Nanorod-superconductor composites: A pathway to materials with high critical current densities

Science

Volumn 273, Issue 5283, 1996, Pages 1836-1840

  Yang, Peidong ^a   Lieber, Charles M ^a  

^a HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COMPOSITE MATERIALS; COPPER OXIDES; CRITICAL CURRENT DENSITY (SUPERCONDUCTIVITY); CRYSTAL DEFECTS; CRYSTAL LATTICES; CRYSTAL ORIENTATION; HIGH TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTORS; MAGNESIA; MAGNETIC FIELDS; NITROGEN; OXIDE SUPERCONDUCTORS; THERMAL EFFECTS;

NANOMETER COLUMNAR DEFECTS; NANOROD SUPERCONDUCTOR COMPOSITES; THERMALLY ACTIVATED FLUX FLOW;

NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS;

COPPER; LIQUID NITROGEN; MAGNESIUM OXIDE;

ARTICLE; CONDUCTOR; ELECTRIC CURRENT; HEAVY ION RADIATION; HIGH TEMPERATURE; MAGNETIC FIELD; MATERIALS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTON RADIATION; SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY;

EID: 10144252496     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.273.5283.1836     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. G. B. Lubkin, Phys. Today 49, 48 (March 1996); D. C. Larbalestier and M. P. Maley, Mater. Res. Soc. Bull. 18, 50 (1993).
2. G. B. Lubkin, Phys. Today 49, 48 (March 1996); D. C. Larbalestier and M. P. Maley, Mater. Res. Soc. Bull. 18, 50 (1993).
3. P. M. Grant, Nature 375, 107 (1995).
4. A. E. Pashitski, A. Polyanskii, A. Gurevich, J. A. Parrell, D. C. Larbalestier, Physica C 246, 133 (1995).
5. D. J. Bishop, P. L. Gammel, D. A. Huse, C. A. Murray, Science 255, 165 (1992).
6. D. S. Fisher, M. P. A. Fisher, D. A. Huse, Phys. Rev. B 43, 130 (1991).
7. G. Blatter, M. V. Feigel'man, V. B. Geshkenbein, A. I. Larkin, V. M. Vinokur, Rev. Mod. Phys. 66, 1125 (1994).
8. A. P. Malozemoff, in Physical Properties of High Temperature Superconductors, D. Ginsberg, Ed. (World Scientific, Singapore, 1989), pp. 71-150.
9. U. Welp et al., Nature 376, 44 (1995).
10. W. L. Carter et al., IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 5, 1145 (1995); C. J. Christopherson and G. N. Riley Jr., Appl. Phys. Lett. 66, 2277 (1995); K. Sato et al., Physica B 216, 258 (1996); K. Ohkura, K. Sato, M. Ueyama, J. Fujikami, Y. Iwasa, Appl. Phys. Lett. 67, 1923 (1995).
11. W. L. Carter et al., IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 5, 1145 (1995); C. J. Christopherson and G. N. Riley Jr., Appl. Phys. Lett. 66, 2277 (1995); K. Sato et al., Physica B 216, 258 (1996); K. Ohkura, K. Sato, M. Ueyama, J. Fujikami, Y. Iwasa, Appl. Phys. Lett. 67, 1923 (1995).
12. W. L. Carter et al., IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 5, 1145 (1995); C. J. Christopherson and G. N. Riley Jr., Appl. Phys. Lett. 66, 2277 (1995); K. Sato et al., Physica B 216, 258 (1996); K. Ohkura, K. Sato, M. Ueyama, J. Fujikami, Y. Iwasa, Appl. Phys. Lett. 67, 1923 (1995).
13. W. L. Carter et al., IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 5, 1145 (1995); C. J. Christopherson and G. N. Riley Jr., Appl. Phys. Lett. 66, 2277 (1995); K. Sato et al., Physica B 216, 258 (1996); K. Ohkura, K. Sato, M. Ueyama, J. Fujikami, Y. Iwasa, Appl. Phys. Lett. 67, 1923 (1995).
14. D. C. Larbalestier et al., Physica C 221, 299 (1994); M. Lelovic, P. Krishnaraj, N. G. Eror, U. Balachandran, ibid. 242, 246 (1995).
15. D. C. Larbalestier et al., Physica C 221, 299 (1994); M. Lelovic, P. Krishnaraj, N. G. Eror, U. Balachandran, ibid. 242, 246 (1995).
16. Q. Li, H. J. Wiesmann, M. Suenaga, L. Motowidlo, P. Haldar, Appl. Phys. Lett. 66, 637 (1995).
17. P. Majewski, Adv. Mater. 6, 593 (1994).
18. 7 (YBCO) and hence it offers better intrinsic behavior at high temperatures and magnetic fields. The processing strategies developed for BSCCO fail to yield viable YBCO wires as a result of poor intergranular current flow. Recent work suggests, however, that good alignment between grains can be achieved in thick films deposited on nickel tapes by ion beam deposition [X. D. Wu et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 67, 2397 (1995)]. The commercial viability of this strategy remains to be demonstrated.
19. D. R. Nelson and V. M. Vinokur, Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 2398 (1992); _, Phys. Rev. B 48, 13060 (1993).
20. D. R. Nelson and V. M. Vinokur, Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 2398 (1992); _, Phys. Rev. B 48, 13060 (1993).
21. T. Hwa, P. Le Doussal, D. R. Nelson, V. M. Vinokur, Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 3545 (1993).
22. L. Civale et al., ibid. 67, 648 (1991); M. Konczykowski et al., Phys. Rev. B 44, 7167 (1991); R. C. Budhani, M. Suenaga, S. H. Liou, Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 3816 (1992); W. Gerhauser et al., ibid., 68, 879 (1992); J. R. Thompson et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 60, 2306 (1992); L. Civale et al., Physica C 208, 137 (1993).
23. L. Civale et al., ibid. 67, 648 (1991); M. Konczykowski et al., Phys. Rev. B 44, 7167 (1991); R. C. Budhani, M. Suenaga, S. H. Liou, Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 3816 (1992); W. Gerhauser et al., ibid., 68, 879 (1992); J. R. Thompson et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 60, 2306 (1992); L. Civale et al., Physica C 208, 137 (1993).
24. L. Civale et al., ibid. 67, 648 (1991); M. Konczykowski et al., Phys. Rev. B 44, 7167 (1991); R. C. Budhani, M. Suenaga, S. H. Liou, Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 3816 (1992); W. Gerhauser et al., ibid., 68, 879 (1992); J. R. Thompson et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 60, 2306 (1992); L. Civale et al., Physica C 208, 137 (1993).
25. L. Civale et al., ibid. 67, 648 (1991); M. Konczykowski et al., Phys. Rev. B 44, 7167 (1991); R. C. Budhani, M. Suenaga, S. H. Liou, Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 3816 (1992); W. Gerhauser et al., ibid., 68, 879 (1992); J. R. Thompson et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 60, 2306 (1992); L. Civale et al., Physica C 208, 137 (1993).
26. L. Civale et al., ibid. 67, 648 (1991); M. Konczykowski et al., Phys. Rev. B 44, 7167 (1991); R. C. Budhani, M. Suenaga, S. H. Liou, Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 3816 (1992); W. Gerhauser et al., ibid., 68, 879 (1992); J. R. Thompson et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 60, 2306 (1992); L. Civale et al., Physica C 208, 137 (1993).
27. L. Civale et al., ibid. 67, 648 (1991); M. Konczykowski et al., Phys. Rev. B 44, 7167 (1991); R. C. Budhani, M. Suenaga, S. H. Liou, Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 3816 (1992); W. Gerhauser et al., ibid., 68, 879 (1992); J. R. Thompson et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 60, 2306 (1992); L. Civale et al., Physica C 208, 137 (1993).
28. P. Kummeth et al., J. Alloys Compd. 195, 403 (1993); P. Kummeth, C. Struller, H.-W. Neumuller, G. Saemann-Ischenko, Appl. Phys. Lett. 65, 1302 (1994).
29. P. Kummeth et al., J. Alloys Compd. 195, 403 (1993); P. Kummeth, C. Struller, H.-W. Neumuller, G. Saemann-Ischenko, Appl. Phys. Lett. 65, 1302 (1994).
30. H. Dai, S. Yoon, J, Liu, R. C. Budhani, C. M. Lieber, Science 265, 1552 (1994); U. C. Tauber, H. Dai, D. R. Nelson, C. M. Lieber, Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 5132 (1995).
31. H. Dai, S. Yoon, J, Liu, R. C. Budhani, C. M. Lieber, Science 265, 1552 (1994); U. C. Tauber, H. Dai, D. R. Nelson, C. M. Lieber, Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 5132 (1995).
32. Y. Zhu, Z. X. Cai, R. C. Budhani, M. Suenaga, D. O. Welch, Phys. Rev. B 48, 6436 (1993).
33. J. R. Thompson, D. Paul, Z. L. Wang, D. M. Kroeger, D. K. Christen, Appl. Phys. Lett. 67, 1007 (1995).
34. L. Krusin-Elbaum et al., ibid. 64, 3331 (1994).
35. H. Safar et al., ibid. 67, 130 (1995).
36. P. Le Doussal and D. R. Nelson, Physica C 232, 69 (1994).
37. K. Fossheim, E. D. Tuset, T. W. Ebbesen, M. M. J. Treacy, J. Schwartz, ibid. 248, 195 (1995).
38. c value of both the reference and nanorod-containing sample in this report were lower than the good-quality BSCCO samples reported previously and in the present study. It is thus difficult to conclude that there is an improvement in behavior upon adding nanotubes. In addition, this report and our own studies show that few nanotubes survive the synthesis process, leaving in doubt their ability to create well-defined columnar defects in the HTSCs.
39. N. Adamopoulos, B. Soylu, Y. Yan, J. E. Evetts, Physica C 242, 68 (1995).
40. Y. S. Yuan, M. S. Wong, S. S. Wang, J. Mater. Res. 11, 8 (1996); Physica C 250, 247 (1995).
41. Y. S. Yuan, M. S. Wong, S. S. Wang, J. Mater. Res. 11, 8 (1996); Physica C 250, 247 (1995).
42. H. Dai, E. W. Wong, Y. Z. Lu, S. Fan, C. M. Lieber, Nature 375, 769 (1995).
43. P. Yang and C. M. Lieber, in preparation.
44. H. Itoh, S. Utamapanya, J. V. Stark, K. J. Klabunde, J. R. Schlup, Chem. Mater. 5, 71 (1993).
45. K. Sangwal, J. Mater. Sci. 17, 3598 (1982).
46. c for these composites (P. Yang and C. M. Lieber, unpublished results).
47. C. Li, S. Patel, J. Ye, E. Narumi, D. T. Shaw, Appl. Phys. Lett. 63, 2558 (1993).
48. The actual density of columnar defects that can pin flux lines may be larger than that corresponding to the density of MgO nanorods; that is, lattice strains associated with nanorod-BSCCO interfaces can lead to dislocations and other correlated defects that exhibit columnarlike pinning behavior.
49. -2; a similar density was determined for nanorods oriented in the ab plane. Although this density is significantly lower than that obtained by heavy-ion and proton irradiation, we have not tried to maximize the density of MgO nanorods and also believe that the density of correlated defects is probably significantly higher than that of nanorods (34).
50. C. P. Bean, Rev. Mod. Phys. 36, 31 (1964).
51. 5 inclusions of 1 to 10 μm in diameter in YBCO [M. Murakami, in Phenomenology and Applications of High-Temperature Superconductors, K. S. Bedell, M. Inui, D. Meltzer, J. R. Schrieffer, S. Doniach, Eds. (Addison-Wesley, New York, 1992), p. 103].
52. A. Morales, P. Yang, C. M. Lieber, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 116, 8360 (1994).
53. 2 solution (31), was placed in a second graphite boat, and the tube was purged with Ar; the nucleation sites were located downstream of the MgO-carbon mixture. With the Ar flowing, the quartz tube was heated at a temperature of 1200°C for 0.5 to 2 hours and then cooled to room temperature. MgO nanorods were isolated from the graphite boat containing the MgO nanocluster or etched (100) MgO surface.
54. c's of composite and reference samples prepared in this way were typically 78 to 84 K.
55. We acknowledge helpful discussions with D. R. Nelson and F. Spaepen. This work was supported in part by the Materials Research Science and Engineering Center Program of the National Science Foundation (grant DMR 9400396) and the Office of Naval Research (grant N00014-94-1-0302).