Opposite fluxes of glutamine and alanine in the splanchnic area are an efficient mechanism for nitrogen sparing in rats

Journal of Nutrition

Volumn 128, Issue 9, 1998, Pages 1487-1494

  Lopez, Hubert W ^a   Moundras, Corinne ^a   Morand, Christine ^a   Demigné, Christian ^a   Rémésy, Christian ^a  

^a CEMAGREF   (France)

Author keywords

Alanine; Amino acids; Glutamine; Nitrogen sparing

Indexed keywords

ALANINE; AMINO ACID; AMMONIA; CARBAMOYL PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE; CASEIN; GLUCOSE; GLUTAMATE AMMONIA LIGASE; GLUTAMINE; KETONE BODY; LACTIC ACID; LIVER ENZYME; NITROGEN; UREA;

AMINO ACID TRANSPORT; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ARTICLE; DIETARY INTAKE; ENZYME ACTIVITY; FOOD DEPRIVATION; LIVER METABOLISM; NITROGEN METABOLISM; NONHUMAN; RAT; SPLANCHNIC BLOOD FLOW;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 0031692399     PISSN: 00223166     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/jn/128.9.1487     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. Atkinson, D. E. & Bourke, E. (1984) The role of urea synthesis in pH homeostasis. Trends Biochem. Sci. 9: 297-300.
2. Bean, E. S. & Atkinson, D. E. (1984) Regulation of the rate of urea synthesis in liver by extracellular pH. J. Biol. Chem. 259: 1552-1559.
3. Bergmeyer, H. U. (1974) Methods of Enzymatic Analysis, pp. 1196-1201, 1127-1131, 1464-1468, 1679-1682, 1794-1797, 1802-1804, 1836-1839, 1840-1842. Academic Press, New York, NY.
4. Boyde, T.R.C. & Rahmatullah, M. (1980) Optimization of conditions for the colorimetric determination of citrulline, using diacetylmonoxime. Anal. Biochem. 107: 424-431.
5. Bushinsky, D. A., Krieger, N. S., Geisser, D. I., Grossman, E. B. & Coe, F. L. (1983) Effects of pH on bone calcium and proton fluxes in vitro. Am. J. Physiol. 245: F204-F209.
6. 13N labelled glutamate, alanine, N glutamine (amide) in rat liver. J. Biol. Chem. 263: 12268-12273.
7. Cori, C. (1981) The glucose-lactate acid cycle and gluconeogenesis. Curr. Topics Cell. Regul. 18: 377-387.
8. Cremin, J. D. & Fleming, S. E. (1997) Glycolysis is a source of pyruvate for transamination of glutamine amino nitrogen in jejunal epithelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. 272: G575-G588.
9. Darmaun, D., Just, B., Messing, B., Rongier, M., Thuillier, F., Koziet, J. & Grasset, E. (1994) Glutamine metabolism in healthy adult men: response to enteral and intravenous feeding. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 59: 1395-1402
10. Demigné, C., Fafournoux, P. & Rémésy, C. (1986) Respective contribution of plasma branched-chain amino acids and 2-keto acids to the hepatic metabolism of the carbon moiety of branched-chain amino acids in fed rats. J. Nutr. 116: 2201-2208.
11. Desbordes, J. & Samorcq, P. (1963) Techniques d'exploration fonctionnelle des reins. Clairance de l'acide para-aminohippurique. In: Techniques de Laboratoire (Loiseleur, H., ed.), pp. 363-366. Masson, Paris, France.
12. Fafournoux, P., Rémésy, C. & Demigné, C. (1990) Fluxes and membrane transport of amino acids in rat liver under different protein diets. Am. J. Physiol. 259: 614-625.
13. Fleming, S. E., Zambell, K. L. & Fitch, M. D. (1997) Glucose and glutamine provide similar proportions of energy to mucosal cells of rat small intestine. Am. J. Physiol. 273: G968-G978.
14. Frankel, W. L., Zhang, W., Afonso, J., Klurfeld, D. M., Don, S. H., Laitin, E., Deaton, D., Furth, E. E., Pietra, G. G. & Naji, A. (1993) Glutamine enhancement of structure and function in transplanted small intestine in the rat. J. Parent. Enteral Nutr. 17: 47-55
15. Jepson, M. M., Bates, P. C., Broadbent, P., Pell, J. M. & Millward, D. J. (1988) Relationship between glutamine concentration and protein synthesis in rat skeletal muscle. Am. J. Physiol. 255: E166-E172.
16. Lacey, J. M. & Wilmore, D.W. (1990) Is glutamine a conditionally essential amino acid? Nutr. Rev. 48: 297-309.
17. Lutsy, C. J. (1978) Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I of rat liver mitochondria. Purification, properties and polypeptide molecular weight. Eur. J. Biochem. 85: 373-383.
18. Mac Givan, J. D., Bradford, N. M., Verhoeven, A. J. & Meijer, A. J. (1984) Liver glutaminase. In: Glutamine Metabolism in Mammalian Tissues (Haüssinger, D. & Sies, H., eds.), pp. 122-137. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
19. Meister, A. (1979) Biochemistry of glutamate: glutamine and glutathione. In: Glutamic Acid. Advances in Biochemistry and Physiology (Filler, L. J., ed.), pp. 69-84. Raven Press, New York, NY.
20. Morand, C., Besson, C., Demigné, C. & Rémésy, C. (1994) Importance of the modulation of glycolysis in the control of lactate metabolism by fatty acids in isolated hepatocytes from fed rats. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 309: 254-260.
21. Moundras, C., Rémésy, C., Bercovici, D. & Demigné, C. (1993) Effect of dietary supplementation with glutamic acid or glutamine on the splanchnic and muscle metabolism of glucogenic amino acids in the rat. J. Nutr. Biochem. 4: 222-228.
22. Newsholme, P., Gordon, S. & Newsholme, E. A. (1987) Rates of utilization and fats of glucose, glutamine, pyruvate, fatty acids and ketone bodies by mouse macrophages. Biochem. J. 242: 631-636.
23. Nurjhan, N., Bucci, A., Perriello, G., Stumvoll, M., Dailey, G., Bier, D., Toft, I, Jenssen, T. & Gerich, J. (1995) Glutamine: a major gluconeogenic precursor and vehicle for interorgan carbon transport in man. J. Clin. Invest. 95: 272-277.
24. 15N-ammonia into plasma amino acids and urea. Am. J. Physiol. 269: E508-E515.
25. Rémésy, C., Morand, C., Demigné, C. & Fafournoux, P. (1988) Control of hepatic utilization of glutamine by transport processes or cellular metabolism in rats fed a high protein diet. J. Nutr. 118: 569-578.
26. Rémésy, C., Moundras, C., Morand, C. & Demigné, C (1997) Glutamine or glutamate release by the liver constitutes a major mechanism for nitrogen salvage. Am. J. Physiol. 272: G257-G264.
27. Rowe, W. B., Ronzio, R. A., Wellner, V. P. & Meister, A. (1970) Glutamine synthetase. Methods Enzymol. 17A: 900-910.
28. Ruderman, N. & Berger, M. (1974) The formation of glutamine and alanine in skeletal muscle. J. Biol. Chem. 249: 5500-5506.
29. Sies, H. & Haüssinger, D. (1984) Hepatic glutamine and ammonia metabolism nitrogen and redox balance in the intercellular glutamine cycle. In: Glutamine Metabolism in Mammalian Tissues. (Haüssinger, D. & Sies, H., eds.), pp. 78-98. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
30. Souba, W. W. (1991) Glutamine: a key substrate for the splanchnic bed. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 11: 285-308.
31. Souba, W. W. (1993) Intestinal glutamine metabolism and nutrition. J. Nutr. Biochem. 4: 2-9.
32. Watford, M. (1994) Glutamine metabolism in rat small intestine: synthesis of three carbon products in isolated enterocytes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1200: 73-78.
33. Welbourne, T. C. (1987) Interorgan glutamine flow in metabolic acidosis. Am. J. Physiol. 253: F1069-F1076.
34. Welbourne, T. C., Phromphetcharat, V., Givens, G. & Joshi, S. (1986) Regulation of interorganal glutamine flow in metabolic acidosis. Am. J. Physiol. 250: E457-E463.
35. Windmueller, H. G. (1982) Glutamine utilization by the small intestine. In: Advances in Enzymology (Meister, A., ed.), vol. 53, pp. 201-237. Wiley, New York, NY.
36. Windmueller, H. G. & Spaeth, A. E. (1978) Identification of ketone bodies and glutamine as the major respiratory fuels in vivo for postabsorptive rat small intestine. J. Biol. Chem. 253: 69-76.
37. Wu, G., Thompson, J. R. & Baracos, V. E. (1991) Glutamine metabolism in skeletal muscles from the broiler chick (Gallus domesticus) and the laboratory rat (Rattus norvegicus). Biochem. J. 274: 769-774.
38. Younes, H., Rémésy, C., Behr, S. & Demigné, C. (1997) Fermentable carbohydrate exerts a urea-lowering effect in normal and nephrectomized rats. Am. J. Physiol. 272: G515-G521.