Reinventing NGOs and rethinking alternatives in the Andes

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Volumn 554, Issue , 1997, Pages 117-134

  Bebbington, Anthony J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0031494753     PISSN: 00027162     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0002716297554001008     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Anthony Bebbington et al., Los actores de una decada ganada (Quito: Abya-Yala, 1992).
2. Jenny Pearce, "Between Co-optation and Irrelevance? Latin American NGOs in the 1990s," in Too Close for Comfort? NGOs, Donors and the State, ed. D. Hulme and M. Edwards (New York: Macmillan, 1997), pp. 257-74; A. Figueroa, T. Altamirano, and D. Sulmont, Social Exclusion and Inequality in Peru (Geneva: International Labor Organization, 1996) .
3. Jenny Pearce, "Between Co-optation and Irrelevance? Latin American NGOs in the 1990s," in Too Close for Comfort? NGOs, Donors and the State, ed. D. Hulme and M. Edwards (New York: Macmillan, 1997), pp. 257-74; A. Figueroa, T. Altamirano, and D. Sulmont, Social Exclusion and Inequality in Peru (Geneva: International Labor Organization, 1996) .
4. Anthony Bebbington and Graham Thiele, NGOs and the State in Latin America: Rethinking Roles in Sustainable Agricultural Development (New York: Routledge, 1993); A. David Lehmann, Democracy and Development in Latin America: Economy, Politics and Religion in the Post-War Period (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1990).
5. Anthony Bebbington and Graham Thiele, NGOs and the State in Latin America: Rethinking Roles in Sustainable Agricultural Development (New York: Routledge, 1993); A. David Lehmann, Democracy and Development in Latin America: Economy, Politics and Religion in the Post-War Period (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1990).
6. World Development, vol. 15 (supp.) (Autumn 1987).
7. Eugene J. Meehan, In Partnership with People: An Alternative Development Strategy (Arlington, VA: Inter-American Foundation, 1978), pp. 1, 8.
8. Ibid., p. 2; Thomas Carroll, Intermediary NGOs: The Supporting Link in Grassroots Development (West Hartford, CT: Kumarian Press, 1992).
9. Ibid., p. 2; Thomas Carroll, Intermediary NGOs: The Supporting Link in Grassroots Development (West Hartford, CT: Kumarian Press, 1992).
10. Carroll, Intermediary NGOs.
11. Lehmann, Democracy and Development in Latin America.
12. Bebbington and Thiele, NGOs and the State in Latin America, pp. 60-73.
13. Adolfe Figueroa, "La agricultura campesina en América Latina: Desafios para los 90,́ Estudios rurales latinoamericanos, vol. 13 (1990).
14. Although this did not happen in the one case, Nicaragua, where such a state was ushered in. In this case, NGOs continued to exist, and indeed many were created, in part at least to help the ruling party capture those resources of international cooperation that were explicitly earmarked for the NGO sector.
15. Robert Chambers, Arthur Pacey, and Lori Ann Thrupp, eds., Farmer First: Farmer Innovation and Agricultural Research (London: Intermediate Technology, 1989); I. Scoones and J. Thompson, eds., Beyond Farmer First: Rural People's Knowledge and Agricultural Research and Extension Practice (London: Intermediate Technology, 1994).
16. Robert Chambers, Arthur Pacey, and Lori Ann Thrupp, eds., Farmer First: Farmer Innovation and Agricultural Research (London: Intermediate Technology, 1989); I. Scoones and J. Thompson, eds., Beyond Farmer First: Rural People's Knowledge and Agricultural Research and Extension Practice (London: Intermediate Technology, 1994).
17. Carmen Candelo et al., "Relaciones ONG-estado y desarrollo sostenible en Colombia," Relaciones ONG-estado en desarrollo sostenible en Colombia, ed. E. Corrales, A. Machado, and C. Salgado (Bogota: CINEP-IICA, 1995), pp. 17-104 (my translation).
18. There are, of course, exceptions, such as Anthony Bebbington, "Organizations and Intensifications: Small Farmer Federations, Rural Livelihoods and Agricultural Technology in the Andes and Amazonia," World Development, 24(7):1161-78 (Aug. 1996); however, most inquiries suggest limited livelihood impact. For example, see Roger Riddell, Anthony Bebbington, and Lennart Peck, Development by Proxy: An Evaluation of the Development Impact of Government Support to Swedish NGOs (Stockholm: SIDA, 1995); Nico van Niekerk, Desarrollo rural en los Andes: Un estudio sobre los programas de desarrollo de organizaciones no gubernamentales, Leiden Development Studies no. 13 (Leiden: Leiden University, Faculty of Social Sciences, 1994); Denise Bebbington and Anthony Bebbington, "Evaluating the Impact of Chilean NGOs: Evaluation and the Dilemmas of Democracy," RIMISP Boletín, no. 24, http://www.rimisp.cl (Aug. 1997).
19. There are, of course, exceptions, such as Anthony Bebbington, "Organizations and Intensifications: Small Farmer Federations, Rural Livelihoods and Agricultural Technology in the Andes and Amazonia," World Development, 24(7):1161-78 (Aug. 1996); however, most inquiries suggest limited livelihood impact. For example, see Roger Riddell, Anthony Bebbington, and Lennart Peck, Development by Proxy: An Evaluation of the Development Impact of Government Support to Swedish NGOs (Stockholm: SIDA, 1995); Nico van Niekerk, Desarrollo rural en los Andes: Un estudio sobre los programas de desarrollo de organizaciones no gubernamentales, Leiden Development Studies no. 13 (Leiden: Leiden University, Faculty of Social Sciences, 1994); Denise Bebbington and Anthony Bebbington, "Evaluating the Impact of Chilean NGOs: Evaluation and the Dilemmas of Democracy," RIMISP Boletín, no. 24, http://www.rimisp.cl (Aug. 1997).
20. There are, of course, exceptions, such as Anthony Bebbington, "Organizations and Intensifications: Small Farmer Federations, Rural Livelihoods and Agricultural Technology in the Andes and Amazonia," World Development, 24(7):1161-78 (Aug. 1996); however, most inquiries suggest limited livelihood impact. For example, see Roger Riddell, Anthony Bebbington, and Lennart Peck, Development by Proxy: An Evaluation of the Development Impact of Government Support to Swedish NGOs (Stockholm: SIDA, 1995); Nico van Niekerk, Desarrollo rural en los Andes: Un estudio sobre los programas de desarrollo de organizaciones no gubernamentales, Leiden Development Studies no. 13 (Leiden: Leiden University, Faculty of Social Sciences, 1994); Denise Bebbington and Anthony Bebbington, "Evaluating the Impact of Chilean NGOs: Evaluation and the Dilemmas of Democracy," RIMISP Boletín, no. 24, http://www.rimisp.cl (Aug. 1997).
21. There are, of course, exceptions, such as Anthony Bebbington, "Organizations and Intensifications: Small Farmer Federations, Rural Livelihoods and Agricultural Technology in the Andes and Amazonia," World Development, 24(7):1161-78 (Aug. 1996); however, most inquiries suggest limited livelihood impact. For example, see Roger Riddell, Anthony Bebbington, and Lennart Peck, Development by Proxy: An Evaluation of the Development Impact of Government Support to Swedish NGOs (Stockholm: SIDA, 1995); Nico van Niekerk, Desarrollo rural en los Andes: Un estudio sobre los programas de desarrollo de organizaciones no gubernamentales, Leiden Development Studies no. 13 (Leiden: Leiden University, Faculty of Social Sciences, 1994); Denise Bebbington and Anthony Bebbington, "Evaluating the Impact of Chilean NGOs: Evaluation and the Dilemmas of Democracy," RIMISP Boletín, no. 24, http://www.rimisp.cl (Aug. 1997).
22. Chayanov, a Russian agricultural economist and source of a highly influential body of theory on peasant agriculture, argued that family farms "self-exploit" by, in effect, working for implicit wages that are well below the market rate. This arguably gave them a competitive advantage against enterprises where factors of production were priced at market rates.
23. Van Niekerk, Desarrollo rural en los Andes, p. 319. See also A. Bebbington, "Social Capital and Islands of Sustainability in the Andes," Geographical Journal, 163(2) (July 1997).
24. Van Niekerk, Desarrollo rural en los Andes, p. 319. See also A. Bebbington, "Social Capital and Islands of Sustainability in the Andes," Geographical Journal, 163(2) (July 1997).
25. For Ecuador, see M. Navas, "Relaciones de las ONGs y el estado en el sector rural: El caso ecuatoriano," in Tendencias actuales y futuras de las relaciones ONG-estado en el sector agropecuario en Ecuador, ed. B. Jaramillo (Quito: Fundagro, 1996), pp. 15-43; for Colombia, see Candelo et al., "Relaciones ONG-estado y desarrollo sostenible en Colombia" ; for Chile, see Octavio Sotomayor and Cecilia Leiva, "Organizaciones campesinas, programas públicos y ONG: El desafio de la articulación institucional," in Sector público, organizaciones sociales y ONG, ed. O. Sotomayor (Santiago: Coordinadora de ONG Rurales, 1995), pp. 103-34.
26. For Ecuador, see M. Navas, "Relaciones de las ONGs y el estado en el sector rural: El caso ecuatoriano," in Tendencias actuales y futuras de las relaciones ONG-estado en el sector agropecuario en Ecuador, ed. B. Jaramillo (Quito: Fundagro, 1996), pp. 15-43; for Colombia, see Candelo et al., "Relaciones ONG-estado y desarrollo sostenible en Colombia" ; for Chile, see Octavio Sotomayor and Cecilia Leiva, "Organizaciones campesinas, programas públicos y ONG: El desafio de la articulación institucional," in Sector público, organizaciones sociales y ONG, ed. O. Sotomayor (Santiago: Coordinadora de ONG Rurales, 1995), pp. 103-34.
27. For Ecuador, see M. Navas, "Relaciones de las ONGs y el estado en el sector rural: El caso ecuatoriano," in Tendencias actuales y futuras de las relaciones ONG-estado en el sector agropecuario en Ecuador, ed. B. Jaramillo (Quito: Fundagro, 1996), pp. 15-43; for Colombia, see Candelo et al., "Relaciones ONG-estado y desarrollo sostenible en Colombia" ; for Chile, see Octavio Sotomayor and Cecilia Leiva, "Organizaciones campesinas, programas públicos y ONG: El desafio de la articulación institucional," in Sector público, organizaciones sociales y ONG, ed. O. Sotomayor (Santiago: Coordinadora de ONG Rurales, 1995), pp. 103-34.
28. See Navas, "Relaciones de las ONGs"; Candelo et al., "Relaciones ONG-estado y desarollo sostenible en Colombia"; Sotomayor and Leiva, "Organizaciones campesinas, programas públicas, y ONG."
29. See Navas, "Relaciones de las ONGs"; Candelo et al., "Relaciones ONG-estado y desarollo sostenible en Colombia"; Sotomayor and Leiva, "Organizaciones campesinas, programas públicas, y ONG."
30. See Navas, "Relaciones de las ONGs"; Candelo et al., "Relaciones ONG-estado y desarollo sostenible en Colombia"; Sotomayor and Leiva, "Organizaciones campesinas, programas públicas, y ONG."
31. Candelo et al., "Relaciones ONG-estado y desarollo sostenible en Colombia," p. 28 (my translation).
32. Navas, "Relaciones de las ONGs," p. 40 (my translation).
33. Steve Vetter, "Mobilising Resources: The Business of Grassroots Development," Grassroots Development, 19(2):2-11 (1995). See also Cooperación (Desco), various issues.
34. Steve Vetter, "Mobilising Resources: The Business of Grassroots Development," Grassroots Development, 19(2):2-11 (1995). See also Cooperación (Desco), various issues.
35. Mario Rivas, director, DAS-Temuco, personal communication, Jan. 1997.
36. Navas, "Relaciones de las ONGs."
37. R. Tandon, "Board Games: Governance and Accountability in NGOs," in Beyond the Magic Bullet: NGO Performance and Accountability, ed. M. Edwards and D. Hulme (London: Earthscan, 1995).
38. Bebbington and Bebbington, "Evaluating the Impact of Chilean NGOs."
39. Carlos Salazaar, personal communications, 1995-96.
40. S. Zadek and M. Gatwood, "Social Auditing or Bust? Transforming the Transnational Development Nongovernmentals for the 21st Century," in Beyond the Magic Bullet, ed. Edwards and Hulme; Pauline Tiffen and Simon Zadek, "Dealing with and in the Global Economy: Fairer Trade in Latin America," in Mediating Sustainability: Practice to Policy for Sustainable Agricultural and Rural Development in Latin America, ed. J. Blauert and S. Zadek (London: Cassell, forthcoming).
41. S. Zadek and M. Gatwood, "Social Auditing or Bust? Transforming the Transnational Development Nongovernmentals for the 21st Century," in Beyond the Magic Bullet, ed. Edwards and Hulme; Pauline Tiffen and Simon Zadek, "Dealing with and in the Global Economy: Fairer Trade in Latin America," in Mediating Sustainability: Practice to Policy for Sustainable Agricultural and Rural Development in Latin America, ed. J. Blauert and S. Zadek (London: Cassell, forthcoming).
42. Alonso Vallejo, director, Fondo Ecuatoriano Progressi Populorum-Riobamba, personal communication, Mar. 1997. The office referred to is that in Guaranda, in the highland province of Bolivar.
43. Cited in Anthony Bebbington and Adalberto Kopp, Una evaluación del impacto del apoyo del gobierno de Suecia a las ONGs suecas en Bolivia (La Paz: Ediciones CESA, 1996).
44. Bebbington, "Organisations and Intensifications."
45. Jehan Perera, "In Unequal Dialogue with Donors: The Experience of the Sarvodaya Shramadana Movement," in Too Close for Comfort? ed. Hulme and Edwards, pp. 156-67.
46. Zadek and Gatwood, "Social Auditing or Bust?"
47. As, for instance, in the creation of a trust fund for the management of national parks in Bolivia.
48. Consuelo Gazmuri, head of the social development program of the Fundación Andes, personal communication, 1997. The Fundación Andes is financed by Latin American businesses.
49. See, for instance, John Clark, "The State, Popular Participation and the Voluntary Sector," World Development, 23(4):593-601 (1995); Anthony Bebbington and Roger Riddell, "Heavy Hands, Hidden Hands, Holding Hands? Donors, Intermediary NGOs and Civil Society Organisations," in Too Close for Comfort? ed. Hulme and Edwards, pp. 107-28.
50. See, for instance, John Clark, "The State, Popular Participation and the Voluntary Sector," World Development, 23(4):593-601 (1995); Anthony Bebbington and Roger Riddell, "Heavy Hands, Hidden Hands, Holding Hands? Donors, Intermediary NGOs and Civil Society Organisations," in Too Close for Comfort? ed. Hulme and Edwards, pp. 107-28.