Base cation deposition in Europe - Part I model description, results and uncertainties

Atmospheric Environment

Volumn 31, Issue 24, 1997, Pages 4139-4157

  Draaijers, G P J ^a,b   Van Leeuwen, E P ^a   De Jong, P G H ^a   Erisman, J W ^a  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT   (Netherlands)

^b TNO   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Base cations; Deposition model; Europe

Indexed keywords

BASE CATION; GRID CELL; INFERENTIAL MODELING;

ACIDS; DEPOSITION; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; PRECIPITATION (CHEMICAL);

ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY;

CALCIUM ION; CATION; MAGNESIUM ION; POTASSIUM ION; SODIUM ION;

CATION DEPOSITION; DRY DEPOSITION; MAPPING;

AIR MONITORING; AIR POLLUTION; ARTICLE; CLIMATE; DRY DEPOSITION; EUROPE; LAND USE; PRECIPITATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

EUROPE;

EID: 0031542978     PISSN: 13522310     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00254-9     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. Asman, W. A. H., Slanina, J. and Baard, J. H. (1981) Meteorological interpretation of the chemical composition of rainwater at one measurement site. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 16, 159-175.
2. Barrie, L. A. (1985) Scavenging ratios, wet deposition, and in-cloud oxidation: an application to the oxides of sulphur and nitrogen. Journal of geophysical Research 90, 5789-5799.
3. Barrie, L. A. (1992) Scavenging ratios: black magic or a useful scientific tool. In Precipitation Scavenging and Atmosphere-Surface Exchange, eds S. E. Schwarz and W. G. N. Slinn, pp. 403-420. Hemisphere, New York.
4. Buat Menard, P. and Duce, R. A. (1986) Precipitation scavenging of aerosol particles over remote marine regions. Nature 321, 508-510.
5. Chang, Y. S., Arndt, R. L. and Carmichael, G. R. (1996) Mineral base-cation deposition in Asia. Atmospheric Environment 30, 2417-2427.
6. Derrick, M. R., Moyers, J. L., Yarborough, K. A. and Warren, M. (1984) Aerosol and precipitation chemistry relationships at Big Bend National Park. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 21, 171-181.
7. De Vries, W. (1994) Soil response to acid deposition at incorporating the seeder-feeder effect over mountainous terrain. Atmospheric Environment 26A, 1375-1381.
8. Draaijers, G. P. J. (1993) The variability of atmospheric deposition to forests. Ph.D. thesis, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands.
9. Draaijers, G. P. J. and Erisman, J. W. (1993) Atmospheric sulphur deposition onto forest stands: throughfall estimates compared to estimates from inference. Atmospheric Environment 27A, 43-55,
10. Draaijers, G. P. J., Van Ek, R. and Bleuten, W. (1994) Atmospheric deposition in complex forest landscapes. Boundary-Layer Meteorology 69, 343-366.
11. Draaijers, G. P. J. and Erisman, J. W. (1995) A canopy budget model to estimate atmospheric deposition from throughfall measurements. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 85, 2253-2258.
12. Draaijers, G. P. J., Van Leeuwen, E. P., Potma, C., Van Pul, W. A. J. and Erisman, J. W. (1995) Mapping of base cation deposition in Europe on a 10 × 20 km grid. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 85, 2389-2394.
13. Draaijers, G. P. J., Van Leeuwen, E. P., De Jong, P. G. H. and Erisman, J. W. (1996a) Base cation deposition in Europe and its role in acid neutralisation and forest nutrition. RIVM Report No. 722108017, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
14. Draaijers, G. P. J., Spranger, T., Erisman, J. W. and Wyers, G. P. (1996b) The application of throughfall measurements for atmospheric deposition monitoring. Atmospheric Environment 30, 3349-3361.
15. Draaijers, G. P. J., Van Leeuwen, E. P., De Jong, P. G. H. and Erisman, J. W. (1997) Modelling base cation deposition in Europe. Part II: Acid neutralisation capacity and contribution to forest nutrition. Atmospheric-Environment. 30, 4159-4168.
16. +. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 52, 197-215.
17. Erisman, J. W. (1992) Atmospheric deposition of acidifying compounds in the Netherlands. Ph.D. thesis, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands.
18. Erisman, J. W., Draaijers, G. P. J., Duyzer, J. H., Hofschreuder, P., Van Leeuwen, N., Römer, F. G., Ruijgrok, W. and Wyers, G. P. (1994) Contribution of aerosol deposition to atmospheric deposition and soil loads onto forests. RIVM Report No. 722108005, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
19. Erisman, J. W., Beier, C., Draaijers, G. P. J. and Lindberg, S. E. (1994) Review of deposition monitoring methods. Tellus 46B, 79-93.
20. Erisman, J. W. and Draaijers, G. P. J. (1995) Atmospheric deposition in relation to acidification and eutrophication. Studies in Environmental Science vol. 63, Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
21. Erisman, J. W., Potma, C., Draaijers, G. P. J., Van Leeuwen, E. P. and Van Pul, W. A. J. (1995) A generalised description of the deposition of acidifying pollutants on a small scale in Europe. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 85, 2101-2106.
22. Erisman, J. W., Draaijers, G. P. J., Duyzer, J. H., Hofschreuder, P., Van Leeuwen, N., Römer, F. G., Ruijgrok, W., Wyers, G. P. and Gallagher, M. (1996) Particle deposition to forest: summary of results and application. Atmospheric Environment 31, 321-332.
23. Fitzgerald, J. W. (1975) Approximations formulas for the equilibrium size of an aerosol particle as a function of its size and composition and the ambient relative humidity. Journal of Applied Meteorology 14, 1044-1049.
24. Galloway, J. N., Savoie, D. L., Keene, W. C. and Prospero, J. M. (1993) The temporal and spatial variability of scavenging ratios for nss sulfate, nitrate, methanesulfonate and sodium in the atmosphere over the North Atlantic Ocean. Atmospheric Environment 27A, 235-250.
25. Garland, J. A. (1978) Dry and wet removal of sulphur from the atmosphere. Atmospheric Environment 12, 349-366,
26. Gorham, E. (1994) Neutralizing acid rain. Nature 367, 321.
27. Guerzoni, S., Cristini, A., Caboi, R., Le Bolloch, O., Marras, I., and Rundeddu, L. (1995) Ionic composition of rain water and atmospheric aerosols in Sardinia, sourthern Mediterranean. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 85, 2077-2082.
28. Harrison, R. M. and Pio, C. A. (1983) A comparative study of the ionic composition of rainwater and atmospheric aerosols: implications for the mechanism of acidification of rainwater. Atmospheric Environment 17, 2539-2543.
29. Hedin, L. O., Granat, L., Likens, G. E., Buishand, T. A., Galloway, J. N., Butler, Th. J. and Rodhe, H. (1994) Steep declines in atmospheric base cations in regions of Europe and North America. Nature 367, 351-354.
30. Heij, G. J. and Schneider, T. (1991) Acidification research in the Netherlands. Studies in Environmental Science, Vol. 46. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
31. Hettelingh, J. P., Downing, R. J. and De Smet, P. A. M. (1991) Mapping critical loads for Europe. RIVM Report No. 259101001, Coordination Centre for Effects, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
32. Hornung, M., Sutton, M. A. and Wilson, R. B. (1995) Mapping and modelling of critical loads for nitrogen - a workshop report. Proceedings of the Grange-Over-Sands workshop, 24-26 October 1994.
33. Ivens, W. P. M. F. (1990) Atmospheric deposition onto forests. Ph.D. thesis, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands.
34. Jaffrezo, J. L. and Colin, J. L. (1988) Rain-aerosol coupling in urban area: scavenging ratio measurement and identification of some transfer processes. Atmospheric Environment 22, 929-935.
35. Janssen, P. H. M., Slob, W. and Rotmans, J. (1990) Gevoeligheidsanalyse en onzekerheidsanalyse: een inventarisatie van ideeën, methoden en technieken. RIVM-Report No. 958805001, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
36. Jarvis, P. G., James, G. B. and Landsberg, J. J. (1976) Coniferous forest. In Vegetation and the Atmosphere - 2, ed. J. L. Monteith, Academic Press, New York.
37. Kane, M. M., Rendell, A. R. and Jickells, T. D. (1994) Atmospheric scavenging processes over the North Sea. Atmospheric Environment 28, 2523-2530.
38. x, und basischen kationen in Österreich. Technische Universität Wien, Institut für Analytische Chemie, Vienna, Austria.
39. Legates, D. R. and Wilmott, C. J. (1990) Mean seasonal and spatial variability in gauge-corrected, global precipitation. International Journal of Climatology 10, 111-123.
40. Milford, J. B. and Davidson, C. I. (1985) The sizes of particulate trace elements in the atmosphere - a review. Journal for Air Pollution Control and Assessment 35, 1249-1260.
41. Pasquill, F. (1971) Atmospheric dispersion of pollutants. Quaternary Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 97, 369-395.
42. Posch, M., De Smet, P. A. M., Hettelingh, J. P. and Downing, R. J. (1995) Calculation and mapping of critical thresholds in Europe. Status Report 1995, Coordination Center for Effects, RIVM, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
43. Potma, C. J. M. (1993) Description of the ECMWF/WMO Global Observational Data Set, and associated data extraction and interpolation procedures. RIVM Report No. 722401001, Bilthoven. The Netherlands.
44. Pratt, G. C. and Krupa, S. V. (1985) Aerosol chemistry in Minnesota and Wisconsin and its relation to rainfall chemistry. Atmospheric Environment 19, 961-971.
45. Puxbaum, H and Kovar, A. (1991) Seasonal trend of snowfall composition at the high alpine observatory Sonnblick (3106m a.s.l., eastern Alps). In Proceedings Eurotrac Symposium '90, eds P. M. Borrell, P. Borrell, T. Cvitas and W. Seiler, pp. 61-66. SPB Academic Publishing bv., New York.
46. RIVM (1993) Data obtained from the National Air Quality Monitoring Network, The Netherlands (unpublished).
47. RIVM (1994) Data obtained from the National Precipitation Monitoring Network, The Netherlands (unpublished).
48. Rodhe, H., Grennfelt, P., Wisniewski, J., Ågren, C., Bengtsson, G., Hultberg, H., Johansson, K., Kauppi, P., Kucera, V., Oskarsson, H., Karlsson, G. P., Rasmussen, L., Rosseland, B., Schotte, L., Selldén and Thörnelöf, E. (1995) Acid Reign '95? - Summary statement from the 5th International conference on acidic deposition science and policy, Göteborg, Sweden, 26-30 June 1995.
49. Römer, F. G. and Te Winkel, B. W. (1994) Dry deposition of aerosols on vegetation: acidifying components and basic cations. KEMA Report No. 63591-KES/MLU 93-3243, Arnhem, The Netherlands.
50. Ruijgrok, W., Tieben, H. and Eisinga, P. (1994) The dry deposition of acidifying and alkaline particles to Douglas fir: a comparison of measurements and model results. KEMA Report No. 20159-KES/MLU 94-3216, Arnhem, The Netherlands.
51. Ruijgrok, W., Tieben, H. and Eisinga, P. (1996) The dry deposition of acidifying and alkaline particles to Douglas fir: a comparison of measurements and model results. Atmospheric Environment 31, 411-427.
52. Savoie, D. L., Prospere, J. M. and Nees, R. T. (1987) Washout ratios of nitrate, non-sea-salt sulfate and sea-salt on Virginia Key, Florida and on Mamerican Samoa. Atmospheric Environment 21, 103-112.
53. Schober, R. (1987) Ertragstafeln wichtiger Baumarten, vol. 3. Auflage. Sauerländer Verlag, Frankfurt a. M., Germany.
54. Scott, B. C. (1981) Sulfate washout ratios in winter storms. Journal of Applied Meteorology 20, 619-625.
55. Slinn, W. G. N. (1977) Some approximations for the wet and dry removal of particles and gases from the atmosphere. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 7, 513-543.
56. Slinn, W. G. N. (1982) Predictions for particle deposition to vegetative surfaces. Atmospheric Environment 16, 1785-1794.
57. Spranger, T., Hollwurtel, E., Poetzsch-Heffter, F, and Branding, A. (1994) Dry deposition estimates from two different inferential models as compared to net throughfall measurements. In Transport and Transformation of Pollutants in the Troposphere, eds P. M. Borrell, P. Borrell, T. Cvitaš and W. Seiler, pp. 615-619. Proceedings of EUROTRAC Symposium in Garmisch Partenkirchen, Germany, 11-15 April 1994.
58. Stevenson, C. M. (1967) An analysis of the chemical composition of rainwater and air over the British Isles and Eire for the years 1959-1964. Tellus 19, 56-70.
59. TFM (1996) Manual on Methodologies for Mapping of Critical Loads/Levels and Geographical Areas Where They Are Exceeded. Final draft prepared for the 12th meeting of the Task Force on Mapping, Budapest, 22 March 1996,
60. 2, alkali and earth alkali cations and chloride. In: Effects of Accumulation of Air Pollutants in Forest Ecosystems, eds B. Ulrich and J. Pankrath, pp. 33-45. Reidel, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
61. Van de Velde, R. J., Faber, W., Katwijk, V., Scholten, H. J., Thewessen, T. J. M., Verspuy, M. and Zevenbergen, M. (1994) The preparation of a European land-use database. RIVM Report No. 712401001, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
62. Van Leeuwen, E. P., Potma, C., Draaijers, G. P. J., Erisman, J. W. and Van Pul, W. A. J. (1995) European wet deposition maps based on measurements. RIVM Report No. 722108006, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
63. Van Leeuwen, E. P., Erisman, J. W. and Draaijers, G. P. J. (1996) Mapping wet deposition of acidifying components and base cations over Europe using measurements. Atmospheric Environment 30, 2495-2511.
64. Van Pul, W. A. J. and Jacobs, A. F. G. (1993) The conductance of a maize crop and the underlying soil to ozone under various environmental conditions. Boundary-Layer Meteorology 69, 83-99.
65. Veldkamp, J. G., Faber, W. S., Van Katwijk, V. F. and Van de Velde, R. J. (1996) Enhancements of the 10 × 10 minutes pan-European land-use data base. RIVM-Report No. 712401002, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
66. Weast, R. C. (1975) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 56th ed. CRC press, Cleveland, Ohio.
67. Wedding, J. B., Macfarland, A. R. and Cermak, J. E. (1977) Large particle collection characteristics of ambient aerosol samplers. Environmental Science and Technology 11, 387-392.
68. Wieringa, J. (1992) Updating the Davenport roughness classification. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 41.