Effect of pregnancy and lactation on lipoprotein and cholesterol metabolism in the rat

Journal of Lipid Research

Volumn 39, Issue 11, 1998, Pages 2237-2249

  Smith, Jeffery L ^a,b,d   Lear, Steven R ^a,b   Forte, Trudy M ^c   Ko, William ^a,b,e   Massimi, Mara ^a,b,f   Erickson, Sandra K ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b SAN FRANCISCO VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

^e UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^f SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME   (Italy)

Author keywords

ACAT; Apolipoproteins; Cholesterol 7 hydroxylase; Cholesterol ester hydrolases; DGAT; LDL receptor; Liver; LRP; Mdr2; SR B1

Indexed keywords

APOLIPOPROTEIN; CHOLESTEROL 7ALPHA MONOOXYGENASE; CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE; CHOLESTEROL ESTERASE; DIACYLGLYCEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE; GLYCOCHOLIC ACID; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE; LIPOPROTEIN; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN RECEPTOR; MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE PROTEIN; SCAVENGER RECEPTOR;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ARTICLE; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CHOLESTASIS; CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM; CONTROLLED STUDY; ENZYME ACTIVITY; FEMALE; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; LACTATION; LIPID BLOOD LEVEL; LIPOPROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL; LIPOPROTEIN METABOLISM; LIVER METABOLISM; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PREGNANCY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; RAT; RECEPTOR DENSITY; RECEPTOR INTRINSIC ACTIVITY; REGULATORY MECHANISM; WEANING;

ANIMALS; APOLIPOPROTEINS; CHOLESTEROL; CHOLESTEROL 7-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE; CHOLESTEROL ESTERASE; FEMALE; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES; LACTATION; LIPOPROTEINS; LIVER; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY, ANIMAL; RATS; RATS, SPRAGUE-DAWLEY; RECEPTORS, LDL; TRIGLYCERIDES;

EID: 0031753041     PISSN: 00222275     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Bequerel, A., and A. Rodier. 1844. La composition du sang. Gaz. Méd. 20: 20-127.
2. Hermann, E., and J. Neumann. 1912. Uber den Lipoidgehalt des Blutes normaler und schwangerer Frauen sowie neugeborener Kinder. Biochem. Z. 43: 47-52.
3. Boyd, E. M. 1934. The lipemia of pregnancy. J. Clin. Invest. 13: 347-363.
4. von Studnitz, W. 1955. Studies on serum lipids and lipoproteins in pregnancy. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 7: 329-335.
5. Oliver, M. F., and G. S. Boyd. 1955. Plasma lipids and serum lipoprotein patterns during pregnancy and puerperium. Clin. Sci. 14: 15-23.
6. Potter, J. M., and P. J. Nestel. 1979. The hyperlipidemia of pregnancy in normal and complicated pregnancies. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 133: 165-170.
7. Knopp, R. H., B. Bonet, M. A. Lasuncion, A. Montelongo, and E. Herrera. 1992. Lipoprotein metabolism in pregnancy. In Perinatal Biochemistry. E. Herrera and R. H. Knopp, editors, LRC Press. 19-51.
8. van Stiphont, W. A. H. J., A. Hofman, and A. M. de Bruijn. 1987. Serum lipids in young women before, during and after pregnancy. Am. J. Epidemiol. 126: 922-928.
9. Montes, A., C. E. Walden, R. H. Knopp, M. Cheung, M. B. Chapman, and J. J. Albers. 1984. Physiologic and supraphysiologic increases in lipoprotein lipids and apoproteins in late pregnancy and postpartum. Arteriosclerosis. 4: 407-417.
10. Austin, M. A., J. L. Breslow, C. H. Hennekens, J. E. Buring, W. C. Willen, and R. M. Krauss. 1988. Low density lipoprotein subclass patterns and risk of myocardial infarction. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 260: 1917-1921.
11. Silliman, K., V. Shore, and T. M. Forte. 1994. Hypertriglyceridemia during late pregnancy is associated with the formation of small dense low-density lipoproteins and the presence of large buoyant high-density lipoproteins. Metabolism. 43: 1035-1041.
12. Erkkola, R. J., K. Viikari, K. Irjala, and T. Solakivi-Jaakkola. 1986. One-year follow-up of lipoprotein metabolism after pregnancy. Biol. Res. Pregn. 7: 47-51.
13. Kallio, M. J. T., M. A. Siimes, J. Perheentupa, L. Salmenpera, and T. A. Miettinen. 1992. Serum cholesterol and lipoprotein concentrations in mothers during and after prolonged exclusive lactation. Metabolism. 41: 1327-1330.
14. Ness, R. B., T. Harris, J. Cobb, K. M. Flegal, J. L. Kelsey, A. Balanger, A. J. Stunkard, and R. B. D'Agostino. 1993. Number of pregnancies and the subsequent risk of cardiovascular disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 328: 1528-1533.
15. Friedman, G. D., W. B. Kannel, and T. R. Dawber. 1966. The epidemiology of gallbladder disease: observations in the Framingham study. J. Chronic Dis. 19: 273-292.
16. O'Sullivan, G. C., K. Walker, and G. F. Boudor. 1975. Effects of pregnancy on bile acid metabolism. Surg. Forum. 26: 442-444.
17. Valdivieso, V., C. Covarrubias, F. Siegel, and F. Cruz. 1993. Pregnancy and cholelithiasis: pathogenesis and natural course of gallstones diagnosed in early puerperium. Hepatology. 17: 1-4.
18. Ahlfeld, F. 1883. Berichte und Arbeiten aus der Geburtshelflich-Gynaekologischcr Klinik zu Giessen. 1881-1882 mit Beitragen von F. Marchand. Leipzig, Grunow. 148.
19. Svanborg, A. 1954. A study of recurrent jaundice in pregnancy. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 22: 434-444.
20. Johnson, P., G. Samsioe, and A. Gustafson. 1975. Studies in cholestasis of pregnancy. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 54: 105-111.
21. Reyes, H. 1992. The spectrum of liver and gastrointestinal disease seen in cholestasis of pregnancy. Gastroenterol. Clin. North Am. 21: 905-921.
22. Lunger, M., P. Barnes, K. Byth, and M. O'Halloran. 1986. Serum bile acid concentrations dining pregnancy and their relationship to obstetric cholestasis. Gastroenterology. 91: 825-829.
23. Reyes, H., and K. R. Simon. 1993. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: an estrogen-related disease. Semin. Liver Dis. 13: 289-301.
24. Martin, D. E., R. L. Wolf, and R. K. Meyer. 1971. Plasma lipid levels during pregnancy in the rhesus monkey. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 138: 638-641.
25. Zilversmit, D. B., L. B. Hughes, and M. Remington. 1972. Hypolipidemic effect of pregnancy in the rabbit. J. Lipid Res. 13: 750-756.
26. Fillios, L. C., R. Kaplan, R. S. Martin, and F. J. Stare. 1958. Some aspects of the gonadal regulation of cholesterol metabolism. Am. J. Physiol., 193: 47-51.
27. Bosch, V., and G. Camejo. 1967. Serum lipoproteins in pregnant and lactating rats. J. Lipid Res. 8: 138-141.
28. Knopp, R. H., M. A. Borousch, and J. B. O'Sullivan. 1975. Lipid metabolism in pregnancy. II. Post-heparin lipolytic activity and hypertriglyceridemia in the pregnant rat. Metabolism. 24: 481-493.
29. Kern, F., R. Showalter, P. Coan, and H. Reyes. 1978. Effects of pregnancy on bile flow, bile acids and biliary lipids in hamster and rats. Gastroenterology. 74: 1049.
30. Reyes, H., and F. Kern, Jr. 1979. Effect of pregnancy on bile flow and biliary lipids in the hamster. Gastroenterology. 76: 144-150.
31. Erickson, S. K., A. D. Cooper, S. M. Matsui, and R. G. Gould. 1979. 7-Ketocholesterol. Its effects on hepatic cholesterogenesis and its hepatic metabolism in vivo and in vitro. J. Biol. Chem. 252: 5186-5193.
32. Erickson, S. K., S. R. Lear, M. A. Barker, and T. A. Musliner. 1990. Regulation of cholesterol metabolism in the ethionine-induced premalignant rat liver. J. Lipid Res. 31: 933-945.
33. Nichols, A. V., R. M. Krauss, and T. A. Musliner. 1986. Nondenaturing polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis. Methods Enzymol. 128: 417-431.
34. Smith, J. L., S. R. Lear, and S. K. Erickson. 1995. Developmental expression of elements of hepatic cholesterol metabolism in the rat. J. Lipid Res. 36: 641-652.
35. Ozasa, S., E. S. Kempner, and S. K. Erickson. 1989. Functional size of acyl coenzyme A:diacylglycerol acyltransferase by radiation inactivation. J. Lipid Res. 30: 1759-1762.
36. Maruyama, K., T. Mikawa, and S. Ebashi. 1984. Detection of calcium binding proteins by 45Ca autoradiography on nitrocellulose membrane after sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. J. Biochem. 95: 511-519.
37. Gornall, A. G., C. J. Bardawill, and M. M. David. 1949. Determination of serum proteins by means of the biuret reaction. J. Biol. Chem. 177: 751-766.
38. Souders, H. J., and A. F. Morgan. 1959. Weight and composition of organs during the reproductive cycle in the rat. Am. J. Physiol. 191: 1-7.
39. Fell, B. F., K. A. Smith, and R. M. Campbell. 1963. Hypertrophic and hyperplastic changes in the alimentary canal of the lactating rat. J. Pathol. Bacteriol. 85: 179-188.
40. Cripps, A. W., and V. J. Williams. 1975. The effect of pregnancy and lactation on food intake, gastrointestinal anatomy and the absorptive capacity of the small intestine in the albino rat. Br. J. Nutr. 33: 17-32.
41. Calandra, S., G. C. Quartaroli, and M. Montaguti. 1975. Effect of cholesterol feeding on cholesterol biosynthesis in maternal and fetal rat liver. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 5: 2-31.
42. Belknap, W. M., and J. M. Dietschy. 1988. Sterol synthesis and low density lipoprotein clearance in vivo in the pregnant rat, placenta and fetus. Sources for tissue cholesterol during fetal development. J. Clin. Invest. 82: 2077-2085.
43. Innis, S. M. 1986. The activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase and acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase in hepatic microsomes from male, female and pregnant rats. The effect of cholestyramine treatment and the relationship of enzyme activity to microsomal lipid composition. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 875: 355-361.
44. Woollett, L. A. 1996. Origin of cholesterol in the fetal golden Syrian hamster: contribution of de novo sterol synthesis and maternal-derived lipoprotein cholesterol. J. Lipid Res. 37: 1246-1257.
45. Walker, B. L., and P. Hahn, 1981. Hepatic microsomal 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase activity in the lactating rat. Can. J. Biochem. 59: 889-892.
46. Knopp, R. H., M. R. Warth, D. Charles, M. Childs, J. R. Li, H. Mabuchi, and M. I. van Allen. 1986. Lipoprotein metabolism in pregnancy, fat transport to the fetus and the effects of diabetes. Biol. Neonate. 50: 297-317.
47. Subbiah, M. T. R., and M. D. Buscaglia. 1976. Studies concerning the hypercholesterolemia of pregnancy in the rat. Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol. 13: 529-539.
48. Klassen, C. D., and S. C. Strom. 1978. Comparison of biliary excretory function and bile composition in male, female and lactating female rats. Drug Metab. Dispos. 6: 120-124.
49. Brown, M. S., and J. L. Goldstein. 1986. A receptor-mediated pathway for cholesterol homeostasis. Science. 232: 34-47.
50. Hussain, M. M., F. R. Maxfield, J. Mas Oliva, I. Tabas, Z. S. Ji, T. L. Innerarity, and R. W. Mahley. 1991. Clearance of chylomicron remnant by the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein/alpha 2-macroglobulin receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 266: 13936-13940.
51. 2-macroglobulin receptor/low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein by lipopolysaccharide and interferon-gamma. J. Clin. Invest. 91: 1219-1224.
52. Glass, C., R. C. Pittman, M. Eiven, and D. Steinberg. 1985. Uptake of high density lipoprotein-associated apoprotein A-I and cholesteryl esters by 16 tissues of the rat in vivo and by adrenal cells and hepatocytes in vitro. J. Biol. Chem. 260: 744-750.
53. Landschulz, K. T., R. K. Pathak, A. Rigotti, M. Krieger, and H. H. Hobbs. 1996. Regulation of scavenger receptor, class B, type I, a high density lipoprotein receptor in liver and steroidogenic tissues of the rat. J. Clin. Invest. 98: 984-995.
54. Kozarsky, K. F., M. H. Donahee, A. Rigotti, S. N. Iqbal, E. R. Edelman, and M. Krieger. 1997. Overexpression of the HDL receptor SR-Bl alters plasma HDL and bile cholesterol levels. Nature. 387: 414-417.
55. Smit, J. J. M., A. H. Schinkel, R. P. J. Oude Elferink, A. K. Groen, K. Wagenaar, L. van Demeter, C. A. A. M. Mol, R. Ottenhoff, N. M. T. Van der Lugt, M. A. van Roon, M. A. Van der Valk, G. J. A. Offerhaus, A. J. M. Berns, and P. Borst. 1993. Homozygous disruption of the murine mdr2 P-glycoprotein gene leads to a complete absence of phospholipid from bile and to liver disease. Cell. 75: 451-462.
56. Lutton, C., and F. Chevallier. 1972. Vitesses des processus de renouvellement du cholestérol contenu dans son espace de transfert, chez le rat. Iv. Influence de l'âge, du poids, du sexe, de la gestation et de la latalion. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 280: 116-130.
57. Hamosh, M., T. R. Cleary, and S. S. Chernick. 1970. Lipoprotein lipase activity of adipose and mammary tissue and plasma triglyceride in pregnant and lactating rat. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 210: 473-482.
58. Herrera, E., M. A. Lasuncion, D. Gomez-Coronado, P. Aranda, P. Lopez-Luna, and I. Maier. 1988. RoIc of lipoprotein lipase activity in lipoprotein metabolism and the fate of circulating triglycerides in pregnancy. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 158: 1575-1583.
59. Clarenburg, R., and I. L. Chaikoff. 1966. Origin of milk cholesterol in the rat: dietary vs. endogenous sources. J. Lipid Res. 7: 27-37.
60. Popjak, G., and M. Beeckmans. 1950. Synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids in foetuses and in mammary glands of pregnant rabbits. Biochem. J. 46: 547-558.
61. Luckey, T. D., T. J. Mende, and J. Pleasants. 1954. The physical and chemical characterization of rat's milk. J. Nutr. 54: 345-359.
62. Smith, S., and S. Abraham. 1975. The composition and biosynthesis of milk fat. In Advances in Lipid Research. R. Paoletti and D. Kritchevsky, editors. Academic Press, New York. 195-239.
63. Robins, S. J., and J. M. Fasulo. 1997. High density lipoproteins, but not other lipoproteins, provide a vehicle for sterol transport to bile. J. Clin. Invest. 99: 380-384.
64. Pieters, M. N., D. Schonten, H. F. Bakkeren, B. Esback, A. Brouwer, D. L. Knook, and T. J. C. van Berkel. 1991. Selective uptake of cholesteryl ester from apolipoprotein E-free high-density lipoproteins by rat parenchymal cells in vivo is efficiently coupled to bile acid synthesis. Biochem. J. 280: 359-365.
65. Mackinnon, A. M., C. A. Drevon, T. M. Sand, and R. A. Davis. 1987. Regulation of bile acid synthesis in cultured rat hepatocytes: stimulation by apoE-rich high density lipoproteins. J. Lipid Res. 28: 847-855.
66. Machleder, D., B. Ivandic, C. Welch, L. Castellani, K. Reue, and A. J. Lusis. 1997. Complex genetic control of HDL levels in mice in response to an atherogenic diet. J. Clin. Invest. 99: 1406-1419.