Phytochrome and cytokinin responses

Plant Growth Regulation

Volumn 23, Issue 1-2, 1997, Pages 105-122

  Thomas, T H ^a   Hare, P D ^b   Van Staden, J ^b  

^a ROTHAMSTED RESEARCH   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU NATAL   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Circadian rhythm; Cytokinins; Phytochrome; Pigments; Seed germination; Seedling development; Signal transduction

Indexed keywords

EID: 0031444419     PISSN: 01676903     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/a:1005906609158     Document Type: Article

References (162)

1. Axelos M, Barbet J and Peaud-Lenoel C (1984) Influence of cytokinins on the biosynthesis of light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b proteins in tobacco cell suspensions: detection by radioimmunoassay. Plant Sci Lett 33: 201-222
2. Bagnall DJ, King RD, Whitelam GC, Boylan MT, Wagner D and Quail PR (1995) Flowering responses to altered expression of phytochrome in mutants and transgenic lines of Ambidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiol 108: 1495-1503
3. Bamberger E and Mayer AM (1990) Effect of kinetin on formation of red pigment in seedlings of Amaranthus retroflexus. Science 131: 1094-1095
4. Barzilai E and Mayer AM (1964) Kinins in germinating lettuce seed. Aust J Biol Sci 17: 797-800
5. Bernier G (1996) Signalling in the whole plant during the floral transition. Plant Physiol Biochem Special Issue p69: (S05-18)
6. Bernier OG, Havelange A, Houssa C, Pettijean A and Lejeune P (1993) Physiological signals that induce flowering. Plant Cell 5: 1147-1155
7. Biddington NL and Thomas TH (1976) Influence of different cytokinins on the germination of lettuce (Lactuca saliva) and celery (Apium graveolens) seeds. Physiol Plant 37: 12-16
8. Biddington NL and Thomas TH (1977) Interactions of abscisic acid, cytokinin and gibberellin in the control of betacyanin synthesis in seedlings of Amaranthus caudatus. Physiol Plant 40: 312-314
9. Bigot C (1968) Action d'adenines substituees sur la sythese des betacyanins dans la plantule d'Amaranthus caudatus L. Possibilite d'un test biologique de dosages des cytokinines. C R Acad Sci Ser D 266: 349-352
10. Black M (1969) Light controlled germination of seeds. Symp Soc Exp Bot 23: 193-217
11. Black M, Bewley DJ and Fountain D (1974) Lettuce seed germination and cytokinins: their entry and formation. Planta 117: 145-152
12. Bogorad L and Mcllrath WJ (1959) A correlation of photoperiodic response of Xanthium and germination of implanted lettuce seeds. In: Withrow RB (ed) Photoperiodism, pp 301-309. Amer Ass Adv Sci: Washington
13. Botto JF, Sanchez RA, Whitelam GO and Casai JJ (1996) Phytochrome A mediates the promotion of seed germination by very low fluences of light and canopy shade light in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 110: 439-444
14. Bowler C, Neuhaus G, Yamagata H and Chua N-H (1994) Cyclic GMP and calcium mediate phytochrome signal transduction. Cell 77: 73-81
15. Bracale M, Longo GP, Rossi G and Longo CP (1988) Early changes in morphology and polypeptide pattern of plastids from watermelon cotyledons induced by benzyladenine and light are very similar. Physiol Plant 72: 94-100
16. Brown NAC and Van Staden J (1973) The effects of stratification on the endogenous cytokinin levels of seeds of Protea compact and Leucadendron daphnoides. Physiol Plant 28: 388-392
17. Bünning E (1936) Die endogene tages rhythmik als grundelage der photoperiodischen reaktion. Ber Deutch Bot Ges 54: 590-607
18. Casal JJ, Sanchez RA and Yanovsky MJ (1997) The function of phytochrome A. Plant Cell Environ 20: 813-819
19. Castle LA and Meinke DW (1993) FUSCA gene of Arabidopsis encodes a novel protein essential for plant development. Plant Cell 6: 25-41
20. Chamovitz D and Deng X-W (1996) Light signaling in plants. Crit Rev Plant Sci 15: 455-478
21. Chamovitz DA, Wei N, Osterlund MT, Von Arnim AG, Staub JM, Matsui M and Deng X-W (1996) The COP9 complex, a novel multisubunit nuclear regulator involved in light control of a plant developmental switch. Cell 86: 115-121
22. Chaudhury AM, Letham S, Gray S and Dennis ES (1993) amp I - a mutant with high cytokinin levels and altered embryonic pattern, faster vegetative growth, constitutive photomor-phogenesis and precocious flowering. Plant J 4: 907-916
23. Chin-Atkins AN, Craig S, Hocart CH, Dennis CS and Chaudhury AH (1996) Increased endogenous cytokinins in the Arabidopsis amp I mutant corresponds with de-etiolation response. Planta 198: 549-556
24. Chory J and Li J (1997) Gibberellins, brassinosteroids and light-regulated development. Plant Cell Environ 20: 801-806
25. Chory J and Susek RE (1994) Light signal transduction and the control of seedling development. In: Meyerowitz EM and Somerville CR (eds) Arabidopsis, pp 579-614. New York, USA: Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory Press
26. Chory J, Chatterjee M, Cook RK, Elich T, Fankhauser C, Li J, Nagpal P, Neff M, Pepper A, Poole D, Reed J and Vitart V (1996) From seed germination to flowering, light controls plant development by the pigment phytochrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93: 12066-12071
27. Chory J, Reinecke D, Sim S, Washburn T and Brenner M (1994) A role for cytokinins in de-etiolation of Arabidopsis: del mutants have an altered response to cytokinins. Plant Physiol 104: 339-347
28. Cocucci M and Negrini N (1991) Calcium-calmodulin in germination of Phacelia tanacetifolia seeds: effect of light, temperature, fusicoccin and calcium-calmodulin antagonists. Physiol Plant 83: 457-462
29. Cohen L, Arzee T and Zilberstein A (1988) Mimicry by cytokinins of phytochrome regulated inhibition of chloroplast development in etiolated cucumber cotyledons. Physiol Plant 72: 57-64
30. Comolli J, Taylor W, Rehman J and Hastings JW (1996) Inhibitors of serine/threonine phosphoprotein phosphatases alter circadian properties in Gonyaulax polyedra. Plant Physiol 111: 285-291
31. Cotton JLS, Ross CW, Byrne DR and Colbert JT (1990) Down-regulation of phytochrome mRNA abundance by red light and benzyladenine in etiolated cucumber cotyledons. Plant Mol Biol 14: 707-714
32. Crowell DN and Amasino RM (1991) Induction of specific mRNAs in cultured soybean cells. Proc NatI Acad Sci USA 87: 8815-8819
33. Dei M (1982) A two-fold action of benzyladenine in chlorophyll formation in etiolated cucumber cotyledons. Physiol Plant 56: 407-414
34. Dei M (1985) Benzyladenine-induced stimulation of 5-aminolevulinic acid accumulation under various light intensities in levulinic acid-treated cotyledons of etiolated cucumber. Physiol Plant 64: 153-160
35. Dei M and Tsuji S (1978) The influence of various plant hormones on the stimulatory action of red light on greening in excised etiolated cotyledons of cucumber. Plant Cell Physiol 19: 1407-1414
36. Deikman J (1997) Elucidating cytokinin response mechanisms using mutants. Plant Growth Regul 23: 33-40
37. Deikman J and Hammer PE (1995) Induction of anthocyanin accumulation by cytokinins in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiol 108: 47-57
38. Deng XW and Quail PR (1992) Genetic and phenotypic characterisation of cop mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J 2: 83-95
39. Dijkwel PP, Huijser C, Weisbeek PJ, ChuaN-H and Smeekens SCM (1997) Sucrose control of phytochrome A signalling in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 9: 583-595
40. Elliott DC (1979) Ionic regulation of cytokinin-dependent betacyanin synthesis in Amaranthus seedlings. Plant Physiol 63: 264-268
41. Elliott DC (1983) Inhibition of cytokinin-regulated responses by calmodulin-binding compounds. Plant Physiol 72: 215-218
42. Elliott DC, Batchelor SM, Cassar RA and Marines NG (1983) Calmodulin binding drugs affect responses to cytokinin, auxin and gibberellic acid. Physiol Plant 72: 219-224
43. Ermolayeva E, Saunders D and Johannes E (1997) Ionic mechanism and role of phytochrome-mediated membrane depolarisation in caulonemal side branch initial formation in the moss Physcomitrella patens. Planta 201: 109-118
44. Evenari M (1965) Light and seed dormancy. In: Ruhland W (ed) Encyclopaedia of Plant Physiology, Vol XV/2, pp 804-847. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer
45. Feierabend J (1981) Influence of cytokinin on plastid biogenesis in rye leaves. In Guern J and Peaud-Lenoel C (eds) Metabolism and Molecular Activities of Cytokinins, pp 256-260. New York: Springer-Verlag
46. Feierabend J and deBoer I (1978) Comparative analysis of the action of cytokinin and light on the formation of RBPC and plastid biogenesis. Planta 142: 78-82
47. Fletcher RA and McCullagh D (1971) Benzyladenine as a regulator of chlorophyll synthesis in cucumber cotyledons. Can J Bot 49: 2197-2201
48. Fletcher RA, Tao C and Ali A (1973) Stimulation of chlorophyll synthesis in cucumber cotyledons by benzyladenine. Can J Bot 51: 937-939
49. Flores S and Tobin EM (1986) Benzyladenine modulation of the expression of two genes for nuclear-encoded chloroplast proteins in Lemna gibba: apparent post-transcriptional regulation. Planta 168: 340-349
50. Ford M, Kasemir H and Mohr H (1981) The influence of phytochrome and kinetin on chlorophyll accumulation. Ber Deutch Bot Ges 94: 35-41
51. Furaya M and Schäfer E (1996) Photoperception and signalling of induction reactions by different phytochromes. Trends Plant Sci 1: 301-307
52. Georghiou K and Kendrick RE (1981) The germination characteristics of phytochrome deficient aurea tomato seeds. Physiol Plant 82: 127-133
53. Golan A, Tepper M, Soudry E, Horwitz BA and Gepstein S (1996) Cytokinin, acting through ethylene, restores gravitropism to Arabidopsis seedlings grown under red light. Plant Physiol 112: 901-904
54. Grayling A and Hanke DE (1992) Cytokinins in exudates from leaves and roots of red Perilla. Phytochemistry 31: 1863-1868
55. Guidici de Nicola M, Piatelli M, Castrogiovanni V and Molina C (1972) The effect of short term irradiation on kinetin-induced amaranthin synthesis in Amaranthus tricolor seedlings. Phytochemistry 11: 1005-1010
56. Gupta S and Maheshwari SC (1969) Induction of flowering by cytokinins in a short-day plant, Lemna paucicostata. Plant Cell Physiol 10: 231-233
57. Gupta S and Maheshwari SC (1970) Growth and flowering of Lemna paucicostata: general aspects and role of chelating agents. Plant Cell Physiol 11: 83-95
58. Halliday KJ, Koorneef M and Whitelam GC (1994) Phytochrome B and at least one other phytochrome mediates the accelerated flowering response of Arabidopsis thaliana L. to low red/far-red ratio. Plant Physiol 104: 1311-1315
59. Hansen CE, Kopperud C and Heide OM (1988) Identity of cytokinins in Begonia leaves and their variation in relation to photoperiod and temperature. Physiol Plant 73: 387-391
60. Hare PD and Van Staden J (1994) Cytokinin oxidase: biochemical properties and physiological significance. Physiol Plant 91: 128-136
61. Hare PD and Van Staden J (1997) The molecular basis of cytokinin action. Plant Growth Regul 23: 41-78
62. Hare PD, Cress WA and Van Staden J (1997) The involvement of cytokinins in plant responses to environmental stress. Plant Growth Regul 23: 79-103
63. Hathout Bassim TA and Pecket RC (1975) The effect of membrane stabilizers on phytochrome-controlled anthocyanin biosynthesis in Brassica oleracea. Phytochemistry 14: 731-733
64. Havelange A, Lejeune P, Bernier G, Kaur-Sawnhey R and Galston AW (1996) Putrescine export from leaves in relation to floral transition in Sinapis alba. Physiol Plant 96: 59-65
65. Henson IE and Wareing PF (1974) Cytokinins in Xanthium strumarium: a rapid response to short day treatment. Physiol Plant 32: 185-191
66. Henson IE and Wareing PF (1977) Cytokinins in Xanthium strumarium: the metabolism of cytokinins in detached leaves and buds in relation to photoperiod. New Phytol 78: 27-33
67. Heide OM and Skoog F (1967) Cytokinin activity in Begonia and Bryophyllum. Physiol Plant 20: 771-780
68. Hewitt EW and Wareing PF (1973) Cytokinins in Populus x robusta (Schneid): light effects on endogenous levels. Planta 114: 119-129
69. Hillman WS (1976) Biological rhythms and physiological timing. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 27: 159-179
70. Hou Y, Von Arnim AG and Deng X-W (1993) A new class of Arabidopsis constitutive photomorphogenic genes involved in regulating cotyledon development. Plant Cell 5: 329-339
71. Jang J-C, León, Zhou L and Sheen J (1997) Hexokinase as a sugar sensor in higher plants. Plant Cell 9: 5-19
72. Johnson CH, Knight MR, Kondo T, Masson P, Sedbrook J, Haley A and Trewavas A (1995) Circadian oscillations of cytosolic and chloroplastic free calcium in plants. Science 269: 1863-1865
73. Jones RL and Jacobsen JV (1983) Calcium regulation of the secretion of α-amylase isoenzymes and other proteins from barley aleurone layers. Planta 158: 1-9
74. Jordan ET, Hatfield PM, Hondred D, Talon M, Zeevaart JAD and Vierstra RD (1995) Phytochrome A overexpression in transgenic tobacco: correlation of dwarf phenotype with high concentrations of phytochrome in vascular tissue and attenuated gibberellin levels. Plant Physiol 107: 797-805
75. Kakimoto T (1996) CKI1, a histidine kinase implicated in cytokinin signal transduction. Science 274: 982-985
76. Karssen CM (1976) Two sites of hormonal action during germination of Chenopodium album seeds. Physiol Plant 36: 264-270
77. Kasemir H and Mohr H (1982) Coaction of three factors controlling chlorophyll and anthocyanin synthesis. Planta 156: 282-288
78. Kehoe DM and Grossman AR (1996) Similarity of a chromatic adaptation sensor to phytochrome and ethylene receptors. Science 273: 1409-1412
79. Kendrick RE and Kronenberg HM (1994) Photomorphogenesis in Plants (2nd Edition). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publisher
80. Kinsman LT, Pinfield NJ and Stobbart AK (1975) A gibberellin bioassay based onbetacyanin production inAmaranthus caudatus seedlings. Planta 127: 149-152
81. Koehler KH (1965) Über die Farbstoffbildung bei Amaranthus caudatus L. Naturwissenschaften 52: 561
82. Koehler KH (1972) Photocontrol of betacyanin synthesis in Amaranthus caudatus seedlings in the presence of kinetin. Phytochemistry 11: 133-137
83. Koch KE (1996) Carbohydrate-modulated gene expression in plants. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 47: 509-540
84. Kraepiel Y and Miginiac E (1997) Photomorphogenesis and phytohormones. Plant Cell Environ 20: 807-812
85. Kraepiel Y, Manic K, Sotta B, Caboche M and Miginiac E (1995) In vitro morphogenic characteristics of phytochrome mutants in Nicotiana plumbaginifolia are modified and correlated to high indole-3-acetic acid levels. Planta 197: 142-146
86. Lehman A, Black R and Ecker JR (1996) Hookless 1, an ethylene response gene is required for differential cell elongation in the Arabidopsis hypocotyl. Cell 85: 183-194
87. Lejeune P, Bernier G, Requier MC and Kinet J-M (1994) Cytokinins in phloem and xylem sap of Sinapis alba during floral induction. Physioi Plant 90: 522-528
88. Lejeune P, Kinet J-M and Bernier G (1988) Cytokinin fluxes during floral induction in the long-day plant Sinapis alba L. Plant Physiol 86: 1095-1098
89. Lerbs S, Lerbs W, Klyachko NL, Romanko EG, Kulaeva ON, Wollgiehn R and Parthier B (1984) Gene expression in cytokinin- and light-mediated plastogenesis of Cucurbita cotyledons: ribulose-l,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. Planta 162: 289-298
90. Leyva A, Jarello JA, Salinas J and Martinez-Zapater JM (1995) Low temperature induces the accumulation of phenylalanine ammonium lyase and chalcone synthase mRNAs of Arabidopsis thaliana in alight-dependent manner. Plant Physiol 108: 39-46
91. Lin Y and Cheng C-L (1997) A chlorate-resistant mutant defective in the regulation of nitrate reductase gene expression in Arabidopsis defines a new hy locus. Plant Cell 9: 21-35
92. Lumsden PJ (1991) Circadian rhythms and phytochrome. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 42: 351-371
93. Machackova I, Krekule J, Eder J, Sedlova F and Strnad M (1993) Cytokinins in photoperiodic induction of flowering in Chenopodium spp. Physiol Plant 87: 160-166
94. Machackova I, Eder J, Hanus J and Krekule J (1996) Phytochrome regulates cytokinin transport in Chenopodium mbrum. Plant Physiol Biochem Special Issue p69: (SOS-26)
95. Mayer R, Raventos D and Chua N-H (1996) detl, copl, and cop9 mutations cause inappropriate expression of several gene sets. Plant Cell 8: 1951-1959
96. McClung CR and Kay SA (1994) Circadian rhythms in Arabidopsis thaliana. In: Meyerowitz EM and Somerville CR (eds) Arabidopsis, pp 615-637. New York, USA: Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory Press
97. McCormack AC, Cherry JR, Hershey HP, Vierstra RD and Smith H (1991) Photoresponses of transgenic tobacco plants expressing an oat phytochrome gene. Planta 185: 162-170
98. Medford JI, Horgan R, El-Sawi Z and Klee HJ (1989) Alterations of endogenous cytokinins in transgenic plants using a chimeric isopentenyl transferase gene. Plant Cell 1: 403-413
99. Millar AJ and Kay SA (1996) Integration of circadian and phototransduction pathways in the network controlling CAB gene transcription in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93: 154911-15496
100. Millar AJ, Carré IA, Strayer CA, Chua N-H and Kay SA (1995) Circadian clock mutants in Arabidopsis identified by luciferase imaging. Science 267: 1161-1163
101. Millar AJ, Straume M, Chory J, Chua N-H and Kay S A (1995) The regulation of circadian period by phototransduction pathways in Arabidopsis. Science 267: 1163-1166
102. Miller CO (1956) Similarity of some kinetin and red light effects. Plant Physiol 31: 318-319
103. Mol J, Jenkins G, Schafer C and Weiss D (1996) Signal perception, transduction and gene expression involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis. Crit Rev Plant Sci 15: 525-557
104. Neuhaus G, Bowler C, Kern R and Chua N-H (1993) Calcium/calmodulin-dependent and -independent phytochrome sgnal transduction pathways. Cell 73: 937-952
105. Ohya T and Suzuki R (1991) The effects of benzyladenine on the accumulation of messenger RNAs that encode the large and small subunits of ribulose-l,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase and light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein in excised cucumber cotyledons. Plant Cell Physiol 32: 577-580
106. + uptake in the early phases of germination of the photoblastic and thermosensitive seed of Phacelia tanacetifolia. Physiol Plant 48: 379-384
107. Parks PB, Jones AM, Adamse P, Koorneef M, Kendrick RE and Quail PR (1987) The aurea mutant of tomato is deficient in spectrophotometrically and immunochemically stable phytochrome. Plant Mol Biol 9: 97-107
108. Peaud-Lenoel C and Axelos M (1981) Plastid proteins of cytoplasmic origin as molecular markers of cytokinin activity. In: Guern J and Peaud-Lenoel C (eds) Metabolism and Molecular Activities of Cytokinins, pp 308-316. New York: Springer-Verlag
109. Peng J and Harberd NP (1997) Gibberellin deficiency and response mutants suppress the stem elongation phenotype of phytochrome - deficient mutants of Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 113: 1051-1058
110. Phillips DA and Cleland CF(1972) Cytokinin activity from the phloem sap of Xanthium strumarium L. Planta 102: 173-178
111. Piatelli M, Giuidici de Nicola M and Castrgiovanni V (1969) Photocontrol of amaranthin synthesis in Amaranthus tricolor. Phytochemistry 8: 731-736
112. Piatelli M, Giuidici de Nicola M and Castrgiovanni V (1971) The effect of kinetin on amaranthin synthesis in Amaranthus tricolor in darkness. Phytochemistry 10: 289-293
113. Powell RD and Griffiths MM (1960) Some anatomical effects of kinetin and red light on disks of bean leaves. Plant Physiol 35: 273-275
114. Pratt LR, Cordonnier-Pratt M-M, Hauser B, Kochert G and Caboche M (1994) Phytochrome gene family in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.). Abstr 4th Int Congr Mol Biol: 1057
115. Qamaruddin M and Tillberg E (1989) Rapid effects of red light on the isopentenyladenosine content of Scots pine seeds. Plant Physiol 91: 5-8
116. Quail PH (1991) Phytochrome: a light-mediated molecular switch that regulates plant gene expression. Annu Rev Genet 25: 389-409
117. Quail PH (1997) An emerging molecular map of the phytochromes. Plant Cell Environ 20: 657-665
118. Quail PH, Boylan MT, Parks BM, Short TW, Xu Y and Wagner D (1995) Phytochromes: photosensory perception and signal transduction. Science 268: 675-680
119. Reed JW, Foster KR, Morgan PW and Chory J (1996) Phytochrome B affects responsiveness to gibberellins in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 112: 337-342
120. Reed JW, Nagatani A, Elich TD, Fagan M and Chory J (1994) Phytochrome A and phytochrome B have overlapping but distinct functions in Arabidopsis development. Plant Physiol 104: 1139-1149
121. Reiss C and Beale SI (1995) External calcium requirements for light induction of chlorophyll accumulation and its enhancement by red light and cytokinin pretreatment in excised etiolated cucumber cotyledons. Planta 196: 635-641
122. Robson PRH, Whitelam GC and Smith H (1993) Selected components of the shade avoidance syndrome are displayed in a normal manner in mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica rapa deficient in phytochrome B. Plant Physiol 102: 1179-1184
123. Rombach J (1971) On the interaction of kinetin and phytochrome in Lemna minor growing in the dark. Acta Bot Neerl 20: 636-645
124. Sano J and Youssefian S (1994) Light and nutritional regulation of transcripts encoding a wheat protein kinase homologue is mediated by cytokinins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91: 2582-2586
125. Santoni V, Delarue M, Caboche M and Bellini C (1997) A comparison of two-dimensional electrophoresis data with phenotypical traits in Arabidopsis leads to the identification of a mutant (cril) that accumulates cytokinins. Planta 202: 62-69
126. Schäfer E, Kunkel T and Frohnmeyer H (1997) Signal transduction in the photocontrol of chalcone synthase gene expression. Plant Cell Environ 20: 722-727
127. Schmitt JM and Piepenbrock M (1992) Regulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and crassulacean acid metabolism induction in Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L. by cytokinin. Plant Physiol 99: 1664-1669
128. Scheible W-R, Gonzalez-Fortes A, Lauerer M, Müller-Röber B, Caboche M and Stitt M (1997) Nitrate acts as a signal to induce organic acid metabolism and repress starch metabolism in tobacco. Plant Cell 9: 783-798
129. Scott RA and Liverman JL (1956) Promotion of leaf expansion by kinetin and benzylaminopurine. Plant Physiol 31: 321-322
130. Shinomura T, Nagatani A, Chory J and Furaya M (1994) The induction of seed germination in Arabidopsis thaliana is regulated principally by phytochrome B and secondarily by phytochrome A. Plant Physiol 104: 363-371
131. Shinomura T, Nagatani A, Ranzawa H, Kubota M, Watanabe M and Furuya M (1996) Action spectra for phytochrome A-and B-specific photoinduction of seed germination in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93: 8129-8133
132. Silver DL, Pinaev A, Chen R and de Bruijn FJ (1996) Posttranscriptional regulation of the Sesbania rostrata gene SrEnod2 by cytokinin. Plant Physiol 112: 559-567
133. Smith H (1995) Physiological and ecological functions within the phytochrome family. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 46: 289-315
134. Smith H, Xu Y and Quail PH (1997) Antagonistic but complementary actions of phytochrome A and B allow optimum seedling de-etiolation. Plant Physiol 114: 637-641
135. Soni R, Carmichael JP, Shah ZH and Murray JAM (1995) A family of cyclin D homologs from plants differentially controlled by growth regulators and containing the conserved retinoblastoma protein interaction motif. Plant Cell 7: 85-103
136. Stabel P, Eriksson T and Engstrom P (1990) Changes in protein synthesis upon cytokinin-mediated adventitious bud induction and during seedling development in Norway spruce (Picea abies). Plant Physiol 92: 1174-1183
137. Staub JM, Wei N and Deng X-W (1996) Evidence for FUS6 as a component of the nuclear-localised COP9 complex in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 8: 2047-2056
138. Stiebeling B and Neuman K-H (1986) Identification and concentration of endogenous cytokinins in carrots (Daucus carota L.) as influenced by development and a circadian rhythm. J Plant Physiol 127: 111-121
139. Stobbart AK, Pinfield NJ and Kinsman LJ (1970) The effects of hormones and inhibitors on amaranthin synthesis in seedlings of Amaranthus tricolor. Planta 94: 152-155
140. Su W and Howell SH (1995) The effects of cytokinin and light on hypocotyl elongation in Arabidopsis seedlings are independent and additive. Plant Physiol 108: 1423-1430
141. Sugiharto B, Burnell JN and Sugiyama T (1992) Cytokinin is required to induce the nitrogen-dependent accumulation of mRNAs for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and carbonic anhydrase in detached maize leaves. Plant Physiol 100: 153-156
142. Szekeres M, Nérneth K, Koncz-Kálmán Z, Mathur J, Kauschmann A, Altmann T, Rédei GP, Nagy F, Schell J and Koncz C (1996) Brassinosteroids rescue the deficiency of CYP90, a cytochrome P450, controlling cell elongation and de-etiolation in Arabidopsis. Cell 85: 171-182
143. Taylor JS and Wareing PF(1979) The effect of light on the endogenous levels of cytokinins and gibberellins of Sitkha spruce (Picea sitchensis). Plant Cell Environ 2: 173-179
144. Teyssendier de la Serve B, Axelos M and Peaud-Lenoel C (1985) Cytokinins modulate the expression of genes encoding the protein of the light harvesting chlorophyll a/b complex. Plant Mol Biol 5: 155-163
145. Teratomo H, Momotani E and Tsuji H (1993) Benzyladenine-induced changes in the translatable mRNA populations in excised cucumber cotyledons. Planta 193: 573-579
146. Thomas B, Penn SE and Jordan BR (1989) Factors affecting phytochrome transcripts and apoprotein synthesis in germinating embryos of Avenu saliva L. J Exp Bot 40: 1299-1304
147. Thomas TH (1984) Changes in endogenous cytokinins of celery (Apium graveolens) seeds following an osmotic priming or growth regulator soak treatment. Plant Growth Regul 2: 135-141
148. Thomas TH (1992) Some reflections on the relationship between endogenous hormones and light-mediated seed dormancy. Plant Growth Regul 11: 239-248
149. Thomas TH, Biddington NL and Palevitch D (1978) The role of cytokinins in the phytochrome-mediated germination of dormant imbibed celery (Apium graveolens) seeds. Photochem Photobiol 27: 231-236
150. Thomas TH, Dearman AS and Biddington NL (1986) Evidence for the accumulation of a germination inhibitor during progressive thermoinhibition of seeds of celery (Apium graveolens L.). Plant Growth Regul 4: 177-184
151. Thomas TH, Palevitch D, Biddington NL and Austin RB (1975) Growth regulators and the phytochrome-mediated dormancy of celery seeds. Physiol Plant 35: 101-106
152. Thomas TH and Sambrooks DF (1985) Possible control of gibberellin induced release of temperature-dependent primary dormancy in seeds of celery (Apium graveolens L.) by transmembrane ion fluxes. Plant Growth Regul 3: 191-199
153. Toyama T, Teramoto H and Takeba G (1996) The level of mRNA transcribed from psaL, which encodes a subunit of Photosystem I, is increased by cytokinin in darkness in etiolated cotyledons of cucumber. Plant Cell Physiol 37: 1038-1041
154. Van der Meer IM, Stuitje AR and Mol JNM (1993) Regulation of general phenylpropanoid and flavonoid gene expression. In: Verma DPS (ed) Control of plant gene expression, pp 125-155. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc
155. Van Staden J (1973) Changes in endogenous cytokinins of lettuce seeds during germination. Physiol Plant 28: 222-227
156. Van Staden J, Olatoye ST and Hall MA (1973) Effect of light and ethylene upon cytokinin levels in seeds of Spergula arvensis. J Exp Bot 24: 662-666
157. Van Staden J and Wareing PF (1972) The effect of light on endogenous cytokinin levels in seeds of Rumex obtusifolius. Planta 104: 126-133
158. Van Staden J and Wareing PF (1972) The effect of photoperiod on the levels of endogenous cytokinins in Xanthium strumarium. Physiol Plant 27: 331-337
159. Vince-Prue D (1975) Photoperiodism in plants. London: McGraw-Hill
160. Weatherwax SC, Ong MS, Degenhardt J, Bray EA and Tobin EM (1996) The interaction of light and abscisic acid in the regulation of plant gene expression. Plant Physiol 111: 363-370
161. Whitelam GC and Smith H (1991) Retention of phytochrome-mediated shade avoidance responses in phytochrome-deficient mutants of Arabidopsis, cucumber and tomato. J Plant Physiol 139: 119-125
162. Zhao Z and Ross CW (1989) Effects of compounds that influence calcium absorption and of calcium-calmodulin inhibitors on zeatin-induced growth and chlorophyll synthesis in excised etiolated cucumber cotyledons. Planta 196: 634-641