Cambrian and recent disparity: The picture from priapulids

Paleobiology

Volumn 24, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 177-199

  Wills, Matthew A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CAMBRIAN; CLADISTIC ANALYSIS; DISPARITY; EVOLUTION; HOLOCENE; MORPHOLOGICAL VARIETY; TUBILUCHIDAE;

EID: 0031684935     PISSN: 00948373     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (108)

1. Adrianov, A. V., A. V. Malakhov, and V. V. Yushin. 1989. Loricifera - a new taxon of marine invertebrates. Biologiya Morya 2:70-72. [In Russian.]
2. Alberti, G., and V. Storch. 1986. Zur Ultrastructur der Protonephridien von Tubiluchus philippensis (Tubiluchidae, Priapulida). Zoologischer Anzeiger 217:259-271.
3. Banta, W. C., and M. E. Rice. 1976. A restudy of the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale fossil worm, Ottoia prolifica. Pp. 79-90 in M. E. Rice, ed. Proceedings of the First International Symposium on the Biology of Sipunculids, 2. Belgrade, Yugoslavia.
4. Barnes, R. D. 1987. Invertebrate zoology, 5th ed. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia.
5. Bergström, J. 1991. Metazoan evolution around the Precambrian-Cambrian transition. Pp. 25-34 in A. M. Simonetta and S. Conway Morris, eds. The early evolution of metazoa and the significance of problematic taxa. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
6. Boogaard, M. van den. 1988. Some data on Milaculum Müller, 1973. Scripta Geologica 88:1-25.
7. _. 1989. Isolated tubercles of some Palaeoscolecida. Scripta Geologica 90:1-12.
8. Boykin, J. C. 1965. The anatomy of Trachydemus ilyocryptus (Kinorhyncha). M. S. thesis, University of Washington, Seattle.
9. Briggs, D. E. G., R. A. Fortey, and M. A. Wills. 1992. Morphological disparity in the Cambrian. Science 256:1679-1673.
10. Brown, R. 1989. Morphology and ultrastructure of the sensory appendages of a kinorhynch introvert. Zoologica Scripta 18: 471-482.
11. Calloway, C. B. 1975. Morphology of the introvert and associated structures of the priapulid Tubiluchus corrallicola from Bermuda. Marine Biology 31:161-174.
12. _. 1982. Priapulida. Pp. 939-944 in S. P. Parker, ed. Synopsis and classification of living organisms. McGraw-Hill, New York.
13. _. 1988. Priapulida. Pp. 322-327 in R. P. Higgins and H. Thiel, eds. Introduction to the study of meiofauna. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
14. Collins, D. 1996. The evolution of Anomalocaris and its classification in the arthropod Class Dinocarida (nov.) and Order Radiodonta (nov). Journal of Paleontology 70:280-293.
15. Conway Morris, S. 1977. Fossil priapulid worms. Special Papers in Palaeontology 20:1-155. Palaeontological Association, London.
16. Conway Morris, S. 1997. The cuticular structure of the 495-Myrold type species of the fossil worm Palaeoscolex, P. piscatorum (?Priapulida). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 119: 69-82.
17. _. 1989. The persistence of Burgess Shale-type faunas: implications for the evolution of deeper-water faunas. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 80:271-283.
18. Conway Morris, S., and R. A. Robison. 1986. Middle Cambrian priapulids and other soft-bodied fossils from Utah and Spain. Paleontological Contributions to the University of Kansas 117:1-22. Lawrence, Kans.
19. Conway Morris, S., J. S. Peel, A. K. Higgins, N. J. Soper, and N. C. Davis. 1987. A Burgess Shale-like fauna from the Lower Cambrian of North Greenland. Nature 326:181-183.
20. Erwin, D. H. 1992. A preliminary classification of evolutionary radiations. Historical Biology 6:133-147.
21. Fänge, R., and A. Mattisson. 1961. Function of the caudal appendage of Priapulus caudatus. Nature 190:1216-1217.
22. Farris, J. S. 1969. A successive approximations approach to character weighting. Systematic Zoology 18:374-385.
23. _. 1989. The Retention Index and the Rescaled Consistency Index. Cladistics 5:417-419.
24. Foote, M. 1989. Perimeter-based Fourier analysis: a new morphometric method applied to the trilobite cramdium. Journal of Paleontology 63:880-885.
25. _. 1992a. Rarefaction analysis of morphological and taxonomic diversity. Paleobiology 18:17-29.
26. _. 1992b. Paleozoic record of morphological diversity in blastozoan echinoderms. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 89:7325-7329.
27. _. 1993. Contributions of individual taxa to overall morphological disparity. Paleobiology 19:403-419.
28. _. 1994. Morphological disparity in Ordovician-Devonian crinoids and the early saturation of morphological space. Paleobiology 20:320-344.
29. Fortey, R. A., D. E. G. Briggs, and M. A. Wills. 1997. The Cambrian evolutionary 'explosion' recalibrated. Bioessays 19:429-434.
30. Garey, J. R., M. Krotec, D. R. Nelson, and J. Brooks. 1996. Molecular analysis supports a tardigrade-arthropod association. Invertebrate Biology 115:79-88.
31. Golvan, Y. J. 1958. Le phylum des Acanthocephala. Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée 33:538-602.
32. _. 1959. Le phylum des Acanthocephala. Deuxième note. La Classe des Eoacanthocephala (Van Cleave, 1936). Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée 34:5-52.
33. Could, S. J. 1989. Wonderful life. The Burgess Shale and the nature of history. Norton, New York.
34. _. 1991. The disparity of the Burgess Shale arthropod fauna and the limits of cladistic analysis: why we must strive to quantify morphospace. Paleobiology 17:411-423.
35. Gower, J. C., and G. J. S. Ross. 1969. Minimum spanning trees and single-linkage cluster analysis. Applied Statistics 18:54-64.
36. Hammond, R. 1970. The surface of Priapulus caudatus (Lamarck 1816). Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Ökologie der Tiere 68: 225-268.
37. Higgins, R. P. 1981. Kinorhyncha. Pp. 873-877 in S. P. Parker, ed. Synopsis and classification of living organisms. McGraw-Hill, New York.
38. _. 1983. The Atlantic Barrier Reef ecosystem at Carrie Bow Cay; Belize, II. Kinorhyncha. Smithsonian Contributions to Marine Science 18:1-131. Washington, D.C.
39. Higgins, R. P., and V. Storch. 1989. Ultrastructural observations of the larva of Tubiluchus corallicola (Priapulida). Hegoländer Meeresuntersuchungen 43:1-11.
40. _. 1991. Evidence for direct development in Meiopriapulus fijiensis (Priapulida). Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 110:37-46.
41. Higgins, R. P., V. Storch, and T. C. Shirley. 1993. Scanning and transmission electron microscopical observations on the larvae of Priapulus caudatus (Priapulida). Acta Zoologica 74:301-319.
42. Holmquist, C. 1969. Arktis-Sverige. Funderingar i djurgeografiska, limniska och andra fragor. Fauna och Flora 64:74-86.
43. Hope, W. D. 1988. Ultrastructure of the feeding apparatus of Rhabdodemania minima Chitwood, 1936 (Enoplida:Rhabdodemaniidae). Journal of Parasitology 20:118-140.
44. Hou, X.-G., and J. Bergström. 1994. Palaeoscolecid worms may be nematomorphs rather than annelids. Lethaia 27:11-17.
45. Hou, X.-G., and W. G. Sun. 1988. Discovery of Chengjiang fauna at Meischucan, Jinning, Yunnan. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 27:1-12.
46. Hyman, L. 1959. The invertebrates. Vol. 3. Acanthocephala, Aschelminthes and Entoprocta. McGraw-Hill, New York.
47. Ivanov, A. V. 1963. Pogonophora. Academic Press, London.
48. Jägersten, G. 1972. Evolution of the metazoan life cycle. Academic Press, London.
49. Joffe, B. I., and E. A. Kotikova. 1988. Nervous system of Priapulus caudatus and Halicryptus spinulosus (Priapulida). Proceedings of the Zoological Institute of Leningrad 183:52-77. [In Russian.]
50. Kirsteuer, E., and K. Rützler. 1973. Additional notes on Tubiluchus corallicola (Priapulida), based on scanning electron microscope observations. Marine Biology 20:78-87.
51. Kozloff, E. N. 1990. Invertebrates. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia.
52. Kristensen, R. M. 1976. On the fine structure of Batillipes noerrevangi Kristensen, 1976. I. Tegument and moulting cycle. Zoologischer Anzeiger 198:129-150.
53. _. 1983. Loricifera, a new phylum with Aschelminthes characters from the meiobenthos. Zeitschrift für zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung 21:163-180.
54. _. 1986. Loricifera. Pp. 119-121 in L. Botosaneanu, ed. Stygofauna Mundi. E. J. Brill and Dr. W. Backhuys, Leiden.
55. _. 1991a. Loricifera. Pp. 351-375 in F. W. Harrison, ed. Microscopic anatomy of invertebrates, Vol. 4. Aschelminthes. Wiley, New York.
56. _. 1991b. Loricifera - a general biological and phylogenetic overview. Verhandlungen der Zoologische Gesellschaft 84:231-246.
57. Kristensen, R. M., and A. Hay-Schmidt. 1989. The protonephridia of the Arctic kinorhynch Echinoderes aquiloinius (Cyclorhagida, Echinoderidae). Acta Zoologica 70:13-27.
58. Land, J. van der. 1968. A new aschelminth, probably related to the Priapulida. Zoologische Mededeelingen, Leiden 42:237-250.
59. _. 1970. Systematics, Zoogeography, and Ecology of the Priapulida. Zoologische Verhandelingen 112:1-118.
60. _. 1985. Two new species of Tubiluchus (Priapulida) from the Pacific Ocean. Proceedings Koninkliske Nederlandse Akademie Vanwetenschappen (Biological and Medical Sciences) 88:371-377.
61. Land, J. van der, and A. Nørrevang. 1985. Affinities and intraphyletic relationships of the Priapulida. Pp. 261-273 in S. Conway Morris, J. D. George, R. Gibson, and H. M. Platt, eds. The origins and relationships of lower invertebrates. (The Systematics Association Special Volume No. 28.) Clarendon, Oxford.
62. Lorenzen, S. 1985. Phylogenetic aspects of pseudocoelomate evolution. Pp. 210-223 in S. Conway Morris, J. D. George, R. Gibson, and H. M. Platt, eds. The origins and relationships of lower invertebrates. (The Systematics Association Special Volume No. 28.) Clarendon, Oxford.
63. Madsen, F. J. 1957. On Walcott's supposed Cambrian holothurians. Journal of Paleontology 31:281-282.
64. Malakhov, V. V. 1980. Cephalorhyncha, a new type of animal kingdom uniting Priapulida, Kinorhyncha, Gordiacea, and a system of aschelminthes worms. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 54: 481-499 [In Russian.]
65. Meglitsch, P. A., and F. R. Schram, 1991. Invertebrate zoology, 3rd ed. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
66. Merriman, J. A. 1972. A phyletic interpretation of anatomical structures of Echinoderes capitatus (Kinorhynca). Ph.D. thesis, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Penn.
67. _. 1981. Cuticular structures of the priapulid Halicryptus spinulosus: a scanning electron microscopical study. Zoomorphology 97:285-295.
68. Merriman, J. A., and H. O. Corwin. 1973. An electron microscopical examination of Echinoderes dujardini Claparède (Kinorhyncha). Zeitschrift für Morphologie und ökologie der Tiere 76:227-242.
69. Morse, M. P. 1981. Meiopriapulus fijiensis n. gen., n. sp.: an interstitial priapulid from coarse sand in Fiji. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 100:239-252.
70. Mulicki, Z. 1957. Ecology of the more important Baltic invertebrates. Prace Morskiego Instytutu Rybackiego w Gdyni 9: 313-379. [In Russian.]
71. Nebeisick, M. 1990. Antygomonas incomitata gen. et sp. n. (Cyclorhagida, Kinorhyncha) and its phylogenetic relationships. Zoologies Scripta 19:143-152.
72. _. 1992a. Sensory spots of Echinoderes capitatus (Zelinka, 1928) (Kinorhyncha, Cyclorhagida). Acta Zoologica 73:185-195.
73. _. 1992b. Ultrastructural investigations of three taxonomic characters in the trunk region of Echinoderes capitatus (Kinorhyncha, Cyclorhagida). Zoologica Scripta 21:335-345.
74. _. 1993. Introvert, mouth cone, and nervous system of Echinoderes capitatus (Kinorhyncha, Cyclorhagida) and implications for the phylogenetic relationships of Kinorhyncha. Zoomorphology 113:211-232.
75. Nicholas, W. L. 1973. The biology of the Acanthocephala. Advances in Parasitology 11:671-706.
76. Nielsen, C. 1985. Animal phylogeny in the light of the trochaea theory. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 74:243-299.
77. Nyholm, K.-G., and C. Bornö. 1969. Introductory studies of the oxygen intake of Priapulus caudatus Lam. Zoologiska Bijdragen från Uppsala 38:262-264.
78. Por, F. D., and H. J. Bromley. 1974. Morphology and anatomy of Maccebeus tentaculatus (Priapulida, Seticoronaria). Journal of Zoology 173:173-197.
79. Purasjoki, K. J. 1944. Beiträge zur kenntnis der entwicklung und ökologie der Halicryptus spinulosus-larve (Priapulida). Annales Zoologici Societatis Zoologicae-Botanicae Fennicae 9:1-14.
80. Remane, A. 1928. Kinorhyncha. Tierwedlt der Nord-und Ostee. Leif. 11, VII:57-84.
81. Robison, R. A. 1969. Annelids from the Middle Cambrian Spence Shale of Utah. Journal of Paleontology 43:1169-1173.
82. Rohlf, F. J. 1990. Morphometrics. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 21:299-316.
83. Ruppert, E. E. 1982. Comparative ultrastructure of the gastrotrich pharynx and the evolution of myoepithelial foreguts in Aschelminthes. Zoomorphology 99:181-220.
84. Salvini-Plawen, L. V. 1974. Zur Morphologie und Systematiek der Priapulida: Chaetostephanus praepasteriens, der Vertreter einer neuen Ordnung Seticoronaria. Zeitschrift für Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung 12:31-54.
85. Schram, F. R. 1973. Pseudocoelomates and a nemertine from the Illinois Pennsylvanian. Journal of Paleontology 47:985-989.
86. Shapeero, W. L. 1961. Phylogeny of the Priapulida. Science 133: 879-880.
87. Smith, A. B. 1994. Systematics and the fossil record: documenting evolutionary patterns. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford.
88. Sneath, P. H. A., and R. R. Sokal. 1973. Numerical taxonomy. W. H. Freeman, San Francisco.
89. Storch, V., and G. Alberti. 1985. Ultrastructural investigation of the integument of Tubiluchus philippinensis (Priapulida, Tubiluchidae). Zoologica Scripta 14:265-272.
90. Storch, V., R. P. Higgins, and M. P. Morse. 1989a. Internal anatomy of Meiopriapulus fijiensis (Priapulida). Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 108:245-261.
91. _. 1989b. The ultrastructure of the body wall of Meiopriapulus fijiensis (Priapulida). Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 108:319-331.
92. Storch, V., R. P. Higgins, and H. Rumohr. 1990. Ultrastructure of introvert and pharynx of Halicryptus spinulosus (Priapulida). Journal of Morphology 206:163-171.
93. Storch, V., R. P. Higgins, P. Anderson, and J. Svavarsson. 1995. Scanning and transmission electron microscopic analysis of the introvert of Priapulus australis and Priapulopsis bicaudatus (Priapulida). Invertebrate Biology 114:64-72.
94. Sun, W, G., and X. G. Hou. 1987. Early Cambrian worms from the Chengjiang, Yunnan, China: Maotianshania gen. nov. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 26:303-305.
95. Swofford, D. L. 1993. PAUP: Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony, Version 3.1.1. Computer program distributed by the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
96. Valentine, J. W. 1973. Evolutionary paleoecology of the marine biosphere. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
97. Waggoner, B. M. 1996. Phylogenetic hypotheses of the relationships of arthropods to Precambrian and Cambrian problematic fossil taxa. Systematic Biology 45:190-222.
98. Wagner, P. J. 1995. Testing evolutionary constraint hypotheses with early Paleozoic gastropods. Paleobiology 21:248-272.
99. Walcott, C. D. 1911. Middle Cambrian annelids. Cambrian geology and paleontology, II. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 57:109-144. Washington, D.C.
100. Warwick, R. 1991. Are Ioriciferans neotenic priapulids? Psammonalia 89:3-4.
101. Whittard, W. F. 1953. Palaeoscolex piscatorum gen et sp. nov., a worm from the Tremadocian of Shropshire. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 109:125-135.
102. Wills, M. A. 1993. Miscellanea. Pp. 555-560 in M. J. Benton, ed. The fossil record 2. Chapman and Hall, London.
103. _. 1996. Classification of the arthropod Fuxianhuia. Science 272:746-748.
104. Wills, M. A., D. E. G. Briggs, and R. A. Fortey. 1994. Disparity as an evolutionary index. A comparison of Cambrian and Recent arthropods. Paleobiology 20:93-130.
105. Wills, M. A., D. E. G. Briggs, R. A. Fortey, and M. Wilkinson. 1995. The significance of fossils in understanding arthropod evolution. Verhandlungen der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft 57:13-33.
106. Wills, M. A., D. E. G. Briggs, R. A. Fortey, M. Wilkinson, and P. H. A. Sneath. 1998. An arthropod phylogeny based on fossil and Recent taxa. Pp. 33-105 in G. E. Edgecombe, ed. Arthropod fossils and phylogeny. Columbia University Press, New York (in press).
107. Winnepenninckx, B., T. Backeljau, L. Y. Mackey, J. M. Brooks, R. de Wachter, S. Kumar, and J. R. Garey. 1995. 18S rRNA data indicate that aschelminthes are polyphyletic in origin and consist of at least three distinct clades. Molecular Biology and Evolution 12:1132-1137.
108. Wolter, K. 1987. Submikroskopische Strukturen von Priapulida der mediterranen Meiofauna. Dissertation, Universität Wien, Vienna.