The Literati Revival in Seventeenth-century Vietnam

Journal of Southeast Asian Studies

Volumn 18, Issue 1, 1987, Pages 1-23

  Taylor, K W ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 84976027938     PISSN: 00224634     EISSN: 14740680     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0022463400001223     Document Type: Article

References (135)

1. L. Cadière, “Le Mur de [formula omitted]”, Bulletin de L'École Francąise d'Extrême-Orient 6 (1906): 164.
2. P. Y. Manguin, “Les Portugais sur les cotes du Viet-Nam et du Campa”, Publications de l'École Francąise d'Extrême-Orient 81 (1972): 204–209.
3. Ngô Sï Liên, [formula omitted] (1884, Tokyo Edition; hereafter TT), 9: 36b–37b; 10:11a-b, 16b-17a, 18a-19a.
4. Alexander de Rhodes, Histoire du Royaume de Tunquin (Lyon, 1651), p. 16.
5. Although Hi-tông's mother is referred to by Trinh historians as a daughter of Trinh Tráng, this appears unlikely because the daughter in question had already given birth to four children by 1630 and would not have been a mere concubine; Nguyễn historians identified Hi-tông's mother as not of the Trinh family. TT, 9:15a. Cao Huy Giu, translator, and -Đaò Duy Anh, annotator, [formula omitted] (Hanoi, 1968), vol. 4, p. 366, n. 35.
6. TT, 9:15a.
7. H. Chappoulie, Rome et les Missions d'Indochine au XVII siècle (Paris, 1943), vol. 1, p. 191, n. 2.
8. TT, 9:10b–11a.
9. [formula omitted]., trans. [formula omitted] (Saigon, 1962), pp. 23–25, 76–79.
10. R. B. Smith, The Cycle of Confucianization in Vietnam”, in Aspects of Vietnamese History, ed. W. F. Vella (Hawaii, 1973), pp. 16–17.
11. For a seventeenth-century literati view of Buddhism in Vietnam, see Samuel Baron, “A Description of the Kingdom of Tonqueen”, in A Collection of Voyages and Travels, ed. Churchill (London, 1732), vol. 6, p. 39.
12. Chappoulie, p. 191.
13. [formula omitted], trans. [formula omitted] (Saigon, 1961), vol. 3, pp. 84–86.
14. Rhodes, p. 11.
15. P. Langlet, “La Tradition Vietnamienne: Un Etat National au Sein de la Civilisation Chinoise”, Bulletin de la Société des Etudes Indochinoises XLV, nos. 2–3 (1970): 54–55.
16. See Appendix for information on the examination system under the Trinh. Also see Smith, p. 16, Table 1.
17. TT, 7:11b.
18. TT, 9:19a.
19. TT, 9:17b.
20. TT, 9:15a.
21. TT, 9:13a.
22. Lê Triều Chiếu Linh Thiền Chính, trans. Nguyễn Sï Giac (Saigon, 1961; hereafter LTC), pp. 69–73, 163–65, 347–49, 387.
23. TT, 10:24b.
24. Lê Triều Lich Khoa Tiến Sï Đề Danh Bi Ký, ed. Cao Viên Trai and trans. Hà Tïnh Vō (Saigon, 1962), vol. 2, p. 158.
25. [formula omitted], vol. 1, pp. 22–26.
26. P. Langlet, “Traduction de Trent-Triosieme Chapitre du Khâm [formula omitted]”, Bulletin de la Sociéié des Etudes Indochinoises XLV, nos. 2–3 (1970): 110, n. 6.
27. [formula omitted] U Linh Tập, trans. [formula omitted] (Saigon, 1960), p. 148.
28. The Vū family traced its ancestry back to Fu-chien during the T'ang dynasty. When two members of the family were named to an embassy to China in 1673, they made a point of attempting to visit their ancestral home. [formula omitted], vol. 1. pp. 1–2.
29. Cadière, p. 147.
30. TT, 9: 20a–b.
31. Apparently of nearly equal age, Lich and Tạc had, in 1632, been promoted to [formula omitted] at the same time. In 1642, both had reached the rank of thái-bão; although the official history gives Tạc at this time the additional title [formula omitted], this may be a reflection of Tạc's later ascendance over his elder brother. TT, 9:17b, 20a–b.
32. In 1631, Tạc was given a command in [formula omitted] and Nghe-an; at that time his chief advisor was, like [formula omitted], a graduate of 1628: Giang Van Minh of Phúc-lộc District in [formula omitted]. TT, 9:17a.
33. Cadière, p. 150.
34. TT, 9:21a.
35. Langlet, “Traduction”, p. 118.
36. TT, 9:21a. Tạc appears to have been a more active soldier than his elder brother; this may partially account for Tạc's success in displacing him.
37. W. J. M. Buch, “La Compagnie des Indes Neerlandaises et l'Indochine”, Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient 37 (1937): 122.
38. TT, 9: 21a–b.
39. LTC, pp. 167–69.
40. LTC, pp. 389–95.
41. Cadière, p. 160.
42. LTC, pp. 11–13, 79–83, 175, 349, 397–99.
43. Buch, p. 129.
44. Chappoulie, p. 201.
45. Buch, p. 132.
46. TT, 9:24a.
47. TT, 9: 24a–b.
48. Buch, pp. 132, 138.
49. LTC, p. 399.
50. LTC, pp. 169–75.
51. TT, 9:24b–25a.
52. The edicts of 1653–54 are especially detailed about regulating the activities of bureaucrats and establishing civil suit proceedings; LTC, pp. 13–15, 179, 401–407.
53. Buch, p. 140.
54. Chappoulie, p. 203.
55. Buch, p. 142.
56. Lê Si Triêt was a graduate of 1640 from Nông-cống District; Phan Kiêm Toàn was a graduate of 1643 from Thuy-nguyên District. Langlet, “Traduction”, pp. 117–18.
57. Departments (Khoa) were administrative offices corresponding to the Ministries (Bô) whose work they supervised; although subordinate to the Censorate, they were able to report directly to the lord. Langlet, “La Tradition”, pp. 29–30.
58. TT, 9:25a.
59. Trinh Thì Tế was a graduate of 1650 from [formula omitted] District. Langlet, “Traduction”, p. 127.
60. LTC, p. 351.
61. TT, 9:25b.
62. Cadière, p. 184.
63. TT, 9:28b–29a.
64. LTC, pp. 85–109.
65. LTC, pp. 109–111, 123, 127.
66. LTC, pp. 111–13, 119–21.
67. LTC, pp. 477–79.
68. LTC, pp. 409–427.
69. LTC, pp. 179–95.
70. LTC, pp. 197–99.
71. LTC, pp. 15–19.
72. LTC, pp. 109, 115–19, 125.
73. LTC, pp. 17–19, 125, 409, 421–23.
74. LTC, p. 19.
75. LTC, pp. 199–269.
76. The people in question are categorized as “stubborn”; LTC, pp. 121–23.
77. LTC, p. 271.
78. Rhodes (p. 54) mentioned the importance of cockfighting in village life during the seventeenth century.
79. LTC, p. 429.
80. TT, 931b–32a.
81. Nguyên Tông Phong was a graduate of 1650 from [formula omitted] District; [formula omitted] was a graduate of 1643 from a Hanoi suburb (perhaps of a military family stationed in the capital); [formula omitted] was a graduate of 1644 from Yên-dūng District; [formula omitted] was a graduate of 1640 from [formula omitted] District. Langlet, “Traduction”, pp. 117, 118, 127.
82. These men regularly accompanied Căn's generals into battle. TT, 9:32a–35b passim.
83. R. Deloustal, “Resources Financières et Economiques de l'Etat dans l'Ancien Annam” (traduction annotée des Livres xxix-xxxii de [formula omitted]), Révue Indochinoise (1924): 396.
84. Cao Huy Giu and Đào Duy Anh, vol. 1, pp. 13–16.
85. TT, 9: 35a–b.
86. Cadière, pp. 213–14.
87. TT, 9:36a.
88. TT, 9:36a, 10:2b.
89. Chappoulie, p. 211.
90. TT, 10:1b–2b.
91. LTC, pp. 279–99.
92. Deloustal, p. 217, n. 1.
93. [formula omitted] Mục XVI, trans. Hoa [formula omitted] et al. (Hanoi, 1957; hereafter CM), p. 26.
94. TT, 10:13b 14a.
95. LTC, pp. 135–37.
96. The peasant rebellions of the eighteenth century may well reflect the long-range impact of this trend; Nguyễn Thanh Nhã, Tableau Economique du Vietnam aux 17et 18e Siècles (Paris, 1970), pp. 65–68.
97. TT, 10:5b–6a.
98. TT, 10:6b–7a.
99. TT, 10:6b–7a.
100. LTC, p. 25.
101. TT, 10:7b–8a.
102. CM, p. 18.
103. TT, 10:8b.
104. LTC, p. 27.
105. TT, 10:7b–8a.
106. LTC, p. 309.
107. LTC, pp. 29–30.
108. LTC, pp. 441–45.
109. [formula omitted], vol. 1. pp. 136–38.
110. Thiệu was honoured as a “poor but honest official who had made great contributions in the Southern War”; TT, 10:11b–12a.
111. TT, 10: 11b–12a.
112. TT, 10:12b–13a.
113. When Hanoi's wealthiest Japanese merchant died in 1667, Tạc confiscated all of his property to help finance the Cao-bằng campaign. Buch, p. 165.
114. TT, 10:15b–16a.
115. In the same year. King died and the eleven-year-old Gia-tông ascended the throne with the reign title [formula omitted] (Ocean of Virtue). TT, 10:16a–b.
116. TT, 10: 16a.
117. Langlet, “Traduction”, pp. 92–93.
118. TT, 10:18a–19b.
119. Cadière, pp. 214–30.
120. TT, 10:19b.
121. TT, 10:19b.
122. The official history called him “a deep and serious thinker of great erudition who did great work in the Southern Expedition; a great strategist”; TT, 10:20a–b.
123. TT, 10: 20a–b.
124. Langlet, “Traduction”, p. 134.
125. TT, 10: 20b–21b.
126. LTC, pp. 35–53.
127. CM, pp. 31–32.
128. Langlet, “Traduction”, pp. 163–65.
129. Baron, pp. 26–27.
130. TT, 10:21b–22b.
131. LTC, p. 53.
132. TT, 10:23b.
133. TT, 10:23b–24a.
134. LTC, pp. 53–57.
135. TT, 10:24b.