Update on drug interactions with azole antifungal agents

Annals of Pharmacotherapy

Volumn 32, Issue 9, 1998, Pages 915-928

  Lomaestro, Ben M ^a   Piatek, Michelle Ann ^b  

^a ALBANY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b Parkview Hospital   (United States)

Author keywords

Drug drug interactions; Fluconazole; Itraconazole; Ketoconazole

Indexed keywords

ALUMINUM MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE; ANTACID AGENT; ANTIFUNGAL AGENT; ANTIHISTAMINIC AGENT; ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; CISAPRIDE; CORTICOSTEROID; CREATININE; CYCLOSPORIN; CYTOCHROME P450; DELAVIRDINE; DIGOXIN; FLUCONAZOLE; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; ISONIAZID; ITRACONAZOLE; KETOCONAZOLE; NEVIRAPINE; ORAL ANTIDIABETIC AGENT; PHENYTOIN; PROTEINASE INHIBITOR; QUINIDINE; RIFABUTIN; RIFAMPICIN; SUCRALFATE; TACROLIMUS; UNINDEXED DRUG; WARFARIN;

AREA UNDER THE CURVE; CLINICAL TRIAL; DRUG CONTRAINDICATION; EDEMA; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HUMAN; HYPOPROTHROMBINEMIA; INTRAVENOUS DRUG ADMINISTRATION; LIVER TOXICITY; MYCOSIS; NEPHROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; ORAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; VERTIGO;

ANIMALS; ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS; AZOLES; DRUG INTERACTIONS; HUMANS; MEDLINE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS;

EID: 0031664160     PISSN: 10600280     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1345/aph.17271     Document Type: Review

References (138)

1. Como JA, Dismukes WE. Oral azole drugs as systemic antifungal therapy. N Engl J Med 1994;330:263-72.
2. Debruyne D, Ryckelynck JP. Clinical pharmacokinetics of fluconazole. Clin Pharmacokinet 1993;24:10-27.
3. Kowalsky SF, Dixon DM. Fluconazole: a new antifungal agent. Clin Pharm 1991;10:179-94.
4. Breckenridge A. Clinical significance of interactions with antifungal agents. Br J Dermatol 1992;126(suppl 39):19-22.
5. Bickers DR. Antifungal therapy: potential interactions with other classes of drugs. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994;31(suppl):S87-90.
6. Baciewicz AM, Baciewicz FA. Ketoconazole and fluconazole drug interactions. Arch Intern Med 1993;153:1970-6.
7. Lake KD. Management of drug interactions with cyclosporine. Pharmacotherapy 1991;11(suppl):110S-8S.
8. Kowalsky SF. Drug Interactions with fluconazole. Pharmacotherapy 1990;10(suppl):170S-3S.
9. Meyer JM, Rodvold KA. Drug biotransformation by the cytochrome P-450 enzyme system. Infect Med 1996:13,459,463-4,523.
10. Cadle RM, Zenon GJ III, Rodriguez-Barradas MC, Hamill RJ. Fluconazole-induced symptomatic phenytoin toxicity. Ann Pharmacother 1994; 28:191-5.
11. Gibaldi M. Drug interactions: part I. Ann Pharmacother 1992;26:709-13.
12. Olkkola KT, Ahonen J, Neuvonen PJ. The effect of the systemic antimycotics, itraconazole, and fluconazole, on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous and oral midazolam. Anesth Analg 1996; 82:511-6.
13. Kivisto KT, Neuvonen PJ, Klotz U. Inhibition of terfenadine metabolism pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic consequences. Clin Pharmacokinet 1994;27:1-5.
14. Von Moltke LL, Greenblatt DJ, Duan SX, Harmatz JS, Wright CE, Shader RI. Inhibition of terfenadine metabolism in vitro by azole antifungal agents and by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants: relation to pharmacokinetic interactions in-vivo. J Clin Psychopharm 1996;16:104-12.
15. Meyer JM, Rodvold KA. Drug interactions between nonsedating antihistamines and anti-infective agents. Infect Med 1996;13:609-13,634.
16. Jurima-Romet M, Crawford K, Cyr T, Inaba T. Terfenadine metabolism in human liver. In vitro inhibition by macrolide antibiotics and azole antifungals. Drug Metab Dispos 1994;22:849-57.
17. Monahan BP, Ferguson CL, Killeavy ES, Lloyd BK, Troy J, Cantilena LR Jr. Torsades de pointes occurring in association with terfenadine use. JAMA 1990;264:2788-90.
18. Crane JK, Shih HT. Syncope and cardiac arrhythmia due to an interaction between itraconazole and terfenadine. Am J Med 1993;95:445-6.
19. Pohjola-Sintonen S, Viitasalo M, Toivonen L, Neuvonen P. Torsades de pointes after terfenadine-itraconazole interaction. BMJ 1993;306:186.
20. Honig PK, Wortham DC, Zamani K, Conner DP, Mullin JC, Cantilena LR. Terfenadine-ketoconazole interaction. JAMA 1993;269:1513-8.
21. Eller MG, Okerholm RA. Pharmacokinetic interaction between terfenadine and ketoconazole (abstract). Clin Pharmacol Ther 1991;59:130.
22. Honig PK, Wortham DC, Zamani K, Mullin JC, Conner DP, Cantilena LR. Pharmacokinetics and drug disposition: the effect of fluconazole on the steady-state pharmacokinetics and electrocardiographic pharmacodynamics of terfenadine in humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1993;53:630-6.
23. Botstein P. Is QT interval prolongation harmful? A regulatory perspective. Am J Cardiol 1993;72:50B-2B.
24. Lefebvre RA, Van Peer A, Woestenborghs R. Influence of itraconazole on the pharmacokinetics and electrocardiographic effects of astemizole. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1997;43:319-22.
25. Bran S, Murray WA, Hirsch IB, Palmer JP. Long QT syndrome during high-dose cisapride. Arch Intern Med 1995;155:765-8.
26. Wysowski DK, Bacsanyi J. Cisapride and fatal arrhythmia (letter). N Engl J Med 1996;335:290-1.
27. Pettignano R, Chambliss R, Darsey E, Heard M. Cisapride-induced dysrhythmia in a pediatric patient receiving extracorporeal life support. Crit Care Med 1996;24:1268-71.
28. Klausner MA. Important safety information. Letter to pharmacists. October 14, 1995, Janssen at Washington Crossing, 1125 Trenton-Harbourton Rd, PO Box 200, Titusville, NJ 08560.
29. Ahmad SR, Wolfe SM. Cisapride and torsade de pointes (letter). Lancet 1995;345:508.
30. First MR, Schroeder TJ, Alexander JW, Stephens GW, Weiskittel P, Myre SA, et al. Cyclosporine dose reduction by ketoconazole administration in renal transplant recipients. Transplantation 1991;51:365-70.
31. Ehninger G, Jaschonek K, Schuler U, Kruger HU. Interaction of fluconazole with cyclosporin. Lancet 1989;2:104-5.
32. Morgenstern GR, Powles R, Robinson B, McElwain TJ. Cyclosporin interaction with ketoconazole and melphalan (letter). Lancet 1982;2:1342.
33. Anderson JE, Morris RE, Blaschke TF. Pharmacodynamics of cyclosporine-ketoconazole interaction in mice. Transplantation 1987;43:529-33.
34. Keogh AK, Spratt P, McCosker C, MacDonald P, Mundy J, Kaan A. Ketoconazole to reduce the need for cyclosporine after cardiac transplantation. N Engl J Med 1995;333:628-33.
35. Randall T. Cyclosporine-ketoconazole combination offers promise in reducing antirejection therapy costs. JAMA 1990;264:430-1.
36. Smith J, Hows J, Donnellt P, Baughan A, Goldman J, Gordon-Smith EC. Interaction of cyclosporin A and ketoconazole. Exp Hematol 1988;11 (suppl 13):176-8.
37. Daneshmend TK. Ketoconazole-cyclosporin interaction (letter). Lancet 1982;2:1342-3.
38. Kruger HU, Schuler U, Zimmermann R, Ehninger G. Absence of significant interaction of fluconazole with cyclosporin. J Antimicrob Chemother 1989;24:781-6.
39. Girardet RE, Melo JC, Fox MS, Whalen C, Lusk R, Masri ZH, et al. Concomitant administration of cyclosporine and ketoconazole for three and a half years in one heart transplant recipient. Transplantation 1989; 48:887-90.
40. Dieperink H, Moller J. Ketoconazole and cyclosporin (letter) Lancet 1982;2:1217.
41. Ferguson RM, Sutherland DE, Simmons RL, Najarian JS. Ketoconazole, cyclosporin metabolism and renal transplantation (letter). Lancet 1982;2: 882-3.
42. Shepard JH, Simmons RL. Cyclosporine-ketoconazole: a potentially dangerous drug-drug interaction (letter). Clin Pharm 1986;5:468-9.
43. First MR, Schroeder TJ, Weiskittel P, Myre SA, Alexander JW, Pesce AJ. Concomitant administration of cyclosporin and ketoconazole in renal transplant recipients. Lancet 1989;2:1198-201.
44. Gomez DY, Wacher VJ, Tomlanovich SJ, Hebert MF, Benet LZ. The effects of ketoconaozle on the intestinal metabolism and bioavailability of cyclosporine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1995;58:15-9.
45. Lopez-Gil JA. Fluconazole-cyclosporine interaction: a dose-dependent effect? Ann Pharmacother 1993;27:427-30.
46. Graves NM, Matas AJ, Hilligoss DM, Canafax DM. Fluconazole/cyclosporine interactions (abstract). Clin Pharmacol Ther 1990:208.
47. Lazar JD, Wilner KD. Drug interactions with fluconazole. Rev Infect Dis 1990;12(suppl):S327-33.
48. Canafax DM, Graves NM, Hilligoss DM, Carleton BC, Gardner MJ, Matas AJ. Interaction between cyclosporine and fluconazole in renal allograft recipients. Transplantation 1991;51:1014-8.
49. Torregrosa V, De la Torre M, Campistol JM, Oppenheimer J, Ricart MJ, Vilardell J, et al. Interaction of fluconazole with ciclosporin A. Nephron 1992;60:125-6.
50. Kramer MR, Marshall SE, Denning DW, Keogh AM, Tucker RM, Galgiani JN, et al. Cyclosporine and itraconazole interaction in heart and lung transplant recipients. Ann Intern Med 1990;113:327-9.
51. Novakova I, Donnelly P, De Witte T, De Pauw B, Boezeman J, Veltman G. Itraconazole and cyclosporin nephrotoxicity. Lancet 1987;2:920-1.
52. Sugar AM, Saunders C, Idelson BA, Bernard DB. Interaction of fluconazole and cyclosporine (letter). Ann Intern Med 1989;110:844.
53. Collignon P, Hurley B, Mitchell D. Interaction of fluconazole with cyclosporine (letter). Lancet 1989;1:1262.
54. Conti DJ, Tolkoff-Rubin NE, Baker GP, Doran M, Cosimi AB, Demonico F, et al. Successful treatment of invasive fungal infection with fluconazole in organ transplant recipients. Transplantation 1989;48:692-5.
55. Kwan JTC, Foxall PJD, Davidson DGC, Bending MR, Eisinger AJ. Interaction of cyclosporin and itraconazole (letter). Lancet 1987;2:282.
56. Trenk D, Brett W, Jahnchen E, Birnbaum D. Time course of cyclosporin/itraconazole interaction (letter). Lancet 1987;2:1335-6.
57. Osowski CL, Dix SP, Lin LS, Mullins RE, Geller RB, Wingard JR. Evaluation of the drug interaction between intravenous high-dose fluconazole and cyclosporine or tacrolimus in bone marrow transplant patients. Transplantation 1996;61:1268-72.
58. Prasad TNV, Stiff DD, Subbotina N, Zemaitis MA, Burckart GJ, Starzl TE, et al. FK506 (tacrolimus) metabolism by rat liver microsomes and its inhibition by other drugs. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 1994;84:35-46.
59. Lampen A, Christians U, Guengerich FP, Watkins PB, Kolars JC, Bader A, et al. Metabolism of the immunosuppressant tacrolimus in the small intestine: cytochrome P450, drug interactions, and interindividual variability. Drug Metab Dispos 1995;23:1315-24.
60. Lampen A, Christians U, Gonschior AK, Bader A, Hackbarth I, von Engelhardt W, et al. Metabolism of the macrolide immunosuppressant tacrolimus by the pig gut mucosa in the Ussing chamber. Br J Pharmacol 1996;117:1730-4.
61. Iwaski K, Matsuda H, Nagase K, Shiraga T, Tokuma Y, Uchida K. Effects of twenty-three drugs on the metabolism of FK506 by human liver microsomes. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 1993;82:209-16.
62. Manez R, Martin M, Raman V, Silverman D, Jain A, Warty V, et al. Fluconazole therapy in transplant recipients receiving FK506. Transplantation 1994;57:1521-3.
63. Floren LC, Bekersky I, Benet LZ, Mekki Q, Dressier D, Lee JW, et al. Tacrolimus oral bioavailability doubles with coadministration of ketoconazole. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1997;62:41-9.
64. Sachs MK, Blanchard LM, Green PJ. Interaction of itraconazole and digoxin. Clin Infect Dis 1993;16:400-3.
65. McClean KL, Sheehan GJ. Interaction between itraconazole and digoxin (letter). Clin Infect Dis 1994;18:259-60.
66. Alderman CP, Jersmann HPA. Digoxin-itraconazole interaction (letter). Med J Aust 1993;159:838-9.
67. Alderman CP, Allcroft PD. Digoxin-itraconazole interaction: possible mechanisms. Ann Pharmacother 1997;31:438-40.
68. Rex J. Itraconazole-digoxin interaction (letter). Ann Intern Med 1992; 116:525.
69. Ito S, Koren G. Comment: possible mechanism of digoxin-itraconazole interaction (letter). Ann Pharmacother 1997;31:1091-2.
70. Partanen J, Jalava KM, Neuvonen PJ. Itraconazole increases serum digoxin concentration. Pharmacol Toxicol 1996;79:274-6.
71. Neuvonen PJ, Jalava KM. Itraconazole drastically increases plasma concentrations of lovastatin and lovastatin acid. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1996; 60:54-61.
72. Lees RS, Lees AM. Rhabdomyolysis from the coadministration of lovastatin and the antirungal agent itraconazole. N Engl J Med 1995;333:664-5.
73. Segaert MF, De Soete C, Vandewiele I, Verbanck J. Drug-interaction-induced rhabdomyolysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1996;11:1846-7.
74. Howitt KM, Oziemski MA. Phenytoin toxicity induced by fluconazole (letter). Med J Aust 1989;151:603-4.
75. Mitchell AS, Holland JT. Fluconazole and phenytoin: a predictable interaction (letter). BMJ 1989;298:1315.
76. Blum RA, Wilton JH, Hilligoss DM, Gardner MJ, Henry EB, Harrison NJ. et al. Effect of fluconazole on the disposition of phenytoin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1991;49:420-5.
77. Touchette MA, Chandrasekar PH, Milad MA, Edwards DJ. Contrasting effects of fluconazole and ketoconazole on phenytoin and testosterone disposition in man. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1992;34:75-8.
78. Ducharme MP, Slaughter RL, Warbasse LH, Chandrasekar PH, Van de Velde V, Mannens G, et al. Itraconazole and hydroxyitraconazole serum concentrations are reduced more than tenfold by phenytoin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1995;58:617-24.
79. Engelhard D, Stutman HR, Marks MI. Interaction of ketoconazole with rifampin and isoniazid. N Engl J Med 1984;311:1681-3.
80. Coker RJ, Tomlinson DR, Parkin J, Harris JRW, Pinching AJ. Interaction between fluconazole and rifampicin (letter). BMJ 1990;301:818.
81. Drayton J, Dickinson G, Rinaldi MG. Coadministration of rifampin and itraconazole leads to undetectable levels of serum itraconazole (letter). Clin Infect Dis 1994;18:266-7.
82. Abadie-Kemmerly S, Pankey GA, Dalvisio JR. Failure of ketoconazole treatment of blastomyces dermatidis due to interaction of isoniazid and rifampin (letter). Ann Intern Med 1988;109:844-5.
83. Brass C, Galgiani JN, Blaschke TF, Defelice R, O'Reilly RA, Stevens DA. Disposition of ketoconazole, an oral antifungal, in humans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1982;21:151-8.
84. Doble N, Shaw R, Rowland-Hill C, Lush M, Warnock DW, Real EE. Pharmacokinetic study of the interaction between rifampicin and ketoconazole. J Antimicrob Chem 1988;21:633-5.
85. Tucker RM, Denning DW, Hanson LH, Rinaldi MG, Graybill JR, Sharkey PK, et al. Interaction of azoles with rifampin, phenytoin, and carbamazepine: in vitro and clinical observations. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 14:165-74.
86. Apseloff G, Hilligoss DM, Gardner MJ, Henry EB, Inskeep PB, Gerber N, et al. Induction of fluconazole metabolism by rifampin: in vitro study in humans. J Clin Pharmacol 1991;31:358-61.
87. Nicolau DP, Crowe HM, Nightingale CH, Quintiliani R. Rifampin-fluconazole interaction in critically ill patients. Ann Pharmacother 1995; 29:994-6.
88. Jaruratanasirikul S, Kleepkaew A. Lack of effect of fluconazole on the pharmacokinetics of rifampicin in AIDS patients. J Antimicrob Chemother 1996;38:877-80.
89. Back DJ, Kunze KL, Wienkers LC, Gidal BE, Seaton TL, McDonnell ND, et al. Warfarin-fluconazole II. A metabolically based drug interaction: in vivo studies. Drug Metab Dispos 1996;24:422-8.
90. Smith AG. Potentiation of oral anticoagulants by ketoconazole. Br Med J 1984;288:188-9.
91. Yeh J, Soo SC, Summerton C, Richardson C. Potentiation of action of warfarin by itraconazole (letter). BMJ 1990;301:669.
92. Kerr HD. Case report: potentiation of warfarin by fluconazole. Am J Med Sci 1993;305:164-5.
93. Crussel-Porter LL, Rindone JP, Ford MA, Jaskar DW. Low-dose fluconazole therapy potentiates the hypoprothrombinemic response of warfarin sodium. Arch Intern Med 1993;153:102-4.
94. Tailor SAN, Gupta AK, Walker SE, Shear NH. Peripheral edema due to nifedipine-itraconazole interaction: a case report. Arch Dermatol 1996;132:350-2.
95. Neuvonen PJ, Suhonen R. Itraconazole interacts with felodipine. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995;33:134-5.
96. Jalava KM, Olkkola KT, Neuvonen PJ. Itraconazole greatly increases plasma concentrations and effects of felodipine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1997;61:410-5.
97. Olkkola KT, Backman JT, Neuvonen PJ. Midazolam should be avoided in patients receiving the systemic antimycotics ketoconazole or itraconazole. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1994;55:481-5.
98. Varhe A, Olkkola KT, Neuvonen PJ. Oral triazolam is potentially hazardous to patients receiving systemic antimycotics ketoconazole or itraconazole. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1994;56:601-7.
99. Neuvonen PJ, Varhe A, Olkkola KT. The effect of ingestion time interval on the interaction between itraconazole and triazolam. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1996;60:326-31.
100. Ahonen J, Olkkola KT, Neuvonen PJ. Effect of itraconazole and terbinafine on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of midazolam in healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1995;40:270-2.
101. Varhe A, Olkkola KT, Neuvonen PJ. Effect of fluconazole dose on the extent of fluconazole-triazolam interaction. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1996; 42;465-70.
102. Brown MW, Maldonado AL, Meredith CG, Speeg KV. Effect of ketoconazole on hepatic oxidative drug metabolism. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1985;37:290-7.
103. May DB, Drew RH, Yedinak KC, Bartlett JA. Effect of simultaneous didanosine administration on itraconazole absorption in healthy volunteers. Pharmacotherapy 1994;14:509-13.
104. Carey DL, Day RO, Bowden FJ. Common drug interactions in HIV medicine. Med J Aust 1996;164:605-6.
105. Piscitelli SC, Flexner C, Minor JR. Polis MA, Masur H. Drug interac-tions in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis 1996;23:685-93.
106. Tseng AL, Foisy MM. Management of drug interactions in patients with HTV. Ann Pharmacother 1997;31:1040-58.
107. Sahai J, Gallicano K, Pakuts A, Cameron DW. Effect of fluconazole on zidovudine pharmacokinetics in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. J Infect Dis 1994;169:1103-7.
108. Asgari M, Back DJ. Effect of azoles on the glucurorudation of zidovudine by human liver UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (letter). J Infect Dis 1995;172:1634-5.
109. Moreno F, Hardin TC, Rinaldi MG, Graybill JR. Itraconazole-didanosine excipient interaction (letter). JAMA 1993;269:1508.
110. Knupp CA, Brater C, Relue J, Barbhaiya RH. Pharmacokinetics of didanosine and ketoconazole after coadministration to patients seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus. J Clin Pharmacol 1993;3: 912-7.
111. Eagling VA, Back DJ, Barry MG. Differential inhibition of cytochrome P450 isoforms by the protease inhibitors, ritonavir, saquinavir and indinavir. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1997;44:190-4.
112. Moyle G. Saquinavir: a review of its development, pharmacological properties and clinical use. Exp Opin Invest Drugs 1996;5:155-67.
113. De Witt S, Turner D, Debier M, Desmet M, McCrea J, Matthews C, et al. Absence of interaction between indinavir and fluconazole; a pharmacokinetic study in HIV patients. Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (ICAAC), New Orleans, LA, September 15-18, 1996.
114. Kerr BM, Yuen GJ, Sandoval T, Wu E, Shetty BV, Anderson R. The pharmacokinetics of nelfinavir administered alone and with ketoconazole in healthy volunteers (abstract). Presented at the Ninety-eighth Annual Meeting of the American Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, San Diego, CA, March 5-8, 1997. Clin Pharmacol Therapeut 1997;61:147.
115. Package insert. Delavirdine (Rescriptor). Kalamazoo, MI: Pharmacia and Upjohn Company, April 1997.
116. Iatsimirskaia E, Tulebaev S, Storozhuk E, Utkin I, Smith D, Gerber N, et al. Metabolism of rifabutin in human enterocyte and liver microsomes: kinetic parameters, identification of enzyme systems, and drug interactions with macrolides and antifungal agents. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1997;61:554-62.
117. Smith JA, Hardin TC, Patterson TF, Rinaldi MG, Graybill JR. Rifabutin decreases itraconazole plasma levels in patients with HIV-infection (abstract). 2nd National Conference on Human Retroviruses and Related Infections, Washington, DC, January 1995.
118. Lefort A, Launay O, Carbon C. Uveitis associated with rifabutin prophylaxis and itraconazole therapy (letter). Ann Intern Med 1996;125: 939-40.
119. Trapnell CB, Narang PK, Li R, Lavelle JP. Increased plasma rifabutin levels with concomitant fluconazole therapy in HIV-intected patients. Ann Intern Med 1996;124:573-6.
120. Fuller JD, Stanfield LED, Craven DE. Rifabutin prophylaxis and uveitis (letter). N Engl J Med 1994;330:1315-6.
121. Narang PK, Trapnell CB, Schoenfelder JR, Lavelle JP, Bianchine JR. Fluconazole enhanced effects of rifabutin prophylaxis (letter). N Engl J Med 1994;330:1316-7.
122. McNulty RM, Lazor JA, Sketch M. Transient increase in plasma quinidine concentrations during ketoconazole-quinidine therapy. Clin Pharm 1989;8:222-5.
123. Ludwig EA, Slaughter RL, Savliwala M, Brass C, Jusko WJ. Steroid-specific effects of ketoconazole on corticosteroid disposition: unaltered prednisolone elimination. DICP Ann Pharmacother 1989;23:858-61.
124. Yamashita SK, Ludwig EA, Middleton E Jr, Jusko WJ. Lack of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between ketoconazole and prednisolone. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1991;49:558-70.
125. Glynn AM, Slaughter RL, Brass C, D'Ambrosio R, Jusko WJ. Effects of ketoconazole on methylprednisolone pharmacokinetics and cortisol secretion. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1986;39:654-9.
126. Kandrotas RJ, Slaughter RL, Brass C, Jusko WJ. Ketoconazole effects on methylprednisolone disposition and their joint suppression of endogenous cortisol. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1987;42:465-70.
127. Zurcher RM, Frey BM, Frey FJ. Impact of ketoconazole on the metabolism of prednisolone. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1989;45:366-72.
128. Krishnaiah YSR, Satyanarayana S, Visweswaram D. Interaction between tolbutamide and ketoconazole in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1994;37:205-7.
129. Thorpe JE, Baker N, Bromet-Petit M. Effect of oral antacid administration on the pharmacokinetics of oral fluconazole. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1990;34:2032-3.
130. Blum RA, D'Andrea DT, Florentino BM, Wilton JH, Hilligoss DM, Gardner MJ, et al. Increased gastric pH and the bioavailability of fluconazole and ketoconazole. Ann Intern Med 1991;114:755-7.
131. Piscitelli SC, Goss TF, Wilton JH, D'Andrea DT, Goldstein H, Schentag JJ. Effects of ranitidine and sucralfate on ketoconazole bioavailability. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991;35:1765-71.
132. Carver PL, Berardi RR, Rider JM, Knapp MJ, Kauffman CA. Interaction of ketoconazole and sucralfate in healthy volunteers (abstract). Pharmacotherapy 1991;11:101.
133. Lelawongs P, Barone JA, Colaizzi JL, Hsuan ATM, Mechlinski W, Legendre R, et al. Effect of food and gastric acidity on absorption of orally administered ketoconazole. Clin Pharm 1988;7:228-35.
134. Bottiger Y, Tybring G. Gotharson E, Bertilsson L. Inhibition of the sulfoxidation of omeprazole by ketoconazole in poor and extensive metabolizers of S-mephenytoin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1997;62:384-91.
135. Kivisto KT, Lamberg TS, Kantola T, Neuvonen PJ. Plasma buspirone concentrations are greatly increased by erythromycin and itraconazole. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1997;62:348-52.
136. Newbury DL, Bass SN, Mibanefo CO. A fluconazole/amitriptyline drug interaction in three male adults. Clin Infect Dis 1997;24:270-1.
137. Spina E, Avenoso A, Campo GM, Scordo MG, Caputi AP, Perucca E. Effect of ketoconazole on the pharmacokinetics of imipramine and desipramine in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1997;43:315-8.
138. Kazierad DJ, Martin DE, Blum RA, Tenero DM, Ilson B, Boike SC, et al. Effect of fluconazole on the pharmacokinetics of eprosartan and losartan in healthy male volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1997;62:417-25.