Literati culture and integration in Dai Viet, c. 1430-c. 1840

Modern Asian Studies

Volumn 31, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 665-687

  Whitmore, John K ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADMINISTRATIVE INTEGRATION; CLASS FORMATION; DAI VIET; ECONOMIC POLICY; HISTORICAL STUDY; LITERATI CULTURE;

VIETNAM;

EID: 0031466841     PISSN: 0026749X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0026749x00017108     Document Type: Review

References (107)

1. This essay is dedicated to the late Arthur F. Wright, who first asked me, a quarter of a century ago, what the socio-economic basis was for the politicalintellectual changes I was describing.
2. J. K. Whitmore, 'Adopting Antiquity, Han Yu and Ho Quy Ly in Fourteenth Century Vietnam' (MS); idem, Vietnam, Ho Quy Ly and the Ming, 1371-1421 (New Haven, 1985); Nguyen Ngoc Huy and Ta Van Tai, The Le Code, Law in Traditional Vietnam (Athens, OH, 1987), I, 191-203.
3. J. K. Whitmore, 'Adopting Antiquity, Han Yu and Ho Quy Ly in Fourteenth Century Vietnam' (MS); idem, Vietnam, Ho Quy Ly and the Ming, 1371-1421 (New Haven, 1985); Nguyen Ngoc Huy and Ta Van Tai, The Le Code, Law in Traditional Vietnam (Athens, OH, 1987), I, 191-203.
4. J. K. Whitmore, 'Adopting Antiquity, Han Yu and Ho Quy Ly in Fourteenth Century Vietnam' (MS); idem, Vietnam, Ho Quy Ly and the Ming, 1371-1421 (New Haven, 1985); Nguyen Ngoc Huy and Ta Van Tai, The Le Code, Law in Traditional Vietnam (Athens, OH, 1987), I, 191-203.
5. Reid, Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450-1680 (New Haven, 1993), II, 217.
6. Lieberman, 'Local Integration and Eurasian Analogies: Structuring Southeastern Asian History, c. 1350-c. 1830,' Modern Asian Studies [MAS], 27, 3 (1993), 408-521; idem, 'Secular Trends in Burmese Economic History, c. 1350-c. 1830, and their Implications for State Formation,' MAS, 25, 1 (1991), 3-12.
7. Lieberman, 'Local Integration and Eurasian Analogies: Structuring Southeastern Asian History, c. 1350-c. 1830,' Modern Asian Studies [MAS], 27, 3 (1993), 408-521; idem, 'Secular Trends in Burmese Economic History, c. 1350-c. 1830, and their Implications for State Formation,' MAS, 25, 1 (1991), 3-12.
8. Whitmore, 'Vietnam and the Monetary Flow of Eastern Asia, Thirteenth to Eighteenth Centuries,' in J. F. Richards (ed.), Precious Metals in the Late Medieval and Early Modern Worlds (Durham, NC, 1983), 389.
9. Le Code, I, 191-8.
10. J. K. Whitmore, 'Transforming Dai Viet, Politics and Confucianism in the Fifteenth Century' (MS), chs 4-5; Hong-Duc Ban-Do (Maps of the Hong-duc [Reign Period, 1470-1497]) (Saigon, 1962), 12-49; Thien Nam Du Ha Tap (A.334), 'Legal Section' (1480s-1490s); Whitmore, 'Monetary Flow,' 305-6; Le Code, I, 203.
11. J. K. Whitmore, 'Transforming Dai Viet, Politics and Confucianism in the Fifteenth Century' (MS), chs 4-5; Hong-Duc Ban-Do (Maps of the Hong-duc [Reign Period, 1470-1497]) (Saigon, 1962), 12-49; Thien Nam Du Ha Tap (A.334), 'Legal Section' (1480s-1490s); Whitmore, 'Monetary Flow,' 305-6; Le Code, I, 203.
12. J. K. Whitmore, 'Transforming Dai Viet, Politics and Confucianism in the Fifteenth Century' (MS), chs 4-5; Hong-Duc Ban-Do (Maps of the Hong-duc [Reign Period, 1470-1497]) (Saigon, 1962), 12-49; Thien Nam Du Ha Tap (A.334), 'Legal Section' (1480s-1490s); Whitmore, 'Monetary Flow,' 305-6; Le Code, I, 203.
13. J. K. Whitmore, 'Transforming Dai Viet, Politics and Confucianism in the Fifteenth Century' (MS), chs 4-5; Hong-Duc Ban-Do (Maps of the Hong-duc [Reign Period, 1470-1497]) (Saigon, 1962), 12-49; Thien Nam Du Ha Tap (A.334), 'Legal Section' (1480s-1490s); Whitmore, 'Monetary Flow,' 305-6; Le Code, I, 203.
14. J. K. Whitmore, 'Transforming Dai Viet, Politics and Confucianism in the Fifteenth Century' (MS), chs 4-5; Hong-Duc Ban-Do (Maps of the Hong-duc [Reign Period, 1470-1497]) (Saigon, 1962), 12-49; Thien Nam Du Ha Tap (A.334), 'Legal Section' (1480s-1490s); Whitmore, 'Monetary Flow,' 305-6; Le Code, I, 203.
15. Li Tana, '"The Inner Region": A Social and Economic History of Nguyen Vietnam in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries,' Ph.D. diss. (Australian National University, 1992), ch. 1; J. K. Whitmore, 'Social Organization and Confucian Thought in Vietnam,' Journal of Southeast Asian Studies [JSEAS], 15, 2 (1984), 301; Yu Insun, Law and Society in Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century Vietnam (Seoul, 1990), 111-12; Whitmore, 'Monetary Flow,' 367-8; Duncan Macintosh, Chinese Blue and White Porcelain, 3rd ed. (Woodbridge, UK, 1994), 158-63; Chinese and South-East Asian White Ware Found in the Philippines (Singapore, 1993), 38-42.
16. Li Tana, '"The Inner Region": A Social and Economic History of Nguyen Vietnam in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries,' Ph.D. diss. (Australian National University, 1992), ch. 1; J. K. Whitmore, 'Social Organization and Confucian Thought in Vietnam,' Journal of Southeast Asian Studies [JSEAS], 15, 2 (1984), 301; Yu Insun, Law and Society in Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century Vietnam (Seoul, 1990), 111-12; Whitmore, 'Monetary Flow,' 367-8; Duncan Macintosh, Chinese Blue and White Porcelain, 3rd ed. (Woodbridge, UK, 1994), 158-63; Chinese and South-East Asian White Ware Found in the Philippines (Singapore, 1993), 38-42.
17. Li Tana, '"The Inner Region": A Social and Economic History of Nguyen Vietnam in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries,' Ph.D. diss. (Australian National University, 1992), ch. 1; J. K. Whitmore, 'Social Organization and Confucian Thought in Vietnam,' Journal of Southeast Asian Studies [JSEAS], 15, 2 (1984), 301; Yu Insun, Law and Society in Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century Vietnam (Seoul, 1990), 111-12; Whitmore, 'Monetary Flow,' 367-8; Duncan Macintosh, Chinese Blue and White Porcelain, 3rd ed. (Woodbridge, UK, 1994), 158-63; Chinese and South-East Asian White Ware Found in the Philippines (Singapore, 1993), 38-42.
18. Li Tana, '"The Inner Region": A Social and Economic History of Nguyen Vietnam in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries,' Ph.D. diss. (Australian National University, 1992), ch. 1; J. K. Whitmore, 'Social Organization and Confucian Thought in Vietnam,' Journal of Southeast Asian Studies [JSEAS], 15, 2 (1984), 301; Yu Insun, Law and Society in Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century Vietnam (Seoul, 1990), 111-12; Whitmore, 'Monetary Flow,' 367-8; Duncan Macintosh, Chinese Blue and White Porcelain, 3rd ed. (Woodbridge, UK, 1994), 158-63; Chinese and South-East Asian White Ware Found in the Philippines (Singapore, 1993), 38-42.
19. Li Tana, '"The Inner Region": A Social and Economic History of Nguyen Vietnam in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries,' Ph.D. diss. (Australian National University, 1992), ch. 1; J. K. Whitmore, 'Social Organization and Confucian Thought in Vietnam,' Journal of Southeast Asian Studies [JSEAS], 15, 2 (1984), 301; Yu Insun, Law and Society in Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century Vietnam (Seoul, 1990), 111-12; Whitmore, 'Monetary Flow,' 367-8; Duncan Macintosh, Chinese Blue and White Porcelain, 3rd ed. (Woodbridge, UK, 1994), 158-63; Chinese and South-East Asian White Ware Found in the Philippines (Singapore, 1993), 38-42.
20. Li Tana, '"The Inner Region": A Social and Economic History of Nguyen Vietnam in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries,' Ph.D. diss. (Australian National University, 1992), ch. 1; J. K. Whitmore, 'Social Organization and Confucian Thought in Vietnam,' Journal of Southeast Asian Studies [JSEAS], 15, 2 (1984), 301; Yu Insun, Law and Society in Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century Vietnam (Seoul, 1990), 111-12; Whitmore, 'Monetary Flow,' 367-8; Duncan Macintosh, Chinese Blue and White Porcelain, 3rd ed. (Woodbridge, UK, 1994), 158-63; Chinese and South-East Asian White Ware Found in the Philippines (Singapore, 1993), 38-42.
21. Whitmore, 'Transforming Dai Viet,' ch. 5, pt G.
22. J. K. Whitmore, 'Chung-Hsing and Cheng-T'ung in Texts of and on Sixteenth Century Vietnam,' in K. W. Taylor and J. K. Whitmore (eds), Essays into Vietnamese Pasts (Ithaca, NY, 1995), 117-30; idem, 'Social Organization,' 305-6.
23. J. K. Whitmore, 'Chung-Hsing and Cheng-T'ung in Texts of and on Sixteenth Century Vietnam,' in K. W. Taylor and J. K. Whitmore (eds), Essays into Vietnamese Pasts (Ithaca, NY, 1995), 117-30; idem, 'Social Organization,' 305-6.
24. C. R. Boxer (ed.), South China in the Sixteenth Century (London, 1953), 73. See also Donald F. Lach, Southeast Asia in the Eyes of Europe, the Sixteenth Century (Chicago, 1968), 565.
25. C. R. Boxer (ed.), South China in the Sixteenth Century (London, 1953), 73. See also Donald F. Lach, Southeast Asia in the Eyes of Europe, the Sixteenth Century (Chicago, 1968), 565.
26. Nola Cooke, 'Nineteenth Century Vietnamese Confucianization in Historical Perspective: Evidence from the Palace Examinations (1463-1883),' JSEAS, 25, 2 (1994), 284-6; Whitmore, 'Chung-Hsing,' 122-3; Nguyen Trieu Dan, A Vietnamese Family Chronicle (Jefferson, NC, 1991), 166-73, 220-31; K. W. Taylor, 'Nguyen Hoang and the Beginning of Vietnam's Southward Expansion,' in A. Reid (ed.), Southeast Asia in the Early Modern Era (Ithaca, NY, 1993), 42-65.
27. Nola Cooke, 'Nineteenth Century Vietnamese Confucianization in Historical Perspective: Evidence from the Palace Examinations (1463-1883),' JSEAS, 25, 2 (1994), 284-6; Whitmore, 'Chung-Hsing,' 122-3; Nguyen Trieu Dan, A Vietnamese Family Chronicle (Jefferson, NC, 1991), 166-73, 220-31; K. W. Taylor, 'Nguyen Hoang and the Beginning of Vietnam's Southward Expansion,' in A. Reid (ed.), Southeast Asia in the Early Modern Era (Ithaca, NY, 1993), 42-65.
28. Nola Cooke, 'Nineteenth Century Vietnamese Confucianization in Historical Perspective: Evidence from the Palace Examinations (1463-1883),' JSEAS, 25, 2 (1994), 284-6; Whitmore, 'Chung-Hsing,' 122-3; Nguyen Trieu Dan, A Vietnamese Family Chronicle (Jefferson, NC, 1991), 166-73, 220-31; K. W. Taylor, 'Nguyen Hoang and the Beginning of Vietnam's Southward Expansion,' in A. Reid (ed.), Southeast Asia in the Early Modern Era (Ithaca, NY, 1993), 42-65.
29. Nola Cooke, 'Nineteenth Century Vietnamese Confucianization in Historical Perspective: Evidence from the Palace Examinations (1463-1883),' JSEAS, 25, 2 (1994), 284-6; Whitmore, 'Chung-Hsing,' 122-3; Nguyen Trieu Dan, A Vietnamese Family Chronicle (Jefferson, NC, 1991), 166-73, 220-31; K. W. Taylor, 'Nguyen Hoang and the Beginning of Vietnam's Southward Expansion,' in A. Reid (ed.), Southeast Asia in the Early Modern Era (Ithaca, NY, 1993), 42-65.
30. Whitmore, 'Monetary Flow,' 377-85; Nguyen Thanh Nha, Tableau économique du Vietnam aux XVII et XVIII siècles (Paris, 1970) 53-4.
31. Whitmore, 'Monetary Flow,' 377-85; Nguyen Thanh Nha, Tableau économique du Vietnam aux XVII et XVIII siècles (Paris, 1970) 53-4.
32. Li, 'Inner Region,' chs 2-6.
33. K. W. Taylor, 'The Literati Revival in Seventeenth Century Vietnam,'JSEAS, 18, 1 (1987), 1-22; Li, 'Inner Region,' 27; Yu, Law, 108-21; Nha, Tableau, pt 1, ch. 1, pt 2, ch. 1; Whitmore, 'Monetary Flow,' 368-70.
34. K. W. Taylor, 'The Literati Revival in Seventeenth Century Vietnam,'JSEAS, 18, 1 (1987), 1-22; Li, 'Inner Region,' 27; Yu, Law, 108-21; Nha, Tableau, pt 1, ch. 1, pt 2, ch. 1; Whitmore, 'Monetary Flow,' 368-70.
35. K. W. Taylor, 'The Literati Revival in Seventeenth Century Vietnam,'JSEAS, 18, 1 (1987), 1-22; Li, 'Inner Region,' 27; Yu, Law, 108-21; Nha, Tableau, pt 1, ch. 1, pt 2, ch. 1; Whitmore, 'Monetary Flow,' 368-70.
36. K. W. Taylor, 'The Literati Revival in Seventeenth Century Vietnam,'JSEAS, 18, 1 (1987), 1-22; Li, 'Inner Region,' 27; Yu, Law, 108-21; Nha, Tableau, pt 1, ch. 1, pt 2, ch. 1; Whitmore, 'Monetary Flow,' 368-70.
37. K. W. Taylor, 'The Literati Revival in Seventeenth Century Vietnam,'JSEAS, 18, 1 (1987), 1-22; Li, 'Inner Region,' 27; Yu, Law, 108-21; Nha, Tableau, pt 1, ch. 1, pt 2, ch. 1; Whitmore, 'Monetary Flow,' 368-70.
38. Huynh Sanh Thong, The Heritage of Vietnamese Poetry (New Haven, 1979), xxvii-xxxi; idem, 'Literature and the Vietnamese,' Vietnam Forum [VNF], 9 (1987), 42-4; 'Folk History in Vietnam,' VNF, 5 (1985), 66-80; Tran Quoc Vuong, 'Popular Culture and High Culture in Vietnamese History,' Crossroads, 7, 2 (1992), 24.
39. Huynh Sanh Thong, The Heritage of Vietnamese Poetry (New Haven, 1979), xxvii-xxxi; idem, 'Literature and the Vietnamese,' Vietnam Forum [VNF], 9 (1987), 42-4; 'Folk History in Vietnam,' VNF, 5 (1985), 66-80; Tran Quoc Vuong, 'Popular Culture and High Culture in Vietnamese History,' Crossroads, 7, 2 (1992), 24.
40. Huynh Sanh Thong, The Heritage of Vietnamese Poetry (New Haven, 1979), xxvii-xxxi; idem, 'Literature and the Vietnamese,' Vietnam Forum [VNF], 9 (1987), 42-4; 'Folk History in Vietnam,' VNF, 5 (1985), 66-80; Tran Quoc Vuong, 'Popular Culture and High Culture in Vietnamese History,' Crossroads, 7, 2 (1992), 24.
41. Huynh Sanh Thong, The Heritage of Vietnamese Poetry (New Haven, 1979), xxvii-xxxi; idem, 'Literature and the Vietnamese,' Vietnam Forum [VNF], 9 (1987), 42-4; 'Folk History in Vietnam,' VNF, 5 (1985), 66-80; Tran Quoc Vuong, 'Popular Culture and High Culture in Vietnamese History,' Crossroads, 7, 2 (1992), 24.
42. Vuong, 'Popular Culture,' 24, 26-33; Minh Chi et al., Buddhism in Vietnam (Hanoi, 1993), 148-60; J. K. Whitmore, 'Bureaucratic Control of the Spirits in Vietnam,' Association of Asian Studies, Washington, DC, 1980. Vuong's discussion of Dao Noi, the 'Inside (Indigenous) Way,' indicates how Vietnamese popular culture both adapted to the active bureaucratic reality and resisted it. This set of beliefs helped define Vietnamese ethnicity, while allowing local variation in its expression.
43. Vuong, 'Popular Culture,' 24, 26-33; Minh Chi et al., Buddhism in Vietnam (Hanoi, 1993), 148-60; J. K. Whitmore, 'Bureaucratic Control of the Spirits in Vietnam,' Association of Asian Studies, Washington, DC, 1980. Vuong's discussion of Dao Noi, the 'Inside (Indigenous) Way,' indicates how Vietnamese popular culture both adapted to the active bureaucratic reality and resisted it. This set of beliefs helped define Vietnamese ethnicity, while allowing local variation in its expression.
44. Vuong, 'Popular Culture,' 24, 26-33; Minh Chi et al., Buddhism in Vietnam (Hanoi, 1993), 148-60; J. K. Whitmore, 'Bureaucratic Control of the Spirits in Vietnam,' Association of Asian Studies, Washington, DC, 1980. Vuong's discussion of Dao Noi, the 'Inside (Indigenous) Way,' indicates how Vietnamese popular culture both adapted to the active bureaucratic reality and resisted it. This set of beliefs helped define Vietnamese ethnicity, while allowing local variation in its expression.
45. Whitmore, 'Chung-Hsing,' 118-23, 130; idem, '"Elephants Can Actually Swim!": Contemporary Chinese Views of Late Ly Dai Viet,' in D. G. Marr and A. C. Milner (eds), Southeast Asia in the 9th to 14th Centuries (Singapore, 1986), 131-3.
46. Whitmore, 'Chung-Hsing,' 118-23, 130; idem, '"Elephants Can Actually Swim!": Contemporary Chinese Views of Late Ly Dai Viet,' in D. G. Marr and A. C. Milner (eds), Southeast Asia in the 9th to 14th Centuries (Singapore, 1986), 131-3.
47. Whitmore, Vietnam, Ho Quy Ly, 65-7; idem, 'Adopting Antiquity'; idem, 'Transforming Dai Viet,' ch. 2; Phan Huy Chu, Lich Trieu Hien Chuong Loai Chi, tr. Vien Su Hoc (Hanoi, 1992), II, 220, 228, 240-2, 246.
48. Whitmore, Vietnam, Ho Quy Ly, 65-7; idem, 'Adopting Antiquity'; idem, 'Transforming Dai Viet,' ch. 2; Phan Huy Chu, Lich Trieu Hien Chuong Loai Chi, tr. Vien Su Hoc (Hanoi, 1992), II, 220, 228, 240-2, 246.
49. Whitmore, Vietnam, Ho Quy Ly, 65-7; idem, 'Adopting Antiquity'; idem, 'Transforming Dai Viet,' ch. 2; Phan Huy Chu, Lich Trieu Hien Chuong Loai Chi, tr. Vien Su Hoc (Hanoi, 1992), II, 220, 228, 240-2, 246.
50. Whitmore, Vietnam, Ho Quy Ly, 65-7; idem, 'Adopting Antiquity'; idem, 'Transforming Dai Viet,' ch. 2; Phan Huy Chu, Lich Trieu Hien Chuong Loai Chi, tr. Vien Su Hoc (Hanoi, 1992), II, 220, 228, 240-2, 246.
51. Whitmore, 'Transforming Dai Viet,' chs 2-5; idem, 'The Tao-Dan Group: Poetry, Cosmology, and the State in the Hong-Duc Period (1470-1497),' Crossroads, 7, 2 (1992), 55-61; idem, 'From Classical Scholarship to Confucian Belief in Vietnam,' VNF, 9 (1987), 49-58.
52. Whitmore, 'Transforming Dai Viet,' chs 2-5; idem, 'The Tao-Dan Group: Poetry, Cosmology, and the State in the Hong-Duc Period (1470-1497),' Crossroads, 7, 2 (1992), 55-61; idem, 'From Classical Scholarship to Confucian Belief in Vietnam,' VNF, 9 (1987), 49-58.
53. Whitmore, 'Transforming Dai Viet,' chs 2-5; idem, 'The Tao-Dan Group: Poetry, Cosmology, and the State in the Hong-Duc Period (1470-1497),' Crossroads, 7, 2 (1992), 55-61; idem, 'From Classical Scholarship to Confucian Belief in Vietnam,' VNF, 9 (1987), 49-58.
54. Cooke, 'Nineteenth Century Vietnamese Confucianization,' 278-81, quote 280.
55. Whitmore, 'Transforming Dai Viet,' chs 2-3; idem, 'Tao-Dan Group,' 61-7; idem, 'Classical Scholarship,' 58-61; idem, Vietnam, Ho Quy Ly, notes passim.
56. Whitmore, 'Transforming Dai Viet,' chs 2-3; idem, 'Tao-Dan Group,' 61-7; idem, 'Classical Scholarship,' 58-61; idem, Vietnam, Ho Quy Ly, notes passim.
57. Whitmore, 'Transforming Dai Viet,' chs 2-3; idem, 'Tao-Dan Group,' 61-7; idem, 'Classical Scholarship,' 58-61; idem, Vietnam, Ho Quy Ly, notes passim.
58. Whitmore, 'Transforming Dai Viet,' chs 2-3; idem, 'Tao-Dan Group,' 61-7; idem, 'Classical Scholarship,' 58-61; idem, Vietnam, Ho Quy Ly, notes passim.
59. Woodside, 'Central Viet Nam's Trading World in the Eighteenth Century as Seen in Le Quy Don's "Frontier Chronicles," ' in Taylor and Whitmore, Essays, 159.
60. Dai Viet Su Ky Toan Thu, tr. (Hanoi, 1972), III, 173-319 passim, quote 276; J. K. Whitmore, 'Cartography in Vietnam,' in J. B. Harley and D. Woodward (eds), The History of Cartography (Chicago, 1994), II, bk 2, 481-2; Chu, Lich Trieu, II, 221-47.
61. Dai Viet Su Ky Toan Thu, tr. (Hanoi, 1972), III, 173-319 passim, quote 276; J. K. Whitmore, 'Cartography in Vietnam,' in J. B. Harley and D. Woodward (eds), The History of Cartography (Chicago, 1994), II, bk 2, 481-2; Chu, Lich Trieu, II, 221-47.
62. Dai Viet Su Ky Toan Thu, tr. (Hanoi, 1972), III, 173-319 passim, quote 276; J. K. Whitmore, 'Cartography in Vietnam,' in J. B. Harley and D. Woodward (eds), The History of Cartography (Chicago, 1994), II, bk 2, 481-2; Chu, Lich Trieu, II, 221-47.
63. Taylor, 'Literati Revival,' 12-17.
64. Ibid., 12, 15-16 ; Whitmore, 'Cartography,' 483-96; Yu, Law, 126-30; Chu, Lich Trieu, II, 222-47, 267-8, 278.
65. Ibid., 12, 15-16 ; Whitmore, 'Cartography,' 483-96; Yu, Law, 126-30; Chu, Lich Trieu, II, 222-47, 267-8, 278.
66. Ibid., 12, 15-16 ; Whitmore, 'Cartography,' 483-96; Yu, Law, 126-30; Chu, Lich Trieu, II, 222-47, 267-8, 278.
67. Ibid., 12, 15-16 ; Whitmore, 'Cartography,' 483-96; Yu, Law, 126-30; Chu, Lich Trieu, II, 222-47, 267-8, 278.
68. Taylor, 'Literati Revival,' 14; Whitmore, 'Chung-Hsing,' 130-4.
69. Taylor, 'Literati Revival,' 14; Whitmore, 'Chung-Hsing,' 130-4.
70. Whitmore, 'Monetary Flow,' 383-7.
71. Nha, Tableau, 41-4, 65-8, 92-107, 130-47; Whitmore, 'Monetary Flow,' 368-9.
72. Nha, Tableau, 41-4, 65-8, 92-107, 130-47; Whitmore, 'Monetary Flow,' 368-9.
73. Chu, Lich Trieu, II, 247-51.
74. Ibid., II, 232, 273-8.
75. Ibid., II, 232-7, 254-6, 265; Nha, Tableau, 28-35.
76. Ibid., II, 232-7, 254-6, 265; Nha, Tableau, 28-35.
77. D. C. Twitchett, Financial Administration Under the T'ang Dynasty (Cambridge, 1963), 24-40; Chu, Lich Trieu, II, 232-6; Nha, Tableau, 28-32.
78. D. C. Twitchett, Financial Administration Under the T'ang Dynasty (Cambridge, 1963), 24-40; Chu, Lich Trieu, II, 232-6; Nha, Tableau, 28-32.
79. D. C. Twitchett, Financial Administration Under the T'ang Dynasty (Cambridge, 1963), 24-40; Chu, Lich Trieu, II, 232-6; Nha, Tableau, 28-32.
80. Chu, Lich Trieu, II, 257-61, 265, 268-70.
81. Whitmore, 'Monetary Flow,' 368-9.
82. Chu, Lich Trieu, II, 281-5, quote 281.
83. Ibid., II, 224-6, 236, 256-9, 266, 270; Yu, Law, 130-2; Li, 'Inner Region,' chs 5, 7; Nha, Tableau, 157-62.
84. Ibid., II, 224-6, 236, 256-9, 266, 270; Yu, Law, 130-2; Li, 'Inner Region,' chs 5, 7; Nha, Tableau, 157-62.
85. Ibid., II, 224-6, 236, 256-9, 266, 270; Yu, Law, 130-2; Li, 'Inner Region,' chs 5, 7; Nha, Tableau, 157-62.
86. Ibid., II, 224-6, 236, 256-9, 266, 270; Yu, Law, 130-2; Li, 'Inner Region,' chs 5, 7; Nha, Tableau, 157-62.
87. Nha, Tableau, 16; Thomas Hodgkin, Vietnam, The Revolutionary Path (New York, 1981), 82-4; Nguyen Khac Vien, Vietnam, A Long History (Hanoi, 1987), 96-101.
88. Nha, Tableau, 16; Thomas Hodgkin, Vietnam, The Revolutionary Path (New York, 1981), 82-4; Nguyen Khac Vien, Vietnam, A Long History (Hanoi, 1987), 96-101.
89. Nha, Tableau, 16; Thomas Hodgkin, Vietnam, The Revolutionary Path (New York, 1981), 82-4; Nguyen Khac Vien, Vietnam, A Long History (Hanoi, 1987), 96-101.
90. Li, 'Inner Region,' 167-72.
91. Chu, Lich Trieu, II, 10, 29-30, 219-20, 228, 288-9; III, 7, 41.
92. Chu, Lich Trieu, II, 10, 29-30, 219-20, 228, 288-9; III, 7, 41.
93. Alexander Woodside, 'Conceptions of Change and of Human Responsibility for Change in Late Traditional Vietnam,' in D. K. Wyatt and A. B. Woodside (eds), Moral Order and the Question of Change (New Haven, 1982), 119-31, 139-45.
94. Cooke, 'Nineteenth Century Vietnamese Confucianization,' 277-312.
95. Cooke, 'The Composition of the Nineteenth-Century Political Elite of PreColonial Nguyen Vietnam,' MAS 29, 4 (1995), 741-64; Hodgkin, Vietnam, 90-103; Alexander B. Woodside, 'The Historical Background,' in Nguyen Du, The Tale of Kieu, tr. Huynh Sanh Thong (New Haven, 1983), xi-xviii; R. B. Smith, 'Politics and Society in Viet-Nam during the Early Nguyen Period (1802-62), 'Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1974, 2, 155-6.
96. Cooke, 'The Composition of the Nineteenth-Century Political Elite of PreColonial Nguyen Vietnam,' MAS 29, 4 (1995), 741-64; Hodgkin, Vietnam, 90-103; Alexander B. Woodside, 'The Historical Background,' in Nguyen Du, The Tale of Kieu, tr. Huynh Sanh Thong (New Haven, 1983), xi-xviii; R. B. Smith, 'Politics and Society in Viet-Nam during the Early Nguyen Period (1802-62), 'Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1974, 2, 155-6.
97. Cooke, 'The Composition of the Nineteenth-Century Political Elite of PreColonial Nguyen Vietnam,' MAS 29, 4 (1995), 741-64; Hodgkin, Vietnam, 90-103; Alexander B. Woodside, 'The Historical Background,' in Nguyen Du, The Tale of Kieu, tr. Huynh Sanh Thong (New Haven, 1983), xi-xviii; R. B. Smith, 'Politics and Society in Viet-Nam during the Early Nguyen Period (1802-62), 'Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1974, 2, 155-6.
98. Cooke, 'The Composition of the Nineteenth-Century Political Elite of PreColonial Nguyen Vietnam,' MAS 29, 4 (1995), 741-64; Hodgkin, Vietnam, 90-103; Alexander B. Woodside, 'The Historical Background,' in Nguyen Du, The Tale of Kieu, tr. Huynh Sanh Thong (New Haven, 1983), xi-xviii; R. B. Smith, 'Politics and Society in Viet-Nam during the Early Nguyen Period (1802-62), 'Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1974, 2, 155-6.
99. Woodside, Vietnam and the Chinese Model (Cambridge, MA, 1971).
100. Ibid., 48, 60-168; Hodgkin, Vietnam, 91, 101-13; Whitmore, 'Cartography,' 507.
101. Ibid., 48, 60-168; Hodgkin, Vietnam, 91, 101-13; Whitmore, 'Cartography,' 507.
102. Ibid., 48, 60-168; Hodgkin, Vietnam, 91, 101-13; Whitmore, 'Cartography,' 507.
103. Woodside, Chinese Model, 79-81, 267-80; Smith, 'Politics and Society,' 164-6; Whitmore, 'Monetary Flow,' 388.
104. Woodside, Chinese Model, 79-81, 267-80; Smith, 'Politics and Society,' 164-6; Whitmore, 'Monetary Flow,' 388.
105. Woodside, Chinese Model, 79-81, 267-80; Smith, 'Politics and Society,' 164-6; Whitmore, 'Monetary Flow,' 388.
106. Cooke, 'Composition of the Elite.'
107. Victor Lieberman, personal communication.