Natural history of alzheimer's disease and other dementias: Review of the literature in the light of the findings from the kungsholmen project

International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry

Volumn 13, Issue 11, 1998, Pages 755-766

  Agüero Torres, Hedda ^a,b   Fratiglioni, Laura ^a   Winblad, Bengt ^a  

^a KAROLINSKA INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

^b STOCKHOLM GERONTOLOGY RESEARCH CENTER   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Alzheimer's disease; Dementia; Natural history; Prognosis; Progression

Indexed keywords

AGED; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ARTICLE; COGNITIVE DEFECT; DEMENTIA; DISABILITY; DISEASE COURSE; GERONTOPSYCHIATRY; HISTORY; HUMAN; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; PROGNOSIS;

AGED; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; CAUSE OF DEATH; DEMENTIA; DISEASE PROGRESSION; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; HUMANS; MALE; SWEDEN;

EID: 0031742871     PISSN: 08856230     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1166(1998110)13:11<755::AID-GPS862>3.0.CO;2-Y     Document Type: Article

References (93)

1. Agüero-Torres, H., Fratiglioni, L., Guo, Z., Viitanen, M. and Winblad, B. (1998a) Prognostic factors in very-old demented adults: A seven-year follow-up from a population-based survey in Stockholm. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 46, 444-452.
2. Agüero-Torres, H., Fratiglioni, L., Guo, Z., von Strauss, E., Viitanen, M. and Winblad, B. (1998b) Dementia is the major cause of functional dependence in the elderly. Three-year follow-up data from a population-based study. Am. J. Pub. Health (in press).
3. Agüero-Torres, H., Fratiglioni, L., Guo, Z., Viitanen, M. and Winblad, B. (1998c) Mortality from dementia in advanced age. A 5-year follow-up study of incident dementia cases (submitted).
4. Almkvist, O. and Bäckman, L. (1993) Progression in Alzheimer's disease: Sequencing of neuropsychological decline. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiat. 8, 755-763.
5. American Psychiatric Association (1987) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd edn, revised (DSM-III-R). American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC, pp. 97-163.
6. American Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edn, (DSM-IV). American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC, pp. 133-155.
7. Aronson, M. K., Cox, D., Guastadisegni, P., Frazier, C., Sherlock, L., Grower, R., Barbera, A., Stenberg, M., Breed, J. and Koren, M. J. (1992) Dementia and the nursing home: Association with care needs. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 40, 27-33.
8. Aronson, M. K., Ooi, W. L., Geva, D. L., Massur, D., Blau, A. and Frishman, W. (1991) Dementia. Age-dependent incidence, prevalence, and mortality in the old old. Arch. Intern. Med. 151, 989-992.
9. Ballard, C., Patel, A., Oyebode, F. and Wilcock, G. (1996) Cognitive decline in patients with Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, and senile dementia of Lewy body type. Age Ageing 25, 209-213.
10. Barclay, L. L., Zemcov, A., Blass, J. P. and Sansone, J. (1985) Survival in Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementias. Neurology 35, 834-840.
11. Beard, C. M., Kokmen, E., Sigler, C., Smith, G. E., Petterson, T. and O'Brien, P. C. (1996) Cause of death in Alzheimer's disease. Ann. Epidemiol. 6, 195-200.
12. Becker, J., Boller, F., Lopez, O. L., Saxton, J. and McGonigle, K. L. (1994) The natural history of Alzheimer's disease. Description of study cohort and accuracy of diagnosis. Arch. Neurol. 51, 585-594.
13. Bianchetti, A., Scuratti, A., Zanetti, O., Binetti, G., Frisoni, G. B., Magni, E. and Trabucchi, M. (1995) Predictors of mortality and institutionalization in Alzheimer disease patients 1 year after discharge from an Alzheimer dementia unit. Dementia 6, 108-112.
14. Bowen, J. D., Malter, A. D., Sheppard, L., Kukull, W. A., McCormick, W. C., Teri, L. and Larson, E. B. (1996) Predictors of mortality in patients diagnosed with probable Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 47, 433-439.
15. Bowler, J. V., Eliasziw, M., Steenhuis, R., Munoz, D. G., Fry, R., Merskey, H. and Hachinski, V. C. (1997) Comparative evolution of Alzheimer disease, vascular dementia, and mixed dementia. Arch. Neurol. 54, 697-703.
16. Bracco, L., Gallato, R., Grigoletto, F., Lippi, A., Lepore, V., Bino, G., Lazzaro, M. P., Carella, F., Piccolo, T., Pozzilli, C., Giometto, B. and Amuducci, L. (1994) Factors affecting course and survival in Alzheimer's disease. A 9-year longitudinal study. Arch. Neurol. 51, 1213-1219.
17. Brodaty, H., McGilchrist, C., Harris, L. and Peters, K. (1993) Time until institutionalization and death in patients with dementia. Role of caregiver training and risk factors. Arch. Neurol. 50, 643-650.
18. Burns, A., Jacoby, R. and Levy, R. (1991) Progression of cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 39, 39-45.
19. Campbell, A. J., McCosh, L. M., Reinken, J. and Allan, B. C. (1983) Dementia in old age and the need for services. Age Ageing 12, 11-16.
20. Chen, P., Yu, E. S. H., Zhang, M., Liu, W. T., Hill, R. and Katzman, R. (1995) ADL dependence and medical conditions in Chinese older persons: A population-based survey in Shanghai, China. J. Am. Geriat. Soc., 43, 378-383.
21. Chui, H. C., Lyness, S. A., Sobel, E. and Schneider, L. S. (1994) Extrapyramidal signs and psychiatric symptoms predict faster cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease. Arch. Neurol. 51, 676-681.
22. Corey-Bloom, J., Galasko, D., Hofstetter, C. R., Jackson, J. E. and Thai, L. J. (1993) Clinical features distinguish large cohorts with possible AD, probable AD, and mixed dementia. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 41, 31-37.
23. Drachman, D. A., O'Donnell, B. F., Lew, R. A. and Swearer, J. M. (1990) The prognosis in Alzheimer's disease. 'How far' rather than 'how fast' best predicts the course. Arch. Neurol. 47, 851-856.
24. Eagles, J. M., Beattie, J. A. G., Restall, D. B., Rawlinson, F., Hagen, S. and Aschcroft, G. W. (1990) Relation between cognitive impairment and early death in the elderly. Brit. Med. J. 300, 239-240.
25. Ebly, E. M., Parhad, I. M., Hogan, D. B. and Fung, T. S. (1994). Prevalence and types of dementia in the very old: Results from the Canadian Study of Health and Aging. Neurology 44, 1593-1600.
26. Engedal, K. (1996) Mortality in the elderly - A 3-year follow-up of an elderly community sample. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiat. 11, 467-471.
27. Engedal, K. and Haugen, P. K. (1993) The prevalence of dementia in a sample of elderly Norwegians. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiat. 8, 565-570.
28. Evans, D. A., Smith, L. A., Scherr, P. A., Albert, M. S., Funkenstein, H. H. and Hebert, L. E. (1991) Risk of death from Alzheimer's disease in a community population of older persons. Am. J. Epidemiol. 134, 403-412.
29. Farrer, L. A., Cupples, L. A., van Duijin, C. M., Connor-Lacke, L., Kiely, D. K. and Growdon, J. H. (1995) Rate of progression of Alzheimer's disease is associated with genetic risk. Arch. Neurol. 52, 918-923.
30. Fichter, M. M., Meller, I., Schröppel, H. and Steinkirchner, R. (1995) Dementia and cognitive impairment in the oldest old in the community. Prevalence and comorbidity. Brit. J. Psychiat. 166, 621-629.
31. Fratiglioni, L., Grut, M., Forsell, Y., Viitanen, M., Grafström, M., Holmén, K., Ericsson, K., Bäckman, L., Ahlbom, A. and Winblad, B. (1991) Prevalence of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias in an elderly urban population: Relationship with age, sex, and education. Neurology 41, 1886-1892.
32. Fratiglioni, L., Viitanen, M., Bäckman, L., Sandman, P. O. and Winblad, B. (1992) Occurrence of dementia in advanced age: The study design of the Kungsholmen Project. Neuroepidemiology 11 (Suppl. 1), 29-36.
33. Fratiglioni, L., Forsell, Y., Agüero-Torres, H, and Winblad, B. (1994) Severity of dementia and institutionalization in the elderly: Prevalence data from an urban area in Sweden. Neuroepidemiology 13, 79-88.
34. Freels, S., Cohen, D., Eisdorfer, C., Paveza, G., Gorelick, P., Luchins, D. J., Hirschman, R., Ashford, J. W., Levy, P., Semla, T. and Shaw, H. (1992) Functional status and clinical findings in patients with Alzheimer's disease. J. Gerontol. 47, 177-182.
35. Galasko, D., Edland, S. D., Morris, J. C., Clark, C., Mohs, R. and Koss, E. (1995) The consortium to establish a registry for Alzheimer's disease (CERAD). Part XI: Clinical milestones in patients with Alzheimer's disease followed over 3 years Neurology 45, 1451-1455.
36. Gale, C. R., Martyn, C. N. and Cooper, C. (1996) Cognitive impairment and mortality in a cohort of elderly people. Brit. Med. J. 312, 608-611.
37. Geerlings, M. I., Deeg, D. J. H., Schmand, B., Lindeboom, J. and Jonker, C. (1997) Increased risk of mortality in Alzheimer's disease patients with higher education? A replication study. Neurology 49, 798-802.
38. Green, C. R., Mohs, R. C., Schmeidler, J., Aryan, M. and Davis, K. L. (1993) Functional decline in Alzheimer's disease: A longitudinal study. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 41, 654-666.
39. Grundy, E. and Arie, T. (1984) Institutionalization and the elderly: International comparisons. Age Ageing 13, 129-137.
40. Haupt, M., Kurz, A., Pollman, S., Romero, B. and Lauter, H. (1991) Symptom progression in Alzheimer's disease (Letter). J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 39, 639.
41. Hébert, M., Parlato, V., Lese, G. B., Dabaj, A., Forette, F. and Boller, F. (1995) Survival in institutionalized patients. Influence of dementia and loss of functional capacities. Arch. Neurol. 52, 469-476.
42. Heeren, T. J., van Hemert, A. M. and Rooymans, H. G. M. (1992) A community-based study of survival in dementia. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 85, 415-418.
43. Heyman, A., Peterson, B., Fillenbaum, G. and Pieper, C. (1996). The consortium to establish a registry for Alzheimer's disease (CERAD). Part XIV: Demographic and clinical predictors of survival in patients with Alzheimer disease. Neurology 46, 656-660.
44. Hier, D. B., Warach, J. D., Gorelick, P. B. and Thomas, J. (1989) Predictors of survival in clinically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease and multi-infarct dementia. Arch. Neurol. 46, 1213-1216.
45. Hofman, A., Rocca, W. A., Brayne, C., Breteler, M. M. B., Clarke, M., Cooper, B., Copeland, J. R. M., Dartigues, J. F., Da Silva Droux, A., Hagnell, O., Heeren, T. J., Engedal, K., Jonker, C., Lindesay, J., Lobo, A., Mann, A. H., Mölsä, P. K., Morgan, K., O'Connor, D. W., Sulkava, R., Kay, D. W. K. and Amaducci, L. (1991) The prevalence of dementia in Europe: A collaborative study of 1980-1990 findings. Int. J. Epidemiol. 20, 736-748.
46. Huff, F. J., Growdon, J. H., Corkin, S. and Rosen, T. J. (1987) Age at onset and rate of progression of Alzheimer's disease. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 35, 27-30.
47. Ineichen, B. (1990) The extent of dementia among old people in residential care. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiat. 5, 327-335.
48. Jacobs, D., Sano, M. and Marder, K. (1994) Age at onset of Alzheimer's disease: Relation to pattern of cognitive dysfunction and rate of decline. Neurology 44, 1215-1220.
49. Jagger, C. and Clarke, M. (1988) Mortality risks in the elderly: Five-year follow-up study of a total population. Int. J. Epidemiol. 17, 111-114.
50. Jagger, C., Clarke, M. and Stone, A. (1995) Predictors of survival with Alzheimer's disease: A community-based study. Psychol. Med. 25, 171-177.
51. Jorm, A. F., Korten, A. E. and Henderson, A. S. (1987) The prevalence of dementia: A quantitative integration of the literature. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 76, 465-479.
52. Jost, B. C. and Grossberg, G. T. (1995) The natural history of Alzheimer's disease: A brain bank study. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 43, 1248-1255.
53. Juva, K., Sulkava, R., Erkinjuntti, T., Valvanne, J. and Tilvis, R. (1993) Prevalence of dementia in the city of Helsinki. Acta Neurol. Scand. 87, 106-110.
54. Katzman, R., Brown, T., Thal, L. J., Fuld, P. A., Aronson, M., Butters, N., Klauber, M. R., Wiederholt, W., Pay, M., Renbing, X., Ooi, W. L., Hofstetter, R. and Terry, R. D. (1988) Comparison of rate of annual change of mental status score in four independent studies of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Ann. Neurol. 24, 384-389.
55. Katzman, R., Hill, L. R., Yu, E. S. H., Wang, Z-Y., Booth, A., Salmon, D. P., Liu, W. T., Qui, G. Y. and Zhang, M. (1994) The malignancy of dementia: Predictors of mortality in clinically diagnosed dementia in a population survey of Shanghai, China. Arch. Neurol. 51, 1220-1225.
56. Knopman, D. and Gracon, S. (1994) Observations on the short-term 'natural history' of probable Alzheimer's disease in a controlled clinical trial. Neurology 44, 260-265.
57. Kraemer, H. C., Tinklenberg, J. and Yesavage, A. (1994) 'How far' vs 'how fast' in Alzheimer's disease. The question revisited. Arch. Neurol. 51, 275-279.
58. Li, G., Shen, Y. C. Chen, C. H., Zhau, Y. W., Li, S. R. and Lu, M. (1991) A three-year follow-up study of age-related dementia in an urban area of Beijing. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 83, 99-104.
59. Lopez, O. L., Brenner, R. P., Becker, J. T., Ulrich, R. F., Boiler, F. and DeKosky, S. T. (1997) EEC spectral abnormalities and psychosis as predictors of cognitive and functional decline in probable Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 48, 1521-1525.
60. Lopez, O. L., Wisnieski, S. R., Becker, J. T., Boller, F. and DeKosky, S. T. (1997) Extrapyramidal signs in patients with probable Alzheimer's disease. Arch. Neurol. 58, 969-975.
61. Lucca, U., Comelli, M., Tiraboschi, P. and Spagnoli, A. (1993) Rate of progression and prognostic factors in Alzheimer's disease: A prospective study. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 41, 45-49.
62. Macera, C. A., Sun, R. P. K., Yeager, K. K. and Brandes, D. A. (1992) Sensitivity and specificity of death certificate diagnosis for dementing illnesses, 1988-1990. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 40, 479-481.
63. Martin, D. C., Miller, J. K., Kapoor, W., Arena, V. C. and Boller, F. (1987) A controlled study of survival with dementia. Arch. Neurol. 44, 1122-1126.
64. Mattis, S. (1976) Mental status examination for organic mental syndrome in the elderly patient. In Geriatric Psychiatry: A Handbook for Psychiatrists and Primary Care Physicians (L. Bellak and T. B. Karusu, Eds). Grune & Stratton, New York, pp. 77-121.
65. McKhann, G., Drachman, D., Folstein, M., Katzman, R., Price, D. and Stadlan, M. (1984) Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: Report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 34, 939-944.
66. Moritz, D. J., Fox, P. J., Luscombe, F. A. and Kraemer, H. C. (1997) Neurological and psychiatric predictors of mortality in patients with Alzheimer disease in California. Arch. Neurol. 54, 878-885.
67. Morris, J. C., Edland, S., Clark, C., Galasko, D., Koss, E., Mohs, R., van Belle, G., Fillenbaum, G. and Heyman, A. (1993) The consortium to establish a registry for Alzheimer's disease (CERAD). Part IV: Rates of cognitive change in the longitudinal assessment of probable Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 43, 2457-2465.
68. Mortimer, J. A., Ebbitt, B., Jun. S-P. and Finch, M. D. (1992) Predictors of cognitive and functional progression in patients with probable Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 42, 1689-1696.
69. Mulrow, C. D., Gerety, M. B., Cornell, J. E., Lawrence, V. A. and Kanten, D. N. (1994) The relationship between disease and function and perceived health in very frail elders. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 42, 374-380.
70. Mölsä, P. K., Marttila, R. J. and Rinne, U. K. (1986) Survival and cause of death in Alzheimer's disease and multi-infarct dementia. Act Neurol. Scand. 74, 103-107.
71. Nielsen, H., Lolk, A., Pedersen, I., Autzen, M., Sennef, C. and Kragh-Sørensen, P. (1991) The accuracy of early diagnosis and predictors of death in Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia - a follow up study. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 84, 277-282.
72. O'Connor, D. W., Pollitt, P. A., Hyde, J. B., Fellows, J. L., Miller, N. D., Brook, C. P. B., Reiss, B. B. and Roth, M. (1989) The prevalence of dementia as measured by the Cambridge Mental Disorders of the Elderly Examination. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 79, 190-198.
73. Ortof, E. and Crystal, H. A. (1989) Rate of progression of Alzheimer's disease. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 37, 511-514.
74. Osterweil, D., Martin, M. and Syndulko, K. (1995) Predictors of skilled nursing placement in a multilevel long-term-care facility. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 43, 108-112.
75. Rasmusson, X., Carson, K. A., Brookmeyer, R., Kawas, C. and Brand, J. (1996) Predicting rate of cognitive decline in probable Alzheimer's disease. Brain Cognition 31, 133-147.
76. Rocca, W. A., Bonaiuto, S., Lippi, A., Luciani, P., Turtù, F., Cavarzeran, F. and Amaducci, L. (1990) Prevalence of clinically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease and other dementing disorders: A door-to-door survey in Appignano, Macerata province, Italy. Neurology 40, 626-631.
77. Rocca, W. A., Hofman, A., Brayne, C., Breteler, M. M. B., Clarke, M., Cooper, B., Copeland, J. R. M., Dartigues, J. F., Da Silva Droux, A., Hagnell, O., Heeren, T. J., Engedal, K., Jonker, C., Lindesay, J., Lobo, A., Mann, A. H., Mölsa, P. K., Morgan, K., O'Connor, D. W., Sulkava, R., Kay, D. W. K. and Amaducci, L. (1991) Frequency and distribution of Alzheimer's disease in Europe: A collaborative study of 1980-1990. Prevalence findings. Ann. Neurol. 30, 381-390.
78. Rockwood, K. and Standnyk, K., (1994) The prevalence of dementia in the elderly: A review. Can. J. Psychiat. 39, 253-257.
79. Rockwood, K., Stolee, P. and McDowell, I. (1996) Factors associated with institutionalization of older people in Canada: Testing a multifactorial definition of frailty. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 44, 578-582.
80. Rosewarne, R., Bruce, A. and McKenna, M. (1997) Dementia programme effectiveness in long-term care. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiat. 12, 173-182.
81. Salmon, D. P., Thal, L. J., Butters, N. and Heindel, W. C. (1990) Longitudinal evaluation of dementia of the Alzheimer type: A comparison of 3 standardized mental status examinations. Neurology 40, 1225-1230.
82. Sandman, P. O., Adolfsson, R., Norberg, A., Nyström. L. and Winblad, B. (1988) Long-term care of the elderly. A descriptive study of 3600 institutionalized patients in the county of Västerbotten, Sweden. Compr. Gerontol. A 2, 120-133.
83. Skoog, L, Nilsson, L., Palmertz, B., Andreasson, L. A. and Svanborg, A. (1993) A population-based study of dementia in 85-year olds. N. Engl. J. Med. 328, 153-158.
84. Stern, R. G., Mohs, R. C., Davidson, M., Schmeidler, J., Silverman, J., Kramer-Ginsberg, E., Searcey, T., Bierer, L. and Davis, K. L. (1994) A longitudinal study of Alzheimer's disease: Measurement, rate, and predictors of cognitive deterioration. Am. J. Psychiat. 151, 390-396.
85. Stern, Y., Albert, M., Brandt, J., Jacobs, D. M., Tang, M. X., Marder, K., Bell, K., Sano, M., Devanand, D. P., Bylsma, F. and Lafleche, G. (1994) Utility of extrapyramidal signs and psychosis as predictors of cognitive decline and functional decline, nursing home admission, and death in Alzheimer's disease: Prospective analyses from the predictors study. Neurology 44, 2300-2307.
86. Stern, Y., Tang, M. X., Denaro, J. and Mayeux, R. (1995) Increased risk of mortality in Alzheimer's disease patients with more advanced educational and occupational attainment. Ann. Neurol. 37, 590-595.
87. Sulkava, R., Wikström, J., Aromaa, A., Raitasalo, R., Lehtinen, V., Lahtela, K. and Palo, J. (1985) Prevalence of severe dementia in Finland. Neurology 35, 1025-1029.
88. Thal, J. L., Grundman, M. and Klauber, M. R. (1988) Dementia: Characteristics of a referral population and factors associated with progression. Neurology 38, 1083-1090.
89. Tsuji, I., Whalem, S. and Finucane, T. E. (1995) Predictors of nursing home placement in community-based long-term care. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 43, 761-766.
90. van Dijk, P. T. M., Dippel, D. W. J. and Habbema, J. D. F. (1991) Survivals of patients with dementia. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 39, 603-610.
91. Walsh, J. S. Welch, G. and Larson, E. B. (1990) Survival of outpatients with Alzheimer-type dementia. Ann. Intern. Med. 113, 429-434.
92. Woo, J., Ho, S. C., Lau, J. and Yuen, Y. K. (1994) Age and marital status are major factors associated with institutionalization in elderly Hong Kong Chinese. J. Epidemiol. Com. Health 48, 306-309.
93. Zanetti, O., Bianchetti, A. and Frisoni, G. B. (1993) Determinants of disability in Alzheimer's disease. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiat. 8, 581-586.