Democratization, nationalism and regional security in the Southern Caucasus

Government and Opposition

Volumn 32, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 399-420

  MacFarlane, S Neil ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0031480151     PISSN: 0017257X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1477-7053.1997.tb00777.x     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. See Michael Doyle, 'Kant, Liberal Legacies and Foreign Affairs', Philosophy and Public Affairs, Vol. XII, No. 3, Summer 1983, pp. 205-36; Bruce Russett, Grasping the Democratic Peace: Principles for a Post-Cold War World, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1993.
2. See Michael Doyle, 'Kant, Liberal Legacies and Foreign Affairs', Philosophy and Public Affairs, Vol. XII, No. 3, Summer 1983, pp. 205-36; Bruce Russett, Grasping the Democratic Peace: Principles for a Post-Cold War World, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1993.
3. For a sceptical view, see Christopher Layne, 'Kant or Cant? The Myth of the Democratic Peace', International Security, Vol. XIX, No. 2, Fall 1994, pp. 5-49; David Spiro, 'The Insignificance of the Democratic Peace', International Security, Vol. XIX, No. 2, Fall 1994, pp. 50-86.
4. For a sceptical view, see Christopher Layne, 'Kant or Cant? The Myth of the Democratic Peace', International Security, Vol. XIX, No. 2, Fall 1994, pp. 5-49; David Spiro, 'The Insignificance of the Democratic Peace', International Security, Vol. XIX, No. 2, Fall 1994, pp. 50-86.
5. Edward Mansfield and Jack Snyder, 'Democratization and the Danger of War', International Security, Vol. XX, No. 1, Summer 1995, pp. 5-38.
6. Bruce Russett, 'Correspondence', International Security, Vol. XIX, No. 4, Spring 1995, p. 164.
7. Samuel Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century, Norman, Okla., University of Oklahoma Press, 1991, pp. 5-13.
8. Doyle, 'Kant, Liberal Legacies and Foreign Affairs', pp. 207-8.
9. On partial democracy, see also Jack Snyder, 'Democratization, War and Nationalism', in Celeste Wallander (ed.), The Sources of Russian Foreign Policy after the Cold War, Boulder, Colo., Westview Press, 1996, p. 23.
10. Mansfield and Snyder, 'Democratization and the Danger of War', p. 30.
11. Edward Mansfield and Jack Snyder, 'Democratization and War', Foreign Affairs, Vol. LXXIV, No. 3, May-June 1995, p. 89.
12. See David Lake and Donald Rothchild. 'The Origins and Management of Ethnic Conflict', International Security, Vol. XXI, No. 2, Fall 1996, pp. 43-8.
13. See also Barry Posen's discussion of 'emergent anarchy' in 'The Security Dilemma and Ethnic Conflict', Survival, Vol. XXXV, No. 1, Spring 1993, p. 35.
14. As Ghia Nodia put it, Georgia descended into the modern version of Hobbes's state of nature. Nodia, 'Georgia's Identity Crisis', Journal of Democracy, January 1995, p. 105.
15. For an extensive discussion of security and its application to regions, see Barry Buzan, People, States and Fear, London, Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1991.
16. Shireen Hunter, 'Azerbaijan: Searching for New Neighbours', in Ian Bremmer and Ray Taras (eds), New States, New Politics, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1997, p. 450.
17. See Shireen Hunter, The Transcaucasus in Transition, Washington, DC, The Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1994, pp. 68-74.
18. After the assassination of a prominent political figure, Hambartsum Galtsian, the President of Armenia suspended Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Dashnaksutiun) activities and banned its publications, accusing the Dashnaks of sponsoring a clandestine terrorist group.
19. Nora Dudwick, 'The Crumbling Façade: The Fate of Democratization in post-Communist Armenia', p. 3. For a most useful account of political development in Armenia, see Nora Dudwick, 'Armenia: Paradise Lost?', in Bremmer and Taras, New States, New Politics, pp. 471-505. I have also benefited considerably from a number of discussions with Dr Dudwick.
20. Nora Dudwick, 'The Crumbling Façade: The Fate of Democratization in post-Communist Armenia', p. 3. For a most useful account of political development in Armenia, see Nora Dudwick, 'Armenia: Paradise Lost?', in Bremmer and Taras, New States, New Politics, pp. 471-505. I have also benefited considerably from a number of discussions with Dr Dudwick.
21. Despite inequality of access to the media and some intimidation of supporters of other candidates, most observers judged the elections to have been free and fair. See Stephen Jones, 'Georgia: The Trauma of Statehood', in Bremmer and Taras, New States, New Politics, p. 518.
22. ibid., pp. 527-29.
23. David Zurabishvili, 'Shevardnadze's One-Man Democracy', War Report, No. 45, September 1996, pp. 31-32.
24. ibid., p. 32.
25. See Giga Bokeria, 'TV Trauma', War Report, No. 45, September 1996, pp. 34-35.
26. See S. Neil MacFarlane, 'NGOs and Conflict Prevention: The Case of Georgia', in Conflict Prevention in Europe, Ebenhausen, Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, forthcoming 1997.
27. See S. Neil MacFarlane, Larry Minear and Stephen Shenfield, Armed Conflict in Georgia: A Case Study in Humanitarian Action, Providence, RI: The Watson Institute, 1996; and Suzanne Goldenberg, Pride of Small Nations: The Caucasus and Post-Soviet Disorder, London, Zed, 1994, pp. 105-77.
28. See S. Neil MacFarlane, Larry Minear and Stephen Shenfield, Armed Conflict in Georgia: A Case Study in Humanitarian Action, Providence, RI: The Watson Institute, 1996; and Suzanne Goldenberg, Pride of Small Nations: The Caucasus and Post-Soviet Disorder, London, Zed, 1994, pp. 105-77.
29. Snyder provides a comprehensive discussion in 'Democracy, War and Nationalism'.
30. Mansfield and Snyder, 'Democratization and the Danger of War', pp. 7, 19, 24, 29.
31. Reinhard Wolf, 'Correspondence', International Security, Vol. XX, No. 4, Spring 1996, pp. 178-9.
32. Snyder's more recent work acknowledges this problem. He argues that nationalism may be a useful device for both established elites and challengers in the contest for popular support in an environment of expanding political participation. See Snyder and Ballentine, 'Nationalism and the Marketplace of Ideas', International Security, Vol. XXI, No. 2, Fall 1996, p. 17.
33. For the link between nationalism and social democracy in Georgia, see Ronald Grigor Suny, The Making of the Georgian Nation, Bloomington, Ind., Indiana University Press, 1988, p. 160.
34. For example, Sulejman Alijarly, 'The Republic of Azerbaijan: Notes on the State Borders in the Past and Present', and Christopher Walker, 'The Armenian Presence in Mountainous Karabakh', in John F. R. Wright, et al. (eds), Transcaucasian Boundaries, London, UCL Press, 1996, pp. 113-33 and 89-112.
35. For example, Sulejman Alijarly, 'The Republic of Azerbaijan: Notes on the State Borders in the Past and Present', and Christopher Walker, 'The Armenian Presence in Mountainous Karabakh', in John F. R. Wright, et al. (eds), Transcaucasian Boundaries, London, UCL Press, 1996, pp. 113-33 and 89-112.
36. Taking Gamsakhurdia as an example, Stephen Jones notes that 'his actions must be seen in the context of a fanatical commitment to Georgian independence'. Jones, 'Georgia: The Trauma of Statehood', p. 521. I am indebted to Professor Jones for his assistance in understanding 'the Gamsakhurdia phenomenon'.
37. Snyder and Ballentine, 'Nationalism and the Marketplace of Ideas', p. 20.
38. ibid., p. 20. They go on to state that 'still less do ethnic market segments start out with consumer preferences for militant xenophobic nationalism, based on "ancient hatreds"'.
39. See Ronald Grigor Suny, Armenia in the Twentieth Century, Chico, Calif., Scholars Press, 1983, p. 78.
40. On this point, See Eduard Shevardnadze, Moi Vybor: v Zashchitu Demokratii i Svobody, Moscow, Novosti, 1991, pp. 54-56; and Suny, The Making of the Georgian Nation, p. 303.
41. On this point, See Eduard Shevardnadze, Moi Vybor: v Zashchitu Demokratii i Svobody, Moscow, Novosti, 1991, pp. 54-56; and Suny, The Making of the Georgian Nation, p. 303.
42. For an account of this episode, see Anatoly Khazanov, After the USSR, Madison, Wis., University of Wisconsin Press, 1995, p. 9.
43. Shevardnadze, Moi Vybor, p. 76.
44. For discussion of the relevance of populism to nationalist revival in Georgia, see Stephen Jones, 'The Gamsaxurdia Phenomenon', in Donald V. Schwartz and Razmik Panossian, Nationalism and History: The Politics of Nation Building, Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1994, p. 127.
45. Stephen Van Evera, 'Hypotheses on Nationalism and War', International Security, Vol. XVIII, No. 4, Spring 1994, pp. 5-39.
46. On the relationship between the intercommunal balance of power and conflict, see Van Evera, 'Hypotheses on Nationalism and War', pp. 16-17.
47. See, inter alia, S. Neil MacFarlane, 'Russian Conceptions of Europe', Post-Soviet Affairs, Vol. X, No. 3, July-September 1994, pp. 259-65.
48. Mansfield and Snyder, 'Democratization and the Danger of War', pp. 25, 33.
49. See, for example, Van Evera, 'Hypotheses on Nationalism and War', pp. 36-37.
50. Snyder and Ballentine, 'Nationalism and the Marketplace of Ideas', pp. 5-6.
51. A similar point is made in Lake and Rothchild, 'Origins and Management of Ethnic Conflict', p. 7 3.
52. Ted Hopf, 'Managing the Post-Soviet Security Space', Security Studies, Vol. IV, No. 2, Winter 1994-95, p. 264.
53. ibid.
54. As cited in Jones, 'Georgia', p. 514.