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Two types of pinning centers have been characterized: point disorders (for example, neutron-or electron irradiation-induced defects, impurities, or oxygen vacancies) and correlated defects (for example, twin boundaries or columnar defects generated by heavy-ion irradiation). The former is effective at low temperature, whereas the latter plays a crucial role at high temperature.
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Y. Ikeda et al., ibid. 165, 189 (1989).
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1842401198
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note
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For the x = 0.4 crystal, about 10 fragments were examined in a microscope, and only one fragment exhibited a microstructure similar to that found in the x = 0.6 crystal. However, the domains in the x = 0.4 crystal were much smaller along the a axis (a few tens of nanometers) and were connected to each other to form meandering strings around the a axis.
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28
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1842287203
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note
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Recently, cross-sectional HREM observations with an incident beam parallel to the a axis were performed on the x = 0.6 crystal. The results indicated that the typical length of the modulation-free domains along the c axis is a few micrometers, which means that the domains have a thin, platelike shape.
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29
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G. Yang et al., Phys. Rev. B 48, 4054 (1993).
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Yang, G.1
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32
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1842287443
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note
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It would be important to measure the angular dependence of pinning forces, because the domains have an anisotropic shape within the basal plane. The largest flux pinning should occur when the applied magnetic field is perpendicular to the b axis.
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33
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1842325689
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in preparation
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J. Shimoyama et al., in preparation.
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Shimoyama, J.1
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34
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1842286651
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note
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Recently, we detected a significant difference in the Pb content by using analytical electron microscopy.
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35
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1842404902
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note
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7-δ, where the coherence length may be reduced due to electron scattering.
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36
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1842363962
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H. Hayakawa and N. Koshizuka, Eds. Springer Verlag, Tokyo
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K. Kadowaki, in 4th International Symposium on Superconductivity (ISS '91), Tokyo, H. Hayakawa and N. Koshizuka, Eds. (Springer Verlag, Tokyo, 1991), pp. 395-400.
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Kadowaki, K.1
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37
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1842406705
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note
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We thank Y. Matsuda (Hokkaido University) for reviewing the manuscript and Rigaku Industrial Corporation for help with the fluorescence x-ray composition analysis. Supported in part by CREST (Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology) of Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST) and by the Original Industrial Technology R&D Promotion Program from the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) of Japan.
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