordin R.G. Crilly Effect on bone of withdrawal of oestrogen therapy Lancet 2 1979 33
53. A.L. Huddleston D. Rockwell D. Kulund Bone mass in lifetime tennis athletes JAMA 244 1980 1107 1109
54. O. Johnell B. Gullberg J.A. Kanis Risk factors for hip fracture in European women: The MEDOS Study J Bone Miner Res 10 1995 1802 1815
55. O. Johnell B. Gullberg E. Allander The apparent incidence of hip fracture in Europe: A study of national register sources Osteoporosis Int 2 1992 298 302
56. G. Jones T. Nguyen P.N. Sambrook Thiazide diuretics and fractures: Can meta-analysis help? J Bone Miner Res 10 1995 106 111
57. J.A. Kanis The incidence of hip fracture in Europe Osteoporosis Int (suppl 1) 1993 S10 S15
58. J.A. Kanis F.A. Pitt Epidemiology of osteoporosis Bone 13 1992 S7 15
59. J.A. Kanis P.D. Delmas P. Burckhardt Guidelines for diagnosis and management of osteoporosis Osteoporosis Int 7 1997 390 406
60. P. Kannus H. Haapasalo H. Sievanen The site-specific effects of long-term unilateral activity on bone mineral density and content Bone 15 1994 279 284
61. P. Kannus M. Jarvinen H. Sievanen Reduced bone mineral density in men with a previous femur fracture J Bone Miner Res 9 1994 1729 1736
62. P. Kannus M. Jarvinen H. Sievanen Osteoporosis in men with a history of tibial fracture J Bone Miner Res 9 1994 423 429
63. P. Kannus J. Leppala M. Lehto A rotator cuff injury produces permanent osteoporosis in the affected extremity, but not in those with whom the shoulder function has returned to normal J Bone Miner Res 10 1995 1263 1271
64. P.J. Kelly T. Nguyen J. Hopper Changes in axial bone density with age: A twin study J Bone Miner Res 8 1993 11 17
65. J.L. Kelsey W.S. Browner D.G. Seeley Risk factors for fractures of the distal forearm and proximal humerus Am J Epidemiol 135 1992 477 489
66. D.P. Kiel M.T. Hannan H.K. Genant Prevalence and incidence of vertebral fractures in the elderly: Initial results from the Framingham Study [abstract] J Bone Miner Res 9 suppl 1 1994 S129
67. D.P. Kiel D.R. Felson M.T. Hannan Caffeine and the risk of hip fracture: The Framingham Study Am J Epidemiol 132 1990 675 684
68. Kotowicz M.A. Melton L.J. III C. Cooper Risk of hip fracture in women with vertebral fracture J Bone Miner Res 9 1994 599 605
69. E.A. Krall B. Dawson-Hughes Heritable and life-style determinants of bone mineral density J Bone Miner Res 8 1993 1 9
70. N. Krieger J.L. Kelsey T.R. Holford An epidemiologic study of hip fracture in postmenopausal women Am J Epidemiol 116 1982 141 148
71. Laan R.F.J.M. van Riel P.L.C.M. van de Putte L.B.A. Low-dose prednisone induces rapid reversible axial bone loss in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A randomized, controlled study Ann Intern Med 119 1993 963 968
72. A.Z. LaCroix J. Wienpahl L.R. White Thiazide diuretic agents and the incidence of hip fracture N Engl J Med 322 1990 286 290
73. E.M. Lau S. Donnan D.J. Barker Physical activity and calcium intake in fracture of the proximal femur in Hong Kong BMJ 297 1988 1441 1443
74. J.B. Lauritzen P. Schwarz B. Lund Changing incidence and residual lifetime risk of common osteoporosis-related fractures Osteoporosis Int 3 1993 127 132
75. J.B. Lauritzen M.M. Petersen B. Lund Effect of external hip protectors on hip fractures Lancet 341 1993 11 13
76. J.B. Lauritzen P. Schwarz P. McNair Radial and humeral fractures as predictors of subsequent hip, radial or humeral fractures in women, and their seasonal variation Osteoporosis Int 3 1993 133 137
77. U.A. Liberman S.R. Weiss J. Broll Effect of oral alendronate on bone mineral density and the incidence of fractures in postmenopausal osteoporosis N Engl J Med 333 1995 1437 1443
78. R. Lindsay D.M. Hart A. MacLean Bone response to termination of oestrogen treatment Lancet 1 1978 1325 1327
79. T. Lohman S. Going R. Pamenter Effects of resistance training on regional and total bone mineral density in premenopausal women: A randomized prospective study J Bone Miner Res 10 1995 1015 1024
80. Looker A.C. Johnston C.C. Jr H.W. Wahner Prevalence of low bone femoral bone density in older women from NHANES III J Bone Miner Res 10 1995 796 802
81. S.R. Lord R.D. Clark A.W. Webster Physiological factors associated with falls in an elderly population J Am Geriatr Soc 39 1991 1194 2000
82. S.R. Lord P.N. Sambrook C. Gilbert Postural stability, falls, and fractures in the elderly: Results from the Dubbo Osteoporosis Epidemiology Study Med J Aust 160 1994 684 685
83. H. Luukinen K. Koski L. Hiltunen Incidence rate of falls in an aged population in northern Finland J Clin Epidemiol 47 1994 843 850
84. R. Marcus C. Cann P. Madvig Menstrual function and bone mass in elite women runners: Endocrine and metabolic features Ann Intern Med 102 1985 158 163
85. L.K. Massey K.T. Wise The effect of dietary caffeine on urinary excretion of calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium in healthy young females Nutr Res 4 1984 43 50
86. V. Matkovic K. Kostial I. Simonovic Bone status and fracture rates in two regions of Yugoslavia Am J Clin Nutr 32 1979 540 549
87. Melton L.J. III Hip fractures: A worldwide problem today and tomorrow Bone 14 suppl 1 1993 S1 S8
88. Melton L.J. III Epidemiology of age-related fractures Avioli L.V. The Osteoporotic Syndrome. Detection, Prevention, and Treatment ed 3 1993 Wiley-Liss New York 17 38
89. Melton L.J. III D.M. Ilstrup R.D. Beckenbaugh Hip fracture recurrence: A population-based study Clin Orthop 167 1982 131 138
90. Melton L.J. III S.R. Cummings Heterogeneity of age-related fractures: Implications for epidemiology J Bone Miner Res 2 1987 321 331
91. L.J. Melton E.A. Chrischilles C. Cooper How many women have osteoporosis? J Bone Miner Res 7 1992 1005 1010
92. Melton L.J. III S.H. Kan M.A. Frye Epidemiology of vertebral fractures in women Am J Epidemiol 129 1989 1000 1011
93. Melton L.J. III D.M. Ilstrup B.L. Riggs Fifty-year trend in hip fracture incidence Clin Orthop 162 1989 144 149
94. H.E. Meyer C. Henriksen J.A. Falch Risk factors for hip fracture in a high incidence area: A case-control study from Oslo, Norway Osteoporosis Int 5 1995 239 246
95. P. Minaire Immobilization osteoporosis: A review Clin Rheumatol 852 1989 95 103
96. A.H. Myers Y. Young J.A. Langlois Prevention of falls in the elderly Bone 18 1995 87S 101S
97. A.G. Need H.A. Morris D.B. Cleghorn Effect of salt restriction on urine hydroxyproline excretion in postmenopausal women Arch Intern Med 151 1991 757 759
98. H.D. Nelson M.C. Nevitt J.C. Scott Smoking, alcohol, and neuromuscular and physical function of older women: Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group JAMA 272 1994 1825 1831
99. M.C. Nevitt S.R. Cummings Type of fall and risk of hip and wrist fractures: The study of osteoporotic fractures. The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group J Am Geriatr Soc 41 1993 1226 1234
100. M.C. Nevitt S.R. Cummings S. Kidd Risk factors for recurrent nonsyncopal falls: A prospective study JAMA 261 1989 2663 2668
101. M.C. Nevitt S.R. Cummings the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group Neuromuscular risk factors for falls and fractures in elderly women Christiansen C. Overgaard K. Osteoporosis, 1990 1990 Osteopress ApS Copenhagen 147 148
102. L. Nilas C. Christiansen Rates of bone loss in normal women: Evidence of accelerated trabecular bone loss after the menopause Eur J Clin Invest 18 1988 529 534
103. J.L. O'Loughlin Y. Robitaille J.F. Boivin Incidence of and risk factors for falls and injurious falls among the community-swelling elderly Am J Epidemiol 137 1993 342 354
104. E.S. Orwoll S.K. Oviatt M.R. McClung The rate of bone mineral loss in normal men and the effects of calcium and cholecalciferol supplementation Ann Intern Med 112 1990 29 34
105. Owen R.A. Melton L.J. III K.A. Johnson Incidence of Colles' fracture in a North American community Am J Public Health 72 1982 605 607
106. R.L. Prince R.I. Price S. Ho Forearm bone loss in hemiplegia: A model for the study of immobilization osteoporosis J Bone Miner Res 3 1988 305 310
107. J.C. Prior Y.M. Vigna S.I. Barr Ovulatory premenopausal women lose cancellous spinal bone: A five year prospective study Bone 18 1996 261 267
108. J.C. Prior Y.M. Vigna M.T. Schechter Spinal bone loss and ovulatory disturbances N Engl J Med 323 1990 1221 1227
109. J. Ranstam J.A. Kanis Influence of age and body mass on the effects of vitamin D on hip fracture risk Osteoporosis Int 5 1995 450 454
110. W.A. Ray M.R. Griffin R. West Incidence of hip fracture in Saskatchewan, Canada, 1976–1985 Am J Epidemiol 131 1990 502 509
111. W.A. Ray W. Downey M.R. Griffin Long-term use of thiazide diuretics and risk of hip fracture Lancet I 1989 687 690
112. I.R. Reid Steroid osteoporosis Cooper C. Reeve J. Spine. State of the Art Reviews: Vertebral Osteoporosis 1994 Hanley and Belfus Philadelphia 111 131
113. C. Ribot F. Tremollieres Pouilles J.-M. Can we detect women with low bone mass using clinical risk factors? Am J Med 98 suppl 1 1995 52S 55S
114. N.A. Rigotti S.R. Nussbaum D.B. Herzog Osteoporosis in women with anorexia nervosa N Engl J Med 311 1984 1601 1606
115. B.J. Riis M.A. Hansen A.M. Jensen Low bone mass and fast rate of bone loss at menopause—equal risk factors for future fracture [abstract] J Bone Miner Res 10 suppl 1 1995 S146
116. B.J. Riis K. Overgaard C. Christiansen Biochemical markers of bone turnover to monitor the bone response to postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy Osteoporosis Int 5 1995 276 280
117. P.D. Ross Risk factors for fracture Cooper C. Reeve J. Spine. State of the Art Reviews: Vertebral Osteoporosis 1994 Hanley and Belfus Philadelphia 91 110
118. P.D. Ross Osteoporosis: Frequency, consequences, and risk factors Arch Intern Med 156 1996 1399 1411
119. P.D. Ross Prediction of fracture risk, II: Other risk factors Am J Med Sci 312 1996 260 269
120. P.D. Ross J.W. Davis R.S. Epstein Pre-existing fractures and bone mass predict vertebral fracture in women Ann Intern Med 114 1991 919 923
121. P.D. Ross H.K. Genant J.W. Davis Predicting vertebral fracture incidence from prevalent fractures and bone density among non-black, osteoporotic women Osteoporosis Int 3 1993 120 127
122. P.D. Ross R.D. Wasnich J.M. Vogel Detection of pre-fracture spinal osteoporosis using bone mineral absorptiometry J Bone Miner Res 3 1988 1 11
123. P.D. Ross S. Fujiwara C. Huang Japanese women in Hiroshima have greater vertebral fracture prevalence than Caucasians or Japanese-Americans in the US Int J Epidemiol 24 1995 1171 1177
124. P.D. Ross R.D. Wasnich J.W. Davis Fracture prediction models for osteoporosis prevention Bone 11 1990 327 331
125. Ross P.D. He Y.-F. A.J. Yates Body size accounts for most differences in bone density between Asian and Caucasian women Calcif Tissue Int 59 1996 339 343
126. P.D. Ross C. Huang J.W. Davis Predicting vertebral deformity using bone densitometry at various skeletal sites and calcaneus ultrasound Bone 16 1995 325 332
127. J.C. Ruiz C. Mandel M. Garabedian Influence of spontaneous calcium intake and physical exercise on the vertebral and femoral bone mineral density of children and adolescents J Bone Miner Res 10 1995 675 682
128. M. Russell-Aulet J. Wang J.C. Thornton Bone mineral density and mass in a cross-sectional study of White and Asian women J Bone Miner Res 8 1993 575 582
129. J.K. Saito J.W. Davis R.D. Wasnich Users of low-dose glucocorticoids have increased bone loss rates: A longitudinal study Calcif Tissue Int 57 1995 115 119
130. D.G. Seeley W.S. Browner M.C. Nevitt Which fractures are associated with low appendicular bone mass in elderly women? Ann Intern Med 115 1995 837 842
131. D.G. Seeley W.S. Browner M.C. Nevitt Almost all fractures are osteoporotic [abstract] J Bone Miner Res 10 suppl 1 1995 S468
132. Seeman E. Melton L.J. III W.M. O'Fallon Risk factors for spinal osteoporosis in men Am J Med 75 1983 977 983
133. C.W. Slemenda S.L. Hui C. Longcope Predictors of bone mass in perimenopausal women Ann Intern Med 112 1990 96 101
134. C.W. Slemenda J.C. Christian T. Reed Long-term bone loss in men: Effects of genetic and environmental factors Ann Intern Med 117 1992 286 291
135. C.W. Slemenda C.H. Turner M. Peacock Genetic effects on proximal femur geometry [abstract] J Bone Miner Res 9 suppl 1 1994 S130
136. S. Solgaard V.S. Petersen Epidemiology of distal radius fractures Acta Orthop Scand 56 1985 391 393
137. M.R. Sowers M.K. Clark B. Hollis Radial bone mineral density in pre- and postmenopausal women: A prospective study of rates and risk factors for loss J Bone Miner Res 7 1992 647 657
138. P. Steiger S.R. Cummings D.M. Black Age-related decrements in bone mineral density in women over 65 J Bone Miner Res 7 1992 625 632
139. Szulc P. Chapuy M.-C. P.J. Meunier Serum undercarboxylated osteocalcin is a marker of the risk of hip fracture: A three year follow-up study Bone 18 1996 487 488
140. D.R. Taaffe C. Snow-Harter D.A. Connolly Differential effects of swimming versus weight-bearing activity on bone mineral status of eumenorrheic athletes J Bone Miner Res 10 1995 586 593
141. M.E. Tinetti M. Speechley S.F. Ginter Risk factors for falls among elderly persons living in the community N Engl J Med 319 1988 1701 1707
142. M.E. Tinetti D.I. Baker G. McAvay A multifactorial intervention to reduce the risk of falling among elderly people living in the community N Engl J Med 331 1994 821 827
143. F.M. Ulivieri E. Bossi R. Azzoni Quantification by dual photon absorptiometry of local bone loss after fracture Clin Orthop 250 1990 291 295
144. US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment: Hip fracture outcomes in people age fifty and over—background paper. Washington, DC, US Government Printing Office, Publication no. OTA-BP-H-120, July 1994.
145. P. Vergnaud P. Garnero G. Breard Undercarboxylated osteocalcin (uc OC) measured with a direct and specific immunoassay predicts hip fracture (fx) in elderly women: The EPIDOS Study Osteoporosis Int 6 suppl 1 1996 149
146. R.D. Wasnich P.D. Ross L.K. Heilbrun Differential effects of thiazide and estrogen upon bone mineral content and fracture prevalence Obstet Gynecol 67 1986 457 463
147. N.B. Watts S.T. Harris H.K. Genant Intermittent cyclical etidronate treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis N Engl J Med 323 1990 73 79
148. N.S. Weiss C.L. Ure J.H. Ballard Decreased risk of fractures of the hip and lower forearm with postmenopausal use of estrogen N Engl J Med 303 1980 1195 1198
149. R.T. Whalen D.R. Carter C.R. Steele Influence of physical activity on the regulation of bone density J Biomech 21 1988 825 837
150. C.A.C. Wickham K. Walsh C. Cooper Dietary calcium, physical activity, and risk of hip fracture: A prospective study BMJ 299 1989 889 892
151. K. Yano L.K. Heilbrun R.D. Wasnich The relationship between diet and bone mineral content of multiple skeletal sites in elderly Japanese-American men and women living in Hawaii Am J Clin Nutr 42 1985 877 888