The genetics of schizophrenia: Past, present, and future concepts

Schizophrenia Research

Volumn 28, Issue 2-3, 1997, Pages 163-175

  Delisi, Lynn E ^a  

^a STONY BROOK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Chromosome 22; Chromosome 6; Chromosome, X; Dementia praecox; Genetics; Genome scans

Indexed keywords

CHROMOSOME 22; CHROMOSOME 6; CHROMOSOME 8; CHROMOSOME XP; CONFERENCE PAPER; GENETIC LINKAGE; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; HUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SCHIZOPHRENIA;

CHROMOSOME MAPPING; DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY; GENETIC MARKERS; GENETICS, MEDICAL; HUMANS; LINKAGE (GENETICS); PSYCHIATRY; SCHIZOPHRENIA; X CHROMOSOME;

EID: 0031578837     PISSN: 09209964     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0920-9964(97)00111-4     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (85)

1. Antonarakis, S.E., Blouin, J.-L., Pulver, A.E., Wolyniec, P., Lasseter, V.K., Nestadt, G., Kasch, L., Babb, R., Kazazian, H.H., Dombroski, B., Kimberland, M., Ott, J., Housman, D., Karayiorgou, M., MacLean, C.J., 1995. Schizophrenia susceptibility and chromosome 6p24-22. Letter to the Editor. Nature Genet. 11, 235-236.
2. Antonarakis, S.E., Blouin, J.L., Curran, M., Luebbert, H., Kazazian, H.H., Dombroski, B., Housman, D., Ton, C., Karayiorgou, M., Chakravarti, A., Wolyniec, P., Lasseter, V.K., Nestadt, G., Pulver, A.E., 1996. Linkage and sib-pair analysis reveal a potential schizophrenia susceptibility gene on chromosome 13q32. Psychiatr. Genet. (Abstract) 6, 136.
3. Asherson, P., Parfitt, E., Sargeant, M., Tidmarsh, S., Buckland, P., Taylor, C., Clements, A., Gill, M., McGuffin, P., Owen, M., 1992. No evidence for a pseudoautosomal locus for schizophrenia: linkage analysis of multiply affected families. Br. J. Psychiatry 161, 63-68.
4. Barr, C.L., Kennedy, J.L., Pakstis, A., Castiglione, C., Kidd, J.R., Wetterberg, L., Kidd, K.K., 1994a. Linkage study of a susceptibility locus for schizophrenia in the pseudoautosomal region. Schizophr. Bull. 20, 277-286.
5. Barr, C.L., Kennedy, J.L., Pakstis, L., Wetterberg, L., Sjogren, B., Bierut, L., Wadelius, C., Wahlstrom, J., Martinsson, T., Giuffra, L., Gelernter, J., Hallmeyer, J., Moises, H.W., Kurth, J., Cavalli-Sforza, L.L., Kidd, K.K., 1994b. Progress in a genome scan for linkage in schizophrenia in a large Swedish kindred. Am. J. Med. Genet. Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 54, 51-58.
6. Bassett, A.S., Honer, W.G., 1994. Evidence for anticipation in schizophrenia. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 54, 864-870.
7. Bassett, A.S., McGillivray, B.C., Jones, B.D., 1988. Partial trisomy chromosome 5 cosegregating with schizophrenia. Lancet i, 799-801.
8. Berrettini, W.H., Ferraro, T.N., Goldin, L.R., Weeks, D.E., Detera-Wadleigh, S., Nurnberger, J.I., Gershon, E.S., 1994. Chromosome 18 DNA markers and manic-depressive illness: evidence for a susceotibility gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 5918-5921.
9. Brzustowicz, L.M., Honer, W.G., McAlduff, J., Hodgkinson, K., Ricketts, A.R., Bassett, A.S., 1996. Evidence for a locus on chromosome 6p related to positive symptom scores in Canadian families with schizophrenia. Psychiatr. Genet. (Abstract) 6, 137
10. Cardno, A.G., Farmer, A.E., 1995. The case for or against heterogeneity in the etiology of schizophrenia: The genetic evidence. Schizophr. Res. 17, 153-159.
11. Collinge, J., DeLisi, L.E., Boccio, A., Johnstone, E.C., Lane, A., Larkin, C., Leach, M., Lofthouse, R., Owen, F., Puolter, M., Shah, T., Walsh, C., Crow, T.J., 1991. Evidence for a pseudoautosomal locus for schizophrenia using the method of affected sibling pairs. Br. J. Psychiatry 158, 624-629.
12. Coon, H., Holik, J., Hoff, M., Reimberr, F., Wender, P., Freedman, R., Byerley, W., 1994a. Analysis of chromosome 22 markers in 9 schizophrenia pedigrees. Am. J. Med. Genet. 54, 72-79.
13. Coon, H., Jensen, S., Holik, J., Hoff, M., Myles-Worsley, M., Reimherr, F., Wender, P., Waldo, M., Freedman, R., Leppert, M., Byerley, W., 1994b. Genomic scan for genes predisposing to schizophrenia. Am. J. Med. Genet. 54, 59-71.
14. Crocq, M.A., Mant, R., Asherson, P., Williams, J. Hode, Y., Mayerova, A., Collier, D., Lannfelt, L., Sokoloff, P., Schwartz, J.C., 1992. Association between schizophrenia and homozygosity at the D3 receptor gene. J. Med. Genet. 29, 858-860.
15. Crow, T.J., 1987. Pseudoautosomal locus for psychosis? Lancet ii, 1532
16. Crow, T.J., 1988. Sex chromosomes and psychosis: the case for a pseudoautosomal locus. Br. J. Psychiatry 153, 675-683.
17. Crow, T.J., Ball, J., Bloom, S.R., Brown, R., Bruton, C.J., Colter, N., Frith, C.D., Johnstone, E.C., Owens, D.G., Roberts, G.W., 1989a. Schizophrenia as an anomaly of development of cerebral asymmetry: A post-mortem study and a proposal concerning the genetic basis of the disease. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 46, 1145-1150.
18. Crow, T.J., DeLisi, L.E., Johnstone, E.C., 1989b. Concordance by sex in sibling pairs with schizophrenia is paternally inherited: evidence for a pseudoautosomal locus. Br. J. Psychiatry 155,92-97.
19. Crow, T.J., 1990. Temporal lobe asymmetries as the key to the etiology of psychosis. Schizophr. Bull. 16, 433-443.
20. Crow, T.J., DeLisi, L.E., Johnstone, E.C., 1990. In reply...a locus closer to the telomere? Br. J. Psychiatry 156, 416-420.
21. Crow, T.J., DeLisi, L.E., 1991. X and Y linkage in schizophrenia. Psychiatr. Genet. 2, 102-103.
22. Crow, T.J., 1993. Sexual selection, Machiavellian intelligence and the origins of psychosis. Lancet 342 (8871), 594-598.
23. Crow, T.J., Poulter, M., Lofthouse, R., Chen, G., Bass, N., Morganti, C., Vita, A., Smith, C., Boccio-Smith, A., Shields, G., DeLisi, L.E., 1993. Male siblings with schizophrenia share alleles at the androgen receptor above chance expectation. Am. J. Med. Genet. Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 48, 159-160.
24. Crow, T.J., DeLisi, L.E., Lofthouse, R., Poulter, M., Lehner, T., Bass, N., Shah, T., Walsh, C., Boccio-Smith, A., Shields, G., Ott, J., 1994. An examination of linkage of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder to the pseudoautosomal region (Xp22.3). Br. J. Psychiatry 164, 159-164.
25. Crow, T.J., 1995. A continuum of psychosis, one human gene, and not much else - the case for homogeneity. Schizophr. Res. 17, 135-145.
26. D'Amato. T., Campion, D., Gorwood, P., Jay, M., Sabate, O., Petit, C., Abbar, M., Malafosse, A., Leboyer, M., Hilliare, D., Mallet, J., 1992. Evidence for a pseudoautosomal locus for schizophrenia. II. Replication of a non-random segregation of alleles at the DXYS14 locus. Br. J. Psychiatry 161, 59-62.
27. DeLisi, L.E., Reiss, A.L., White, B.J., Gershon, E.S., 1988. Cytogenetic studies of males with schizophrenia: screening for the fragile X chromosome and other chromosome abnormalities. Schizophr. Res. 1, 277-282.
28. DeLisi, L.E., Crow, T.J., 1989. Evidence for a sex chromosome locus for schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 15, 431-440.
29. DeLisi, L.E., Crow, T.J., Davies, K., Terwilliger, J.D., Ott, J., Ram, R., Flint, T., Boccio, A., 1991. No genetic linkage detected for schizophrenia to Xq27-28. Br. J. Psychiatry 158, 630-634.
30. DeLisi L.E., Smith, A., Bass, N., Crow, T.J., 1993. Anticipation and Age of Onset in Schizophrenia. Presented at the III World Congress of Psychiatric Genetics, New Orleans, October 1993.
31. DeLisi, L.E., Friedrich, U., Wahlstrom, J., Boccio-Smith, A., Forsman, A., Eklund, K., Crow, T.J., 1994a. Schizophrenia and sex chromosome anomalies. Schizophr. Bull. 20, 495-505.
32. DeLisi, L.E., Devoto, M., Lofthouse, R., Poulter, M., Smith, A., Shields, G., Bass, N., Chen, G., Vita, A., Morganti, C., Ott, J., Crow, T.J., 1994b. Search for linkage to schizophrenia on the X and Y chromosomes. Am. J. Med. Genet. (Neuropsychiatr. Genet.) 54, 113-121.
33. DeLisi, L.E., Lofthouse, R., Lehner, T., Morganti. C., Vita, A., Shields, G., Bass, N., Ott, J., Crow, T.J., 1995a. Failure to find a chromosome 18 pericentric linkage in families with schizophrenia. Am. J. Med. Genet. 60, 532-534.
34. DeLisi, L.E., Devoto, M., Lofthouse, R., Shields, G., Smith, A., Bass, N., Vita, A., Morganti, C., Ott, J., Crow, T.J., 1995b. Search for linkage to X and Y chromosomes in families with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Psychiatr. Genet. 5, S51.
35. DeLisi, L.E., Nasrallah, H.A., 1995. Current controversies in schizophrenia research I. Is schizophrenia a heterogeneous disorder? Schizophr. Res. 17, 133
36. DeLisi, L.E., 1997. Is schizophrenia a lifetime disorder of brain plasticity, growth and aging? Schizophr. Res. 23, 119-129.
37. DeLisi L.E., Crow T.J., in press. X (and Y ) chromosomal determinants of behavior and cognition. In: Halbreich, U. (Ed.), Gonadal Hormones, Sex, and Behavior. APA Press.
38. Fang, N., Coon, H., Hoff, M., Holik, J. Hadley, D., Reimherr, F., Wender, P., Myles-Worsley, M., Waldo, M., Freedman, R.K., Byerley, W., 1995. Search for a schizophrenia susceptibility gene on chromosome 18. Psychiatr. Genet. 5, 31-35.
39. Freimer, N.B., Reus, V.I., Escamilla, M.A., McInnes, A., Spesny, M., Leon, P., Service, S.K., Smith, L.B., Suva, S., Rojas, E., Gallegaos, A., Meza, L., Fournier, E., Baharloo, S., Blankenship, K., Tyler, D.J., Batki, S., Vinogradov, S., Weissenbach, J., Barondes, S.H., Sandkuijl, L.A., 1996. Genetic mapping using haplotype, association and linkage methods suggests a locus for severe bipolar disorder (BPI) at 18q22-q23. Nature Genet. 12, 436-441.
40. Garner, C., Kelly, M., Cardon, L., Joslyn, G., Carey, A., LeDuc, C., Lichter, J., Harris, T., Loftus, J., Shields, G., Comazzi, M., Vita, A., Smith, A.M., Dann, J., Crow, T.J., DeLisi, L.E., 1996. Linkage analyses of schizophrenia to chromosome 6p24-p22: an attempt to replicate. Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 67, 595-610.
41. Gill, M., Vallada, H., Collier, D., Sham, P., Holmans, P., Murray, R., McGuffln, P., Nanko, S., Owen, M., Antonarakis, S., Housman, D., Kazazian, H., Nestadt, G., Pulver, A.E., Straub, R.E., MacLean, C.J., Walsh, D., Kendler, K.S., DeLisi, L., Polymeropoulos, M., Coon, H., Byerley, W., Lofthouse. R., Gershon, E., Read, C.M. et al., 1996. A combined analysis of D22S278 marker alleles in affected sib-pairs: support for a susceptibility locus for schizophrenia at chromosome 22ql2. Schizophrenia Collaborative Linkage Group (Chromosome 22). Am. J. Med. Genet. 67, 40-45.
42. Goldberg, T.E., Weinberger, D.R., 1995. A case against subtyping in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 17, 147-152.
43. Goldin, L.R., DeLisi, L.E., Gershon, E.S., 1987. Relationship of HLA to schizophrenia in 10 nuclear families. Psychiatry Res. 20, 69-77.
44. Gottesman, I.I., Bertelsen, A., 1989. Confirming unexpressed genotypes for schizophrenia. Risks in the offspring of Fisher's Danish identical and fraternal discordant twins. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 46, 867-872.
45. Gurling, H., Kalsi, G., Chen, A.H.-S., Green, M., Butler, R., Read, T., Murphy, P., 1995. Schizophrenia susceptibility and chromosome 6p24-22. Letter to the Editor. Nature Genet. 11,234-235.
46. Kalsi, G., Brynjolfsson, J., Butler, R., Sherrington, R., Curtis, D., Sigmundsson, T., Read, T., Murphy, P., Sharma, T., Petursson, H., Gurling, H., 1995. Linkage analysis of chromosome 22ql2-ql3 in a United Kingdom/Icelandic sample of 23 multiplex schizophrenia families. Am. J. Med. Genet. 60, 298-301.
47. Kendler, K.S., MacLean, C.J., O'Neill, F.A., Burke, J., Murphy, B., Duke, F., Shinkwin, R., Easter, S.M., Webb, B.T., Zhang, J., Walsh, D., Straub, R.E., 1996. Evidence for a schizophrenia vulnerability locus on chromosome 8p in the Irish study of high-density schizophrenia families. Am. J. Psychiatry 153, 1534-1540.
48. Kety, S.S., Wender, P.H., Jacobsen, B., Ingraham, L.J., Jansson, L., Faber, B., Kinney, D.K., 1994. Mental illness in the biological and adoptive relatives of schizophrenic adoptees. Replication of the Copenhagen study in the rest of Denmark. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 51, 442-455.
49. Kraepelin, E., 1899. Ein Lehrbuch fur Studirende und Aerzte, Vol. II. Leipzig, Verlagvon, Barth.
50. Kraepelin, E., 1907. Lehrbuch der Psychiatrie, 7th German ed. Leipzig, Verlagvon, Barth.
51. Lachman, H.M., Morrow, B., Shprintzen, R., Veit, S., Parsia, S.S., Faedda, G., Goldberg, R., Kucherlapati, R., Papolos, D.F., 1996. Association of codon 108/158 catechol-O-methyltransferase gene polymorphism with the psychiatric manifestations of velo-cardio-facial syndrome. Am. J. Med. Genet. 67 (5), 468-472.
52. Levinson. D. Schizophrenia Linkage Collaborative Group for Chromosomes 3, 6, and 8.1996. Additional support for a schizophrenia linkage to chromosomes 6 and 8. Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 67, 580-594.
53. Lidsky, A.S., Law, M.L., Morse, H.G., Kao, F.T., Rabin, M., Ruddle, F.H., Woo, S.L., 1985. Regional mapping of the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene and the phenylketonuria locus in the human genome. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82, 6221-6225.
54. Lin, M.W., Curtis, D., Williams, N., Arranz, M., Nanko, S., Collier, D., McGuffin, P., Murray, R., Owen, M., Gill, M. et al., 1995. Suggestive evidence for linkage of schizophrenia to markers on chromosome 13ql4. l-q32. Psychiatr. Genet. 5, 117-126.
55. McGuffin, P., Farmer, A.E., Gottesman, I.I., Murray, R.M., Reveley, A.M., 1984. Twin concordance for operationally defined schizophrenia. Confirmation of familiarity and heritability. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 41, 541-545.
56. McGuffin, P., Festenstein, H., Murray, R., 1983. A family study of HLA antigens and other genetic markers in schizophrenia. Psychol. Med. 13, 31-43.
57. Maier, W., Schmidt, F., Schwab, S.G., Hallmayer, J., Minges, J., Ackenheil, M., Lichtermann, D., Wildenauer, D.B., 1995. Lack of linkage between schizophrenia and markers at the telomeric end of the pseudoautosomal region of the sex chromosomes. Biol. Psychiatry 37, 344-347.
58. Maziade, M., Raymond, V., Cliche, D., Fournier, J.P., Caron, C., Garneau, Y., Nocole, L., Marcotte, P., Couture, C., Simard, C., Boivin, R., Rodrigue, P., Boulin, M., De Braekeleer, M., Martinez, M., Merette, C., 1995. Linkage results on 11q21-22 in eastern Quebec pedigrees densely affected by schizophrenia. Am. J. Med. Genet. Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 60, 522-528.
59. Moises, H.W., Yang, L., Li, T., Havsteen, B., Fimmers, R., Baur, M.P., Liu, X., Gottesman, I.I., 1995a. Potential linkage disequilibrium between schizophrenia and locus D22S278 on the long arm of chromosome 22. Am. J. Med. Genet. 60, 465-467.
60. Moises, H.W., Yang, L., Kristbjarnarson, H., Wiese, C., Byerley, W., Macciardi, F., Arolt, V., Blackwood, D., Liu, X., Sjogren, B., Aschauer, H.N., Hwu, H.-G., Jang, K., Livesley, W.J., Kennedy, J.L., Zoega, T., Ivarsson, O., Bui, M.-T., Yu, M.-H., Havsteen, B., Commenges, D., Weissenbach, J., Schwinger, E., Gottesman, I.I., Pakstis, A.J., Wetterberg, L., Kidd, K.K., Helgason, T., 1995b. An international two-stage genome-wide search for schizophrenia susceptibility genes. Nature Genet. 11, 321-324.
61. Morris, A.G., Gaitonde, E., McKenna, P.J., Mollon, J.D., Hunt, D.M., 1995. CAG repeat expansions and schizophrenia: associated with disease in females and with early age of onset. Hum. Molec. Genet. 4, 1957-1961.
62. Mowry, B.J., Nancarrow, D.J., Lennon, D.P., Sandkuijl, L.A., Crowe, R.R., Silverman, J.M., Mohs, R.C., Siever, L.J., Endicott, J., Sharpe, L., Walters, M.K., Hayward, N.K., Levinson, D.F., 1995. Schizophrenia susceptibility and chromosome 6p24-22. Letter to the Editor. Nature Genet. 11, 233-234.
63. O'Donovan, M.C., Guy, C., Craddock, N., Murphy, K.C., Cardno, A.G., Jones, L.A., Owens, M.J., McGuffin, P., 1995. Expanded CAG repeats in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Nature Genet. 10, 380-381.
64. Okoro, C., Bell, R., Sham, P., Nanko, S., Asherson, P., Owen, M., Gill, M., McGuffin, P., Murray, R.M., Collier, D., 1995. No evidence for linkage between the X-chromosome marker DXS7 and schizophrenia. Am. J. Med. Genet. 60, 461-464.
65. Ott J. (1991) Analysis of Human Genetic Linkage, Baltimore and London, Johns Hopkins University Press.
66. Petronis, A., Sherrington, R.P., Paterson, A.D., Kennedy, J.L., 1995. Genetic anticipation in schizophrenia. Pr and con. Clin. Neurosci. 3, 78-80.
67. Polymeropoulos, M.H., Coon, H., Byerley, W., Gershon, E.S., Goldin, L., Crow, T.J., Rubenstein, J., Hoff, H., Holik, J., Smith, A.M., Shields, G., Bass, N.J., Poulter, M., Lofthouse, R., Vita, A., Morganti, C., Merril, C.R., DeLisi, L.E., 1994. Search for a schizophrenia susceptibility locus on humna chromosome 22. Am. J. Med. Genet. Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 54, 93-99.
68. Pulver, A.E., Karayiorgou, M., Wolyniec, P.S. et al., 1994a. Sequential strategy to identify a susceptibility gene for schizophrenia: report of potential linkage on chromosome 22ql2-ql3.1: Part I. Am. J. Med. Genet. Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 54, 36-43.
69. Pulver, A.E., Karayiorgou, M., Lasseter, V.K., Wolyniec, P., Kasch, L., Antonarakis, S. Housman, D., Kazazian, H.H., Meyers, D., Nestadt, G., Ott, J., Liang, K.-Y., Lamacz, M., Thomas, M., Childs, B., 1994b. Follow-up of a report of a potential linkage for schizophrenia on chromosome 22ql2-ql3.1: Part 2. Am. J. Med. Genet. Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 54, 44-50.
70. Pulver, A.E., Lasseter, V.K., Kasch, L., Wolyniec, P., Nestadt, G., Blouin, J.L., Kimberland, M., Babb, R., Vourlis, S., Chen, H. et al., 1995. Schizophrenia: a genome scan targets chromosomes 3p and 8p as potential sites of susceptibility genes. Am. J. Med. Genet. 60, 252-260.
71. Schwab, S.G., Albus, M., Hallmayer, J., Honig, S., Borrmann, M., Lichtermann, D., Ebstein, R.P., Ackenheil, M., Lerer, B., Risch, N., Maier, W., Wildenauer, D.B., 1995a. Evaluation of a susceptibility gene for schizophrenia on chromosome 6p by multipoint affected sib-pair linkage analysis. Nature Genet. 11, 325-327.
72. Schwab, S.G., Albus, M., Hallmayer, J., Honig, S., Bormann, M., Lichtermann, D., Ebstein, R.P., Ackenheil, M., Lerer, B., Risch, N., 1995b. Evaluation of a susceptibility gene for schizophrenia on chromosome 6P by multipoint affected sibpair analysis. Nature Genet. 11, 325-327.
73. Sherrington, R., Brynjolfsson, J., Petursson, H., Potter, M., Dudleston, K., Barraclough, B., Wasmuth, J., Dobbs, M., Gurling, H., 1988. Localization of a susceptibility locus for schizophrenia on chromosome 5. Nature 336, 164-167.
74. Silverman, J.M., Greenberg, D.A., Altstiel, L.D. et al, 1996. Evidence of a locus for schizophrenia and related disorders on the short arm of chromosome 5 in a large pedigree. Am. J. Med. Genet. Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 67, 162-171.
75. St. Clair, D., Blackwood, D., Muir, W., Corothers, A., Walker, M., Spowart, G., Gosden, C., Evans, H.J., 1990. Association within a family of a balanced translocation with major mental illness. Lancet 336, 13-16.
76. Stine, O.C. et al., 1995. Evidence for linkage of bipolar disorder to chromosome 18 with a parent-of-origin effect. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 56, 1384-1394.
77. Straub, R.E., MacLean, C.J., O'Neill, F.A., Burke, J., Marphy, B., Duke, F., Shinkwin, R., Webb, B.T., Zhang, J., Walsh, D., Kendler, K.S., 1995. A potential vulnerability locus for schizophrenia on chromosome 6p24-22: evidence for genetic heterogeneity. Nature Genet. 11, 287-293.
78. Tsuang, M.T., Faraone, S.V., 1995. The case for heterogeneity in the etiology of schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 17, 161-175.
79. Vallada, H., Curtis, D., Sham, P.C., Murray, R.M., McGuffln, P., Nanko, S., Gill, M., Owen, M., Collier, D.A., 1995a. Chromosome 22 markers demonstrate transmission disequilibrium with schizophrenia. Psychiatr. Genet. 5, 127-130.
80. Vallada, H.P., Gill, M., Sham, P., Lim, L.C., Nanko, S., Asherson, P., Murray, R.M., McGuffin, P., Owen, M., Collier, D., 1995b. Linkage studies on chromosome 22 in familial schizophrenia. Am. J. Med. Genet. 60, 139-146.
81. Wang, Z.W., Black, D., Andreasen, N., Crowe, R.R., 1993. Pseudoautosomal locus for schizophrenia excluded in 12 pedigrees. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 50, 199-204.
82. Wang, S., Sun, C., Walczak, C.A., Ziegle, J.S., Kipps, B.R., Goldin, L.R., Diehl, S.R., 1995. Evidence for a susceptibility locus for schizophrenia on chromosome 6pter-p22. Nature Genet. 10,41-46.
83. Wildenauer, D.B., Hallmeyer, J., Albus, M. et al., 1996. 18-P A susceptibility locus for affective and schizophrenic disorder? Psychiatr. Genet. (Abstract) 6, 152
84. Williams, J., Spurlock, G., McGuffin, P., Mallet, J., Nothen, M.M., Gill, M., Aschauer, H., Nylander, P.O.. Macciardi, F., Owen, M.J., 1996. Association between schizophrenia and T102C polymorphism of the 5-hydroxytryptamine type 2a-receptor gene. European multicentre association study of schizophrenia (EMASS) group. Lancet 347, 1294-1296.
85. Zatz, M., Vallada, H., Melo, M.S., Passos-Bueno, M.R., Vieira, A.H.G., Vainzof, M., Gill, M., Gentil, V., 1993. Cosegregation of schizophrenia with Becker muscular dystrophy: susceptibility locus for schizophrenia at Xp21 or an effect of the dystrophin gene in the brain? J. Med. Genet. 30, 131-134.