The Bipolar Spectrum: A Review of Current Concepts and Implications for the Management of Depression in Primary Care

Archives of Family Medicine

Volumn 7, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 63-71

  Manning, J Sloan ^a,c   Connor, Pamela D ^a   Sahai, Anjali ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE HEALTH SCIENCE CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c Department of Family Medicine ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIPOLAR DISORDER; CLASSIFICATION; CYCLOTHYMIA; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; HUMAN; PRIMARY HEALTH CARE; REVIEW;

BIPOLAR DISORDER; CYCLOTHYMIC DISORDER; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; HUMANS; PRIMARY HEALTH CARE;

EID: 0031609278     PISSN: 10633987     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1001/archfami.7.1.63     Document Type: Article

References (33)

1. Cassano GB, Akiskal HS, Savino M, Musetti L, Perugi G. Proposed subtypes of Bipolar II and related disorders: with hypomanic episodes (or cyclothymia) and with hyperthymic temperament. J Affect Dis. 1992;26:127-140.
2. Rao AV, Nammalvar N. The course and outcome in depressive illness: a follow-up study of 122 cases in Mandurai, India. Br J Psychiatry. 1977; 130:392-396.
3. Akiskal HS, Maser JD, Zeller PJ, et al. Switching from 'unipolar'to Bipolar II: an 11-year prospective study of clinical and temperamental predictors in 559 patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1995; 52:114-123.
4. Manning JS, Haykal RF, Connor PD, Akiskal HS. On the nature of depressive and anxious states in a family practice residency setting: the high prevalence of Bipolar II and related disorders in a cohort followed longitudinally. Compr Psychiatry. 1997;38:102-108.
5. Wehr TA, Goodwin FK. Rapid cycling in manic-depressives induced by tricyclic antidepressants. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1979;36:555-559.
6. Kukopulos A, Reginaldi D, Laddomada P, Floric G, Serra G, Tondo L. Course of the manic depressive cycle and changes caused by treatment. Pharmacopsychiatry. 1980;13:156-167.
7. Akiskal HS, Mallya G. Criteria for the 'sott' bipolar spectrum: treatment implications. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1987;23:68-73.
8. Georgotas A, Cancro R, eds. Depression and Mania. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Inc; 1988:4-6.
9. Aretaeus of Cappadocia. The Extant Works of Aretaeus the Cappadocian. London, England: Sydenham Society; 1856.
10. Goodwin FK, Jamison K. Manic-Depressive Illness. New York, NY: Oxford University Press Inc; 1990:56.
11. Kraepelin E, ed. Manic-depressive Insanity and Paranoia. Edinburgh, Scotland: ES Livingstone; 1921.
12. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1994.
13. Akiskal HS, Djenderedjian AM, Rosenthal RH, Khani MD. Cyclothymic Disorder: validating criteria for inclusion in the bipolar affective group. Am J Psychiatry. 1977;134:1227-1233.
14. Akiskal HS. The prevalent clinical spectrum of bipolar disorders: beyond DSM-IV. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1996;16(suppl 1):4-14.
15. Coryell W, Endicott J, Andreasen NC, Keller M. Bipolar I, Bipolar II, and onobipolar major depression among the relatives of affectively ill probands. Am J Psychiatry. 1985;142:817-821.
16. Vieta E, Gasto C, Otero A, Nieto E, Vallejo J. Differential features between Bipolar I and Bipolar II Disorder. Compr Psychiatry. 1997;38:98-101.
17. Coryell W, Andreason NC, Endicott J, Keller M. The significance of past mania or hypomania in the course and outcome of major depression. Am J Psychiatry. 1987;144:309-315.
18. Akiskal HS. Delineating irritable and hyperthymic variants of the cyclothymic temperament. J Personal Disord. 1992;6:326-342.
19. Akiskal HS, Khani MK, Scott-Strauss A. Cyclothymic temperamental disorders. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 1979;2:527-554.
20. Cassano GB, Akiskal HS, Musetti L, Perugi G, Soriani A, Mignani V. Psychopathology, temperament, and past course in primary major depressions: toward a redefinition of bipolarity with a new semistructured interview for depression. Psychopathology. 1989;22:278-288.
21. Akhtar S. Hypomanic personality disorder. Integr Psychiatry. 1988;6:37-52.
22. Kretschmer E. Physique and Character. New York, NY: Macmillan Publishing Co Inc; 1936.
23. Depue RA, Slater JF, Wolfstetter-Kausch H, Klein D, Goplerud E, Farr D. A behavioral paradigm for identifying persons at risk for bipolar depressive disorder: a conceptual framework and five validation studies. J Abnorm Psychol. 1981;90:381-437.
24. Casey PR, Tyrer PJ. Personality, functioning and symptomatology. J Psychiatr Res. 1986;20:363-374.
25. Levitt AJ, Joffe RT, Ennis J. The prevalence of cyclothymia in borderline personality disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 1990;51:335-339.
26. Akiskal HS, Chen SE, Davis GC, Puzantian VR, Kashgarian M, Bolinger JM. Borderline: an adjective in search of a noun. J Clin Psychiatry. 1985; 46:41-48.
27. Akiskal HS. Diagnosis and classification of affective disorders: new insights from clinical and laboratory approaches. Psychiatr Dev. 1983;1:123-160.
28. Wicki W, Angst J. The Zurich study, X: hypomania in a 28- to 30-year-old cohort. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1991;240:339-348.
29. Endicott NA. Psychophysiological correlates of bipolarity. J Affect Disord. 1989;17:47-56.
30. Dunner DL, Kai Tay L. Diagnostic reliability of the history of hypomania in Bipolar Il patients and patients with major depression. Compr Psychiatry. 1993;34:303-307.
31. Andreasen NC, Endicott J, Spitzer RL, Winokur G. Family history method using diagnostic criteria: reliability and validity. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1977; 134:L1229-L1235.
32. Manning JS, Connor PD. Antidepressant augmentation with lithium. J Fam Pract. 1994;39:379-383.
33. The Expert Consensus Guideline Series: Treatment of Bipolar Disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 1996; 57(suppl 12A).