Bottom buoyancy layer in an ice-covered lake

Water Resources Research

Volumn 34, Issue 11, 1998, Pages 2981-2993

  Malm, Joakim ^a  

^a LUND UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BASAL TEMPERATURE; BOTTOM WATER; ICE COVER; LAKE; SALINITY;

BOUNDARY LAYERS;

ADVECTIVE VELOCITY; BOTTOM BOUNDARY LAYER; BOTTOM LAYERS; DOWNSLOPE FLOW; FIELD DATA; ICE-COVERED; SALT CONCENTRATION; SALT CONTENT;

LAKES;

EID: 0031761271     PISSN: 00431397     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/98WR01904     Document Type: Article

References (33)

1. Bengtsson, L., Dispersion in ice-covered lakes, Nord. Hydrol., 17, 151-170, 1986.
2. Bengtsson, L., Mixing in ice-covered lakes, Hydrobiologia, 322, 91-97, 1996.
3. Bengtsson, L., and T. Svensson, Thermal regime of ice-covered Swedish lakes, Nord. Hydrol., 27, 39-56, 1996.
4. Bengtsson, L., J. Malm, A. Terzhevik, M. Petrov, P. Boyarinov, A. Glinsky, and N. Palshin, A field study of thermo- and hydrodynamics in a small Karelian lake during late winter 1994, Rep. 3185, 72 pp., Dep. of Water Resour. Eng., Lund Inst. of Technol., Lund Univ., Lund, Sweden, 1995.
5. Bengtsson, L., J. Malm, A. Terzhevik, M. Petrov, P. Boyarinov, A. Glinsky, and N. Palshin, Field investigation of winter thermo- and hydrodynamics in a small Karelian lake, Limnol. Oceanogr., 41, 1502-1513, 1996.
6. Bilello, M. A., Water temperatures in a shallow lake during ice formation, growth, and decay, Water Resour. Res., 4, 740-760, 1968.
7. Birge, E. A., C. Juday, and H. W. March, The temperature of the bottom deposits in Lake Mendota: A chapter in the heat exchanges of the lake, Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci., 23, 187-232, 1927.
8. Ellis, C. R., H. G. Stefan, and R. Gu, Water temperature dynamics and heat transfer beneath the ice-cover of a lake, Limnol. Oceanogr., 36, 324-334, 1991.
9. Farmer, D. M., and E. Carmack, Wind mixing and restratification in a lake near the temperature of maximum density, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 11, 1516-1533, 1981.
10. Harrison, B. F., On the solution of ice formed on inland waters, Am. J. Sci. Arts, Second Ser., 35, 1863.
11. Hutchinson, G. E., A Treatise on Limnology: Geography, Physics, and Chemistry, vol. 1, John Wiley, New York, 1957.
12. Johnson, N. M., G. E. Likens, and J. S. Eaton, C. Stability, circulation, and energy flux in Mirror lake, in An Ecosystem Approach to Aquatic Ecology: Minor Lake and Its Environment, edited by G. E. Likens, pp. 108-127, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1985.
13. Likens, G. E., and R. A. Ragotzkie, Vertical water motions in a small ice-covered lake, J. Geophys. Res., 70, 2333-2344, 1965.
14. Likens, G. E., and R. A. Ragotzkie, Rotary circulation of water in an ice-covered lake, Verh. Int. Ver. Theor. Angew. Limnol., 16, 126-133, 1966.
15. Lozovik, P. A., Chemical content of suspenses, solid and fluid factions of sediments and exchange processes on the interface "water-sediments," in Surface Waters of the Shuya Lake-River System Under Conditions of Anthropogenic Influence, pp. 114-118, North. Water Probl. Inst., Petrozavodsk, Russia, 1991.
16. Malm, J., A. Terzhevik, L. Bengtsson, M. Petrov, P. Boyarinov, A. Glinsky, and N. Palshin, A field study of the thermo- and hydrodynamics in three small Karelian lakes during the winter 1994/1995, Rep. 3197, 220 pp., Dep. of Water Resour. Eng., Lund Inst. of Technol., Lund Univ., Lund, Sweden, 1996.
17. Malm, J., A. Terzhevik, L. Bengtsson, M. Petrov, P. Boyarinov, A. Glinsky, and N. Palshin, Temperature and salt content regime in three shallow ice-covered lakes, 1, Temperature, salt content, and density structure, Nord. Hydrol., 28, 99-128, 1997a.
18. Malm, J., A. Terzhevik, L. Bengtsson, M. Petrov, P. Boyarinov, A. Glinsky, and N. Palshin, Temperature and salt content regime in three shallow ice-covered lakes, 2, Heat and mass fluxes, Nord. Hydrol., 28, 129-152, 1997b.
19. Malm, J., A. Terzhevik, L. Bengtsson, M. Petrov, P. Boyarinov, A. Glinsky, and N. Palshin, Temperature and Hydrodynamics in Lake Vendyurskoe During Winter 1995/1996, Rep. 3213, 205 pp., Dep. of Water Resour. Eng., Lund Inst. of Technol., Lund Univ., Lund, Sweden, 1997c.
20. Malm, J., A. Terzhevik, L. Bengtsson, M. Petrov, P. Boyarinov, A. Glinsky, and N. Palshin, A field study on currents in a shallow ice-covered lake, Limnol. Oceanogr., 43, 295-322, 1998.
21. Mortimer, C. H., and F. J. H. Mackereth, Convection and its consequences in ice-covered lakes, Verh. Int. Ver. Limnol., 13, 923-932, 1958.
22. Phillips, O. M., On flows induced by diffusion in a stably stratified fluid, Deep Sea Res., 17, 435-443, 1970.
23. Prandtl, L., Essentials of Fluid Dynamics, Blackie, London, 1953.
24. Rahm, L., The thermally forced circulation in a small, ice-covered lake, Limnol. Oceanogr., 30, 1122-1128, 1985.
25. Schlichting, H., Boundary Layer Theory (in German), G. Braun GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany, 1965.
26. Stewart, K. M., Winter conditions in Lake Erie with reference to ice and thermal structure and comparison to Lakes Winnebago (Wisconsin) and Mille Lacs (Minnesota), paper presented at 16th Conference on Great Lakes Research, Int. Assoc. for Great Lakes Res., Ann Arbor, Mich., 1973.
27. Svensson, T., Heat budget in ice-covered lakes, in Physical Processes in Lakes, edited by I. Virta, NHP-Rep. 16, pp. 56-70, Nord. Hydrol. Programme, Helsinki, 1986.
28. Svensson, T., Temperature and heat exchange in lakes during winter (in Swedish), R 97:1987, 145 pp., Swed. Counc. for Building Res., Stockholm, Sweden, 1987.
29. Thanderz, L., Heat budget studies, in Dynamic Studies in Lake Velen, edited by M. Falkenmark, pp. 51-78, Swed. Nat. Sci. Res. Counc., Stockholm, Sweden, 1973.
30. Turner, J. S., Buoyancy Effects in Fluids, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 1973.
31. Walin, G., Contained non-homogeneous flow under gravity or how to stratify a fluid in the laboratory, J. Fluid Mech., 48, 647-672, 1971.
32. Welch, H. E., and M. A. Bergmann, Water circulation in small arctic lakes in winter, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 42, 506-520, 1985.
33. Wunsch, C., On oceanic boundary mixing, Deep Sea Res., 17, 293-301, 1970.