Hepatitis in haemophilia

British Journal of Haematology

Volumn 103, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 1-9

  Giangrande, Paul L F ^a  

^a Oxford Transplant Centre   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMANTADINE; BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR; HEPATITIS C ANTIBODY; RECOMBINANT ALPHA2A INTERFERON; RIBAVIRIN; ZIDOVUDINE;

AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE; DEPRESSION; DISABILITY; HEART FAILURE; HEMOPHILIA; HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS B VIRUS; HEPATITIS C; HEPATITIS C VIRUS; HEPATITIS G VIRUS; HEPATITIS NON A NON B; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; INTRAVENOUS DRUG ADMINISTRATION; LIVER BIOPSY; LIVER FAILURE; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; THYROID DISEASE; VIRUS TRANSMISSION;

ANTIVIRAL AGENTS; BIOPSY; HEMOPHILIA A; HEPATITIS, VIRAL, HUMAN; HUMANS; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION;

EID: 0031680041     PISSN: 00071048     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.1998.00855.x     Document Type: Review

References (104)

1. Ahmed, M.M., Mutimer, D.J., Elias, E., Linin, J., Garrido, M., Hubscher, S., Jarvis, L., Simmonds, P. & Wilde, J.T. (1996) A combined management protocol for patients with coagulation disorders infected with hepatitis C virus. British Journal of Haematology, 95, 383-388.
2. Alberti, A., Morsica, G., Chemello, L., Cavaletto, D., Noventa, F., Pontisso, P. & Ruol, A. (1992) Hepatitis C viraemia and liver disease in symptom-free individuals with anti-HCV. Lancet, 340, 697-698.
3. Alberti, A., Chemello, L., Noventa, F., Cavaletto, L. & De Salvo, G.-L. (1997) Therapy of hepatitis C: re-treatment with alpha interferon. Hepatology, 26, (Suppl. 1), 137S-142S.
4. Aledort, L.M., Levine, P.H., Hilgartner, M., Blatt, P., Spero, J., Goldberg, J.D., Bianchi, L., Desmet, V., Scheuer, P., Popper, H. & Berk, P.D. (1985) A study of liver biopsies and liver disease among hemophiliacs. Blood, 66, 367-372.
5. Al-Saeed, A., Makris, M., Malia, R.G., Preston, F.E. & Greaves, M. (1994) The development of antiphospholipid antibodies in haemophilia is linked to infection with hepatitis C. British Journal of Haematology, 88, 845-848.
6. Alter, H.J. (1995) To C or not to C: these are the questions. Blood, 85, 1681-1695.
7. Alter, M.J., Gallagher, M., Morris, T.T., Moyer, L.A., Meeks, E.L., Krawczynski, K., Kim, J.P. & Margolis, H.S. (1997) Acute non-A-E hepatitis in the United States and the role of hepatitis G virus infection. New England Journal of Medicine, 336, 741-746.
8. Baba, M., Pauwels, R., Balzarini, J., Herdewijn, P., DeClerq, E. & Dysmyter, J. (1987) Ribavirin antagonizes inhibitory effects of pyrimidine 2′,3′-dideoxynucleosides but enhances inhibitory effects of purine 2′,3′-dideoxynucleosides on replication of human immunodeficiency virus in vitro. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 31, 1613-1617.
9. Bontempo, F.A., Lewis, J.H., Gorenc, T.J., Spero, J.A., Ragni, M.V. & Scott, J.P. (1987) Liver transplantation in hemophilia A. Blood, 69, 1721-1724.
10. Brackmann, S.A., Gerritzen, A., Oldenburg, J., Brackmann, H.-H. & Schneweis, K.E. (1993) Search for intrafamilial transmission of hepatitis C virus in hemophilia patients. Blood, 81, 1077-1082.
11. Bresters, D., Mauser-Bunschoten, E.P., Reesink, H.W., Rosendaal, G., van der Poel, C.L., Chamuleau, R.A.F.M., Jansen, P.L.M., Weegink, C.J., Cuypers, H.T.M., Lelie, P.N. & van den Berg, H.M. (1993) Sexual transmission of hepatitis C. Lancet, 342, 210-211.
12. Brettler, D.B., Alter, H.J., Dienstag, J.L., Forsberg, A.D. & Levine, P.H. (1990) Prevalence of hepatitis C virus antibody in a cohort of hemophilia patients. Blood, 76, 254-256.
13. Brettler, D.B., Mannucci, P.M., Gringeri, A., Rasko, J.E., Forsberg, A.D., Rumi, M.G., Garsia, R.J., Rickard, K.A. & Colombo, M. (1992) The low risk of hepatitis C virus transmission among sexual partners of hepatitis C-infected hemophilic males: an international, multicenter study. Blood, 80, 540-543.
14. Castenkold, E.C., Colvin, B.T. & Kelsey, S.M. (1994) Acquired factor VIII inhibitor associated with chronic interferon-alpha therapy in a patient with haemophilia A. British Journal of Haematology, 87, 434-436.
15. Choo, Q.-L., Kuo, G., Weiner, A.J., Overby, L.R., Bradley, D.W. & Houghton, M. (1991) isolation of a cDNA clone derived from a blood-borne non-A, non-B viral hepatitis genome. Science, 244, 359-362.
16. Colombo, M., Mannucci, P.M., Brettler, D.B., Girolami, A., Lian, E.C., Rodeghiero, F., Scharrer, I., Smith, P.S. & White, G.C. (1991) Hepatocellular carcinoma in hemophilia. American Journal of Hematology, 37, 243-246.
17. Colombo, M., Rumi, M.G., Gringeri, A. & Mannucci, P.M. (1988) Etiology and outcome of chronic viral hepatitis in multitransfused haemophilic patients, in Pathophysiology of the Liver (ed. by P. Gentilini). Chapter 8. Elsevier Science Publishers, Oxford.
18. Darby, S.C., Ewart, D.W., Giangrande, P.L.F., Dolin, P.J., Spooner, R.J.D. & Rizza, C.R., on behalf of the UK Haemophilia Centre Directors' Organisation (1995) Mortality before and after HIV infection in the complete UK population of haemophiliacs. Nature, 377, 79-82.
19. Darby, S.C., Ewart, D.W., Giangrande, P.L.F., Spooner, R.J.D., Rizza, C.R., Dusheiko, G.M., Lee, C.A., Ludlam, C.A. & Preston, F.E., for the UK Haemophilia Centre Directors' Organisation (1997) Mortality from liver cancer and liver disease in haemophilic men and boys given blood products contaminated with hepatitis C. Lancet, 350, 1425-1431.
20. Davis, G.L., Balart, L.A., Schiff, E.R., Lindsay, K., Bodenheimer, H.C., Perillo, R.P., Carey, W., Jacobson, I.M., Payne, J., Dienstag, J.L., Van Thiel, D.H., Tamburro, C., Lefkowitch, J., Albrecht, J., Meschievitz, C., Ortego, T.J. & Gibas, A., and the Hepatitis Interventional Therapy Group (1989) Treatment of chronic hepatitis C with recombinant interferon-alpha: a multicenter randomized, controlled trial. New England Journal of Medicine, 321, 1501-1506.
21. De Castro, M., Sanchez, J., Herrera, J.F., Chaves, A., Duran, R., Garcia-Buey, L., Garcia-Monzon, C., Sequi, J. & Moreno-Otero, R. (1993) Hepatitis C antibodies and liver disease in patients with porphyria cutanea tarda. Hepatology, 17, 551-557.
22. De Filippi, F., Colombo, M., Rumi, M.G., Tradati, F., Prati, D., Zanella, A. & Mannucci, P.M. (1997) High rates of hepatitis G virus infection in multitransfused patients with hemophilia. Blood, 90, 4634-4637.
23. Delorme, M.A., Adams, P.C., Grant, D., Ghent, C., Walker, I.R. & Wall, W.J. (1990) Orthotopic liver transplantation in a patient with combined hemophilia A and B. American Journal of Hematology, 33, 136-138.
24. Di Bisceglie, A.M., Conjeevaram, H.S., Fried, M.W., Sallie, R., Park, Y., Yurdayin, C., Swain, M., Kleiner, D.E., Mahaney, K. & Hoofnagel, J.H. (1995) Ribavirin as therapy for chronic hepatitis C: a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial. Annals of Internal Medicine, 123, 897-903.
25. Di Bisceglie, A.M., Martin, P., Kassianides, C., Lisker-Melman, M., Murray, L., Waggoner, J., Goodman, Z., Banks, S.M. & Hoofnagle, J.H. (1989) Recombinant interferon alpha therapy for chronic hepatitis C: a randomized, double blind placebo-controlled trial. New England Journal of Medicine, 321, 1506-1510.
26. Di Bisceglie, A.M., Shindo, M., Fong, ?., Fried, M.W., Swain, M.G., Bergasa, N.V., Axiotis, C.A., Waggoner, J.G., Park, Y. & Hoofnagel, J.H. (1992) A pilot study of ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology, 16, 649-654.
27. Donato, F., Tagger, A., Chiesa, R., Ribero, M.L., Tomasoni, V., Fasola, M., Gelatti, U., Portera, G., Boffeta, P. & Nardi, G. (1997) Hepatitis B and C virus infection, alcohol drinking, and hepatocellular carcinoma: a case control study in Italy. Hepatology, 26, 579-584.
28. Eyster, M.E., Diamondstone, L.S., Lien, J-M., Ehmann, C., Quan, S. & Goedert, J.J., for the Multicenter Hemophilia Cohort Study (1993) Natural history of hepatitis C infection in multitransfused hemophiliacs: effect of coinfection with human immunodeficiency virus. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency, 6, 602-610.
29. Eyster, M.E., Fried, M.W. & Di Bisceglie, A.M., Goedert, J., for the Multicenter Hemophilia Cohort Study (1994) Increasing hepatitis C virus RNA levels in hemophiliacs: relationship to human immunodeficiency virus infection and liver disease. Blood, 84, 1020-1023.
30. Farrell, G.C. (1997) Therapy of hepatitis C: interferon alfa-n1 trails. Hepatology, 26, (Suppl. 1), 96S-100S.
31. Findor, J.A., Darruich, H., Bruch Igartúa, E., Manaro, E.F., Sordá, J.A., Nakatsuno, M. & Rey, J.A. (1997) Amantadine HCl alone and associated with recombinant alpha interferon 2α during a short term therapy in chronic HCV. Hepatology, 26, No. 4, Pt 2. Abstract 354.
32. Fletcher, M.L., Trowell, J.M., Craske, J., Pavier, K. & Rizza, C.R. (1983) Non-A non-B hepatitis after transfusion of factor VIII in infrequently treated patients, British Medical Journal, 287, 1754-1757.
33. Gerolami, V., Halfon, P., Chambost, H., Sicardi, F., Thuret, I., Planells, R., Halimi, G., Fossat, C., Michel, G. & Cartazou, G. (1997) Prevalence of hepatitis G virus RNA in a monocentric population of French haemophiliacs. British Journal of Haematology, 99, 209-214.
34. Gordon, F.H., Mistry, P.K., Sabin, C.A. & Lee, C.A. (1997) Outcome of orthotopic liver transplantation in haemophilia. (Abstract). Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 77, (Suppl. 1), 163-164.
35. Hallam, N.F., Fletcher, M.L., Read, S.J., Majid, A.M., Kurtz, J.B. & Rizza, C.R. (1993) Low risk of sexual transmission of hepatitis C virus. Journal of Medical Virology, 40, 251-253.
36. Hanley, J.P., Jarvis, L.M., Andrews, J., Dennis, R., Hayes, P., Piris, J., Lee, R., Simmonds, P. & Ludlam, C.A. (1996a) Interferon treatment for chronic hepatitis C infection in hemophiliacs: influence of virus load, genotype, and liver pathology on response. Blood, 87, 1704-1709.
37. Hanley, J.P., Jarvis, L.M., Andrews, J., Dennis, R., Lee, R., Simmonds, P., Piris, J., Hayes, P. & Ludlam, C.A. (1996b) Investigation of chronic hepatitis C infection in individuals with haemophilia: assessment of invasive and non-invasive methods. British Journal of Haematology, 94, 159-165.
38. Hanley, J.P., Jarvis, L.M., Simmonds, P. & Ludlam, C.A. (1996c) Development of anti-interferon antibodies and breakthrough hepatitis during treatment for HCV infection in haemophiliacs. British Journal of Haematology, 94, 551-556.
39. Hay, C.R.M., Preston, F.E., Triger, D.R. & Underwood, J.C.E. (1985) Progressive liver disease in haemophilia: an understated problem. Lancet, i, 1495-1498.
40. Irving, W.L., Neal, K.R., Underwood, J.C.E., Simmonds, P.N. & James, V., on behalf of Trent Regional Hepatitis C Virus Study Group (1994) Chronic hepatitis in United Kingdom blood donors infected with hepatitis C virus. British Medical Journal, 308, 695-696.
41. Jarvis, L.M., Davidson, F., Hanley, J.P., Yap, P.L., Ludlam, C.A. & Simmonds, P. (1996) Infection with hepatitis G among recipients of plasma products. New England Journal of Medicine, 348, 1352-1355.
42. Jarvis, L.M., Watson, H.G., McOmish, E. Peutherer, J.E. Ludlam, C.A. & Simmonds, P. (1994) Frequent reinfection and reactivation of hepatitis C virus genotypes in multitransfused hemophiliacs. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 170, 1018-1022.
43. Kasper, C.K., Graham, J.B., Kernoff, P.B.A., Larrieu, M.J., Rickard, K.A. & Mannucci, P.M. (1989) Hemophilia: state of the art hematologic care 1988. Vox Sanguinis, 56, 141-144.
44. Kedda, M-A., Kew, M.C., Cohn, R.J., Field, S.P., Schwyzer, R., Song, E. & Fernandes-Costa, F. (1995) An outbreak of hepatitis A among South African patients with hemophilia: evidence implicating contaminated factor VIII concentrate as the source. Hepatology, 22, 1363-1367.
45. Kernoff, P.B.A., Lee, C.A., Karayiannis, P. & Thomas, H.C. (1985) High risk of non-A non-B hepatitis after a first exposure to volunteer or commercial clotting factor concentrates: effects of prophylactic immune serum globulin. British Journal of Haematology, 60, 469-479.
46. Kuo, G., Choo, Q-L., Alter, H.J., Gitnick, G.L., Redeker, A.G., Purcell, R.H., Miyamura, T. Dienstag, J.L., Alter, M.J., Stevens, C.E., Tegtmeier, G.E., Bonino, F., Colombo, M., Lee, W.S., Kuo, C., Berger, K., Shuster, J.R., Overby, L.R., Brodley, D.W. & Houghton, M. (1989) An assay for circulating antibodies to a major etiologic virus of human non-A, non-B hepatitis. Science, 244, 362-366.
47. Lee, C.A., Kernoff, P.B.A., Karayiannis, P. & Thomas, H.C. (1985) Interferon therapy for chronic non-A, non-B and chronic delta liver disease in haemophilia. British Journal of Haematology, 72, 235-238.
48. Lemon, S.M., Becherer, P.R., Wang, J.G., White, G.C., Lesesne, H., Janco, R.L., Hanna, W.T., Davis, C., Johnson, C.A. & Poon, M.C. (1991) Hepatitis delta infection among multiply-transfused hemophiliacs. Progress in Clinical and Biological Research, 364, 351-360.
49. Lim, S.G., Lee, C.A., Charman, H., Tilsed, G., Griffiths, P.D. & Kernoff, P.B.A. (1991) Hepatitis C antibody assay in a longitudinal study of haemophiliacs. British Journal of Haematology, 78, 398-402.
50. Lindsay, K.L. (1997) Therapy of hepatitis C: overview. Hepatology, 26, (Suppl. 1), 71S-77S.
51. Linnen, J., Wages, J., Zhang-Keck, Z-Y., Fry, K.E., Krawczynski, K.Z., Alter, H., Koonin, E., Gallagher, M., Alter, M., Hodziyannis, S., Karayiannis, P., Fung, K., Nakatsuji, Y., Shin, W.-K. Young, L., Piatak, M., Hoover, C., Fernandez, J., Chen, S., Zou, J.C., Morris, T., Hyams, K.C., Ismay, S., Lifson, J.D., Hess, G., Foung, S.K.H., Thomas, H., Bradley, D., Margolis, H. & Kim, J.P. (1996) Molecular cloning and disease association of hepatitis G virus: a transfusion-transmissable agent. Science, 271, 505-508.
52. Makris, M. & Preston, F.E. (1997) Interferon-alpha treatment and formation of factor VIII antibodies. (Letter). Annals of Internal Medicine, 126, 829.
53. Makris, M., Preston, F.E., Rosendaal, F.R., Underwood, J.C.E., Rice, K.M. & Triger, D.R. (1996) The natural history of chronic hepatitis C in hemophiliacs. Blood, 94, 746-752.
54. Makris, M., Preston, F.E., Triger, D.R., Underwood, J.C.E., Choo, Q.L., Kuo, G. & Houghton, M. (1990) Hepatitis C antibody and chronic liver disease in haemophilia. Lancet, 335, 1117-1119.
55. Makris, M., Preston, M., Triger, D.R., Underwood, J.C.E., Westlake, L. & Adelman, M.I. (1991) A randomized controlled trial of recombinant interferon-α in chronic hepatitis C in hemophiliacs. Blood, 78, 1672-1677.
56. Mannucci, P.M., Capitanio, A., Del Ninno, E., Colombo, M., Pareti, F. & Ruggeri, Z. (1975) Asymptomatic liver disease in haemophiliacs. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 28, 620-624.
57. Mannucci, P.M., Federici, A., Cattaneo, M., Fasati, R. & Galmarini, D. (1991) Liver transplantation in severe von Willebrand disease. (Letter). Lancet, 337, 1105.
58. Mannucci, P.M., Gdovin, S., Gringeri, A., Colombo, M., Mele, A., Schinaia, N. & Ciavarella, N. (1994a) Transmission of hepatitis A to patients with hemophilia by factor VIII concentrate treated with organic solvent and detergent to inactivate viruses. Annals of Internal Medicine, 120, 1-7.
59. Mannucci, P.M., Gringeri, A., Santagostino, E., Romano, L. & Zanetti, A. (1994b) Low risk of transmission of hepatitis E virus by large-pool coagulation factor concentrates. (Letter). Lancet, 343, 597-598.
60. Marcellin, P., Boyer, N., Gervais, A., Martinot, M., Pouteau, M., Castelnau, C., Kilani, A., Areias, J., Auperin, A., Benhamou, J.P., Degott, C. & Erlinger, S. (1997) Long-term histologic improvement and loss of detectable intrahepatic HCV RNA in patients with chronic hepatitis C and sustained response to interferon-α therapy. Annals of Internal Medicine, 127, 875-881.
61. Martinot, M., Marcellin, P., Boyer, N., Detmer, J., Ponteau, J., Castelnau, C., Degott, C., Auperin, A., Collins, M., Kolberg, J., Wilber, J., Benhamou, J-P. & Erlinger, S. (1997) Influence of hepatitis G virus infection on the severity of liver disease and response to interferon-α in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Annals of Internal Medicine, 126, 874-881.
62. Marwick, C. (1997) Hepatitis C is focus of NIH Consensus Panel. Journal of the American Medical Association, 277, 1268-1269.
63. Mazzaro, C., Zagonel, V., Monfardini, S., Tulissi, P., Pussini, E., Fanni, M., Sorioo, R., Bortolus, R., Covatto, M., Santini, G., Tiribelli, C., Sasso, E. Masutti, R. & Pozzato, G. (1996) Hepatitis C virus and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. British Journal of Haematology, 94, 544-550.
64. Mauser-Bunschoten, E.P., Bresters, D., van Drimmelen, A.A.J., Roosendaal, G., Cuypers, H.T.M., Reesink, H.W., van der Poel, C.L., van den Berg, H.M. & Lelie, P.N. (1995) Hepatitis C infection and viremia in Dutch hemophilia patients. Journal of Medical Virology, 45, 241-246.
65. Mauser-Bunschoten, E.P., Damen, M., Reesink, H.W. Roosendaal, G., Chamuleau, R.A. & van den Berg, H.M. (1996) Formation of antibodies to factor VIII in patients with hemophilia A who are treated with interferon for chronic hepatitis C. Annals of Internal Medicine, 125, 298-298.
66. Merion, R.M., Delius, D.E., Campbell, T.A. & Turcotte, H.G. (1988) Orthotopic liver transplantation totally corrects factor IX deficiency in hemophilia B. Surgery, 104, 929-931.
67. Misiani, R., Bellavila, L., Fenili, D., Vicari, O., Marchesi, D., Sironi, P.L., Zilio, P., Vernocchi, A., Massazza, M., Vendramin, G., Tanzi, E. & Zanetti, A. (1994) Interferon alfa-2a therapy in cryoglobulinemia associated with hepatitis C virus. New England Journal of Medicine, 330, 751-756.
68. National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Panel Statement (1997) Managment of hepatitis C. Hepatology, 26, (Suppl. 1): 2S-10S. (Text of NIH document is available on the internet: http://odp.od.nih.gov/consensus/statements/cdc/105/ 105_stmt.html)
69. Patterson, J.L. & Fernandez-Larsson, R. (1990) Molecular mechanisms of action of ribavirin. Review of Infectious Diseases, 12, 1139-1164.
70. Pawlotsky, J.M., Ben Yahia, M., Andre, C., Voisin, M.C., Intrator, L., Roudot-Thoraval, F., Desforges, L., Duvoux, P., Zafrani, E.S., Duval, J. & Dhumeaux, D. (1994) Immunologic disorders in C virus chronic active hepatitis: a prospective case-control study. Hepatology, 19, 841-848.
71. Preston, F.E., Dusheiko, G., Lee, C.A., Ludlam, C.A. & Giangrande, P.L.F. (1995a) Guidelines on the diagnosis and managment of chronic liver disease in haemophilia. Haemophilia, 1, (Suppl. 4), 42-44.
72. Preston, F.E., Jarvis, L.M., Makris, M., Philp, L., Underwood, J.C.E. & Ludlam, C.A. & Simmonds, H. (1995b) Heterogeneity of hepatitis C genotypes in hemophilia: relationship with chronic liver disease. Blood, 85, 1259-1262.
73. Reichard, O., Andersson, J., Schvarc, R., & Weiland, O. (1991) Ribavirin treatment for chronic hepatitis C. Lancet, 337, 1058-1061.
74. Reichard, O., Norkrans, G., Frydén, A., Braconier, J-H., Sönnerborg, A. & Weiland, O., for the Swedish Study Group (1998) Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of interferon-2b with and without ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C. Lancet, 351, 83-87.
75. Rizza, C.R. & Spooner, R.J.D. (1983) Treatment of haemophilia and related disorders in Britain and Northern Ireland during 1976-80: report on behalf of the directors of haemophilia centres in the United Kingdom. British Medical Journal, 286, 929-933.
76. Rizzetto, M., Morello, C., Mannucci, P.M., Gocke, D.J., Spero, J.A., Lewis, J.H., van Thiel, D.H., Scaroni, C. & Peyretti, F. (1982) Delta infection and liver disease in hemophilic carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 145, 18-22.
77. Rosendaal, F.R., Smit, C., Varekamp, I., Bröcker-Vriends, A.H.J.T., van Dijck, H., Suurmeijer, T.P.B.M., Vandenbrouke, J.P. & Briët, E. (1990) Modern hemophilia treatment: medical improvements and the quality of life. Journal of Internal Medicine, 228, 633-640.
78. Rosinia, K. Saracco, G. & Rizzetto, M. (1995) Risk of post-transfusion infection with the hepatitis delta virus. New England Journal of Medicine, 312, 1488-1491.
79. Rumi, M.G., Colombo, M., Gringeri, A. & Mannucci, P.M. (1990) High prevalence of antibody to hepatitis C virus in multitransfused hemophilacs with normal transaminase levels. Annals of Internal Medicine, 112, 579-580.
80. Rumi, M.G., Santagostino, E., Morfini, M., Gringeri, H., Tagariello, G., Chistolini, A., Pontisso, P., Tagger, A., Colombo, M. & Mannucci, P.M. (1997) A multicenter controlled, randomized, open trial of interferon alpha 2b treatment of anti-human immunodeficiency virus-negative hemophilic patients with chronic hepatitis C. Blood, 89, 3529-3533.
81. Schalm, S.W., Hansen, B.E., Chemello, L., Bellobuono, A., Brouwer, J.T., Weiland, O., Cavaletto, L. Schvarc, R., Ideo, G. & Alberti, A. (1997) Ribavirin enhances the efficacy but not the adverse effects of interferon in chronic hepatitis C: meta-analysis of individual patient data from European centers. Journal of Hepatology, 26, 961-966.
82. Shimpf, K. (1986) Liver disease in haemophilia. Lancet, i, 323 (Letter). (See also correction on page 572.)
83. Simmonds, P., Alberti, A., Alter, H.J., Bonino, F., Bradley, D.W., Brecho, C. Brouwer, J.T., Chan, S.W., Chayama, K., Chen, D.S., Choo, Q.L., Colombo, M., Cuypers, H.T.M., Date, T., Dusheiko, G., Esteban, J.L., Fay, O., Hadziyannis, S.J., Han, J., Hatzakis, A., Homes, E.C., Hotta, H., Houghton, M., Irvine, B., Kohara, M., Kolberg, J.A., Kuo, G., Lau, J.Y.N., Lelie, P.N., Maertens, G., McOmish, F., Miyamura, T., Mizokami, M., Nomoto, A., Prince, A.M., Reesink, H.W., Rice, C., Roggendorf, M., Schiam, S.W., Shikaka, T., Shimotohno, K., Stuyver, L., Trepo, C., Weiner, A., Yap, P.L. & Urdea, M.S. (1994) A proposed system for the nomenclature of hepatitis C viral genotypes. Hepatology, 19, 1321-1324.
84. Simmonds, P. Holmes, E.C., Cha, T.A., Chan, S.W., McOmish, F., Irvine, B., Beall, E., Yap, P.L. Kolberg, J. & Urdea, M.S. (1993) Classification of hepatitis C virus into six major genotypes and a series of subtypes by phylogenetic analysis of the NS-5 region. Journal of General Virology 74, 2391-2399.
85. Skehel, J.J., Hay, A.J. & Armstrong, J.A. (1978) On the mechanism of inhibition of influenza virus replication by amantadine hydrochloride. Journal of General Virology, 38, 97-110.
86. Smit, C., Rosendaal, F.R., Varekamp, I., Bröcker-Vriends, A.H.J.T., van Dijck, H., Suurmeijer, T.P.B.M. & Briët, E. (1989) Physical condition, longevity and social performance of Dutch haemophiliacs 1972-1985. British Medical Journal, 298, 235-238.
87. Smith, J.P. (1997) Treatment of chronic hepatitis C with amantadine. Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 42, 1681-1687.
88. Stricker, R.B., Barlogie, B. & Kiprov, D.D. (1994) Acquired factor VIII inhibitor associated with chronic interferon-α therapy. Journal of Rheumatology, 21, 350-352.
89. Sudo, K., Matsumoto, Y., Matsushima, M., Fujiwara, M., Konno, K., Shmotohno, K., Shigeta, S. & Yokota, T. (1997) Novel hepatitis C virus protease inhibitors: thiazolidine derivatives. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 18, 643-647.
90. Telfer, P., Sabin, C., Devereux, H., Scott, F., Dusheiko, G. & Lee, C.A. (1994) The progression of HCV-associated liver disease in a cohort of haemophilic patients. (Letter). British Journal of Haematology, 87, 555-561.
91. Telfer, P.T., Devereux, H., Savage, K., Scott, F., Dhillon, A.P., Dusheiko, G. & Lee, C.A. (1995) Chronic hepatitis C virus infection in haemophilic patients: clinical significance of viral genotype. Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 74, 1259-1264.
92. Temperley, I.J., Cotter, K.P., Walsh, T.J., Power, J. & Hillary, I.B. (1992) Clotting factors and hepatitis A. Lancet, 340, 1464.
93. Tong, C.Y.W., Sallam, T.A., Williams, H., Mutton, K.J., Gilmore, I.T. & Toh, C.H. (1997) Hepatitis G virus RNA and its relation to hepatitis C infection in adult haemophilic patients. British Journal of Haematology, 99, 295-297.
94. Tradati, F., Colombo, M., Mannucci, P.M., Rumi, M.G., De Fazio, C., Gamba, G., Ciavarella, N., Rocino, A., Morfini, M., Scaraggi, A., Taioli, E., and the Study Group of the Association of Italian Hemophilia Centres (1998) Blood, 91, 1173-1177.
95. Troisi, C.L., Hollinger, B., Hoots, W.K., Contant, C., Gill, J., Ragni, M., Parmley, R., Sexauer, C., Gomperts, E., Buchanan, G., Scwartz, B., Adair, S. & Fields, H. (1993) A multicenter study of viral hepatitis in a United States hemophilic population. Blood, 81, 412-418.
96. United Kingdom Haemophilia Centre Directors' Organisation (UKHCDO) Executive Committee (1997) Guidelines on therapeutic products to treat haemophilia and other hereditary coagulation disorders. Haemophilia, 3, 63-77.
97. Vento, S., Garofano, T., Renzini, C., Cainelli, F., Casali, F., Ghironzi, G., Ferraro, T. & Concia, E. (1998) Fulminant hepatitis A associated with hepatitis A superinfection in patients with chronic hepatitis C. New England Journal of Medicine, 338, 286-290.
98. Villa, E., Rubbiani, L., Barchi, T., Ferretti, I., Grisendi, A., De Palma, M., Bellentani, S. & Manenti, F. (1982) Susceptibility of chronic symptomless HBsAg carriers to ethanol-induced hepatic damage. Lancet, ii, 1243-1244.
99. Watson, H.G., Ludlam, C.A., Rebus, S., Zhang, L.Q., Peutherer, J.F. & Simmonds, P. (1992) Use of several second generation assays to determine the true prevalence of hepatitis C infection in haemophiliacs exposed to non-virus inactivated factor VIII and IX concentrates. British Journal of Haematology, 80, 514-518.
100. Wilde, J.T., Ahmed, M.M., Collingham, K.E., Skidmore, S.J., Pillay, D. & Mutimer, D. (1997) Hepatitis G infection in patients with bleeding disorders. British Journal of Haematology, 99, 285-288.
101. Wong, V.S., Baglin, T., Beacham, E., Wight, D.D.G., Petrik, J. & Alexander, G.J.M. (1997) The role for liver biopsy in haemophiliacs infected with the hepatitis C virus. British Journal of Haematology, 97, 343-347.
102. Wyld, R., Robertson, J.R., Brettle, R.P., Mellor, J., Prescott, J., & Simmonds, P. (1997) Absence of hepatitis C virus infection transmission but frequent transmission of HIV-1 from sexual contact with doubly-infected individuals. Journal of Infection, 35, 163-166.
103. Zaaijer, H.L., Mauser-Bunschoten, E.P., ten Veen, J.H., Kapprell, H.P., Kok, M., van den Berg, H. & Lelie, P.N. (1995) Hepatitis E virus antibodies among patients with haemophilia, blood donors, and hepatitis patients. Journal of Medical Virology, 46, 244-246.
104. Zuckerman, E., Zuckerman, T., Levine, A.M., Douer, D., Gutekunst, K., Mizokami, M., Qian, D.G., Vielanker, M., Nathwani, B.N. & Fong, T.-L. (1997) Hepatitis C virus infection in patients with B-cell lymphoma. Annals of Internal Medicine, 127, 423-428.