Can site-directed mutagenesis eliminate autoimmunity arising from molecular mimicry?

Medical Hypotheses

Volumn 50, Issue 5, 1998, Pages 399-407

  Powell, P D ^a  

^a NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; AUTOIMMUNITY; EVOLUTION; HUMAN; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RETROVIRUS INFECTION; SITE DIRECTED MUTAGENESIS; VIRUS GENE;

UNIDENTIFIED RETROVIRUS;

EID: 0031748035     PISSN: 03069877     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0306-9877(98)90212-2     Document Type: Article

References (82)

1. Oldstone M B. Molecular mimicry and autoimmune disease [published erratum appears in Cell 1987; 51: 878]. Cell 50: 819-820.
2. Habeshaw J, Hounsell E, Dalgleish A. Does the HIV envelope induce a chronic graft-versus-host-like disease? Immunol Today 1992; 13: 207-210.
3. Ziegler J, Stites D. Hypothesis: AIDS is an autoimmune disease directed at the immune system and triggered by a lymphotropic retrovirus. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1986; 41: 305-313.
4. Hoffman G W, Kion T A, Grant M D. An idiotypic network model of AIDS immunopathogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88: 3060-3064.
5. Vega M A, Guigo R, Smith T F. Autoimmune response and AIDS. Nature 1990; 345: 26.
6. Blackburn R, Clerici M, Mann D et al. Common sequence in HIV 1 GP41 and HLA class II beta chains can generate cross-reactive autoantibodies with immunosuppressive potential early in the course of HIV 1 infection. Adv Exp Med Biol 1991; 303: 63-69.
7. Golding H, Robey F A, Gates F E et al. Identification of homologous regions in human immunodeficiency virus 1 gp41 and human MHC class II beta 1 domain, I: Monoclonal antibodies against the gp41-derived peptide and patients' sera react with native HLA class II antigens, suggesting a role for autoimmunity in the pathogenesis of acquired immune deficiency syndrome. J Exp Med 1988; 167: 914-923.
8. Golding H, Shearer G M, Hillman K et al. Common epitope in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)1-gp 41 and HLA class II elicits immunosuppressive autoantibodies capable of contributing to immune dysfunction in HIV 1-infected individuals. J Clin Invest 1989; 83: 1430-1435.
9. + T cells in HIV-infected patients to markers of activation and progression: Autoantibodies are closely associated with CD4 cell depletion. Immunology 1993; 79: 248-254.
10. Weimer R, Daniel V, Zimmerman R, Schimpf K, Opelz G. Autoantibodies against CD4 cells are associated with CD4 helper defects in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Blood 1991; 77: 133-140.
11. Clerici M, Shearer G M. A TH1→TH2 switch is a critical step in the etiology of HIV infection. Immunol Today 1993; 14: 107-111.
12. Bost K, Hahn B, Saag M, Shaw G, Weigent D, Blalock J. Individuals infected with HIV possess antibodies against IL-2. Immunology 1988; 65: 611-615.
13. Chams V, Jouault T, Fenouillet E, Gluckman J C, Klatzman D. Detection of anti-CD4 autoantibodies in the sera of HIV-infected patients using recombinant CD4 molecules. AIDS 1988; 2: 353-361.
14. Reiher W I, Blalock J, Brunck T. Sequence homology between acquired immunodeficiency syndrome virus envelope protein and interleukin 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986; 83: 9188-9192.
15. Zagury J F, Bernard J, Achour A et al. HIV-1 induced immune suppression may result from autoimmune disorders including anti-SLWDQ autoantibodies. Biomed Pharmacother 1993; 47: 93-99.
16. Garry R F, Krieg A M, Cheevers W P et al. Retroviruses and their roles in chronic inflammatory diseases and autoimmunity. In: Levy J A, ed. The Retroviridae, Vol. 4. New York: Plenum Press, 1995: Ch. 7, p 545.
17. Gallaher W, Ball J, Garry R, Griffin M C, Montelaro R. A general model for the TM proteins of HIV and other retroviruses. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1989; 5: 431-440.
18. Gallaher W, Ball J, Garry R, Martin-Amedee A, Montelaro R. A general model for the surface glycoproteins of HIV and other retroviruses. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1994; 11: 191-202.
19. Garry R F, Krieg A M, Cheevers W P et al. Retroviruses and their roles in chronic inflammatory diseases and autoimmunity. In: Levy J A, ed. The Retroviridae, Vol. 4. New York: Plenum Press, 1995: Ch. 7, p 546.
20. Garry R F, Krieg A M, Cheevers W P et al. Retroviruses and their role in chronic inflammatory diseases and autoimmunity. In: Levy J A, ed. The Retroviridae, Vol. 4. New York: Plenum Press, 1995: 543-545.
21. De Santis C, Lopalco L, Robbioni P et al. Human antibodies to immunodominant C5 region of HIV-1 gp 120 cross-react with HLA class I on activated cells. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1994; 10: 157-162.
22. Lopalco L, De Santis C, Meneveri R et al. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 C5 region mimics the HLA class I alpha I peptide-binding domain. Eur J Immunol 1993; 23: 2016-2021.
23. Garry R F, Krieg A M, Cheevers W P et al. Retroviruses and their roles in chronic inflammatory diseases and autoimmunity. In: Levy J A ed. The Retroviridae, Vol. 4. New York: Plenum Press, 1995: 496-506.
24. Janeway C A, Travers P. Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. New York: Garland Publishing, 1994: 1-37.
25. Jin L, Fendly B M, Wells J A. High resolution functional analysis of antibody-antigen interactions. J Mol Biol 1992; 226: 851-865.
26. Wells J A. Binding in the growth hormone receptor complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 1-6.
27. Jin L, Wells J A. Dissecting the energetics of an antibody-antigen interface by alanine shaving and molecular grafting. Protein Sci 1994; 3: 2351-2357.
28. Wells J A. Systematic mutational analyses of protein-protein interfaces. Methods Enzymol 1991; 202: 391-411.
29. Eigen M. Viral quasispecies. Sci Am 1993; 269: 42-49.
30. Anonymous. Immunologic markers of AIDS progression: consistency across five HIV-infected cohorts. Multicohort Analysis Project Workshop, Part I. AIDS 1994; 8: 911-921.
31. Braun M J, Clements J E, Gonda M A. The visna virus genome: evidence for a hypervariable site in the env gene and sequence homology among lentivirus envelope proteins. J Virol 1987; 61: 4046-4054.
32. Doolittle R F. Proteins. Sci Am 1985; 253: 88-99.
33. Ratner L, Haseltine W, Patarca R et al. Complete nucleotide sequence of the AIDS virus, HTLV-III. Nature 1985; 313: 277-284.
34. Gómez C E, Fernandez J R, Iglesias E et al. Complete DNA sequence of the gene encoding the external glycoprotein (gp 120) from a Cuban HIV type I isolate. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1996; 12: 553-555.
35. Roitt I. Essential Immunology. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Scientific, 1994: Ch. 5, p 81-102.
36. Dawkins R. The Extended Phenotype: The Gene as the Unit of Selection. San Francisco: W H Freeman, 1982: Ch. 12, p 226; Ch. 14, p 253.
37. Personal Communication, Dr Michael B. Oldstone.
38. Winslow D L, Anton E D, Horlick R A et al. Construction of infectious molecular clones of HIV-1 containing defined mutations in the protease gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1994; 205: 1651-1657.
39. Dawkins R. The Selfish Gene. New York: Oxford University Press, 1976.
40. Wolff J A, Malone R W, Williams P et al. Direct gene transfer into mouse muscle in vivo. Science 1990; 247: 1465-1468.
41. Weir J P, Meltzer M S. Transfection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 proviral DNA into primary human monocytes. Cell Immunol 1993; 148: 157-165.
42. Harrowe G, Cheng-Mayer C. Amino acid substitutions in the V3 loop are responsible for adaptation to growth in transformed T-cell lines of a primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Virology 1995; 210: 490-494.
43. Temin H M. Is HIV unique or merely different? J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1989; 2: 1-9.
44. Dawkins R. The Blind Watchmaker. New York: W W Norton, 1986.
45. Schuster P. Evolution in an RNA world. In: Ponnamperuma C, Chela-Flores J, eds. Chemical Evolution: Origin of Life - Proceedings of the Trieste Conference on Chemical Evolution and the Origin of Life, 26-30 October 1992. Hampton, V A: Deepak, 1993: 51-67.
46. Boya L J, Boya P. Viroids and viruses at the origin of organized life. In: Ponnamperuma C, Chela-Flores J, eds. Chemical Evolution: Origin of Life - Proceedings of the Trieste Conference on Chemical Evolution and the Origin of Life, 26-30 October 1992. Hampton, VA: Deepak, 1993: 311-320.
47. Horgan J. The world according to RNA: experiments lend support to the leading theory of life's origin. Sci Am 1996; 274: 27-30.
48. Rennie J. In the beginning: Evidence grows that RNA was the first self-made molecule. Sci Am 1989; 261: 28,32.
49. Nossal G J V. Life, death and the immune system. Sci Am 1993; 269: 52-62.
50. Shirasaka T, Kavlick M F, Ueno T et al. Emergence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 variants with resistance to multiple dideoxynucleosides in patients receiving therapy with dideoxynucleosides. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92: 2398-2402.
51. Peterlin B M. Molecular Biology of HIV. In: Levy J A, ed. The Retroviridae, Vol. 4. New York: Plenum Press, 1995: 224.
52. Kuhn T S. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 2nd edn. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1970.
53. Fultz P N, McClure H M, Anderson D C, Swenson R B, Anand R, Srinivasan A. Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from naturally infected sooty mangabey monkeys (Cercocebus atys). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986; 83: 5286-5290.
54. Johnson P R, Fomsgaard A, Allan J et al. Simian immunodeficiency viruses from African green monkeys display unusual genetic diversity. J Virol 1990; 64: 1086-1092.
55. Li Y, Naida Y M, Daniel M D, Desrosiers R C. Extensive genetic variability of simian immunodeficiency virus from African green monkeys. J Virol 1989; 63: 1800-1802.
56. Doolittle R F. Immunodeficieny viruses: The simian-human connection. Nature 1989; 339: 338-339.
57. sm) closely related to HIV-2. Nature 1989; 339: 389-392.
58. Myers G, MacInnes K, Korber B. The emergence of simian/ human immunodeficiency viruses. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1992; 8: 373-386.
59. Shpaer E G, Mullins J I. Rates of amino acid change in the envelope protein correlate with pathogenicity of primate lentiviruses. J Mol Evol 1993; 37: 57-65.
60. Poulin R, Brodeur J, Moore J. Parasite manipulation of host behavior: should hosts always lose? Oikos 1994; 70: 479-484.
61. Ewald P W. The Evolution of Infectious Disease. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994.
62. Mitchison N A. Will we survive? Sci Am 1993; 269: 136-144.
63. Jaffe H W, Bregman D J, Selik R M. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome in the United States: the first 1,000 cases. J Infect Dis 1983; 148: 339-345.
64. Yarchoan R, Mitsuya H, Broder S. Challenges in therapy of HIV infection. Immunol Today 1993; 14: 303-309.
65. Dawkins R. The Blind Watchmaker. New York: W W Norton, 1986: 313.
66. Essex M, Kanki P J. The origins of the AIDS virus. Sci Am 1988; 259: 64-71.
67. Kaslow H G, Kaslow R, unpublished observations.
68. Bolognesi D P. Vaccines against acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). In: Gallo R C, Jay G, eds. Human Retroviruses. San Diego: Academic Press, 1991: 398.
69. Granelli-Piperno A, Andrus L, Reich E. Antibodies to Interleukin 2: effects on immune responses in vitro and in vivo. J Exp Med 1984; 160: 738-750.
70. Smith K A. Interleukin-2. Sci Am 1990; 262: 50-57.
71. Mosmann T R. Cytokine patterns during the progression to AIDS. Science 1994; 265: 193-194.
72. Chougnet C, Clerici M, Shearer G M. Role of IL-12 in HIV disease/AIDS. 62nd Forum in Immunology, 615-622.
73. Kowalski M, Ardman B, Basirpour L et al. Antibodies to CD4 in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus type-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989; 86: 3346-3350.
74. Thiriart C, Goudsmit J, Schellekens P et al. Antibodies to soluble CD4 in HIV-1-infected individuals. AIDS 1988; 2: 345-351.
75. Martin L, Idziorek T, Lehen A, Gluckman J, Klatzmann D. Anti-CD4 autoantibodies in HIV-infected individuals: detection by two immunoenzymatic techniques. AIDS 1994; 8: 389-390.
76. Chams V, Idziorek T, Klatzmann D. Biological properties of anti-CD4 autoantibodies purified from HIV-infected patients. AIDS 1991; 5: 565-569.
77. Sekigawa I, Groopmen J, Alan J et al. Characterization of autoantibodies to the CD4 molecule in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1991; 58: 145-153.
78. Powell P D. Can principles of evolution and ecology be applied to the problem of HIV infection/AIDS? Biodiversity Letters 1996; 3: 14-17.
79. Powell P D. Can evolutionary principles help resolve the acquired immune deficiency syndrome crisis? Med Hypotheses 1996; 46: 130-134.
80. Dawkins R. The Blind Watchmaker. New York: W W Norton, 1986: 175.
81. Dawkins R. The Selfish Gene. New York: Oxford University Press, 1976: 196.
82. Dawkins R. The Blind Watchmaker. New York: W W Norton, 1986: 133-137, 192.