Extent of antioxidant protection of plasma LDL is not a predictor of the antiatherogenic effect of antioxidants

Journal of Lipid Research

Volumn 38, Issue 12, 1997, Pages 2455-2464

  Fruebis, Joachim ^a   Bird, David A ^a   Pattison, Jennifer ^a   Palinski, Wulf ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO   (United States)

Author keywords

Arteriosclerosis; Lag time; Oxidation; Probucol; Vitamin E

Indexed keywords

ALKADIENE; ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ANTIOXIDANT; BM 150639; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN RECEPTOR; PROBUCOL; PROBUCOL DERIVATIVE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ANIMAL TISSUE; AORTA ATHEROSCLEROSIS; ARTICLE; ATHEROGENESIS; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CONTROLLED STUDY; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG MIXTURE; LIPOPROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL; LIPOPROTEIN METABOLISM; NONHUMAN; ORAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RABBIT; RISK FACTOR;

ANIMALS; ANTIOXIDANTS; ARTERIOSCLEROSIS; BODY WEIGHT; CHOLESTEROL; LIPID PEROXIDATION; LIPOPROTEINS, LDL; PHENOLS; PROBUCOL; RABBITS; RECEPTORS, LDL; STATISTICS; TIME FACTORS; TRIGLYCERIDES; VITAMIN E;

EID: 0031443587     PISSN: 00222275     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. Steinberg, D., S. Parthasarathy, T. E. Carew, J. C. Khoo, and J. L. Witztum. 1989. Beyond cholesterol. Modifications of low density lipoprotein that increase its atherogenicity. N. Engl. J. Med. 320: 915-924.
2. Witztum, J. L, and D. Steinberg. 1991. Role of oxidized low density lipoprotein in atherogenesis. J. Clin. Invest. 88: 1785-1792.
3. Palinski, W., and J. L. Witztum. 1995. Oxidative stress and diabetes mellitus. In New Horizons in Diabetes Mellitus and Coronary Heart Disease. G. V. R. Born and C. D. Schwartz, editors. Current Science Group, London. 111-123.
4. Berliner, J. A., M. Navab, A. M. Fogelman, J. S. Frank, L. L. Demer, P. A. Edwards, A. D. Watson, and A. J. Lusis. 1995. Atherosclerosis: basic mechanisms. Oxidation, inflammation, and genetics. Circulation. 91: 2488-2496.
5. Carew, T. E., D. C. Schwenke, and D. Steinberg. 1987. Antiatherogenic effect of probucol unrelated to ils hypocholesterolemic effect: evidence that antioxidants in vivo can selectively inhibit low density lipoprotein degradation in macrophage-rich fully streaks slowing the progression of atherosclerosis in the WHHL rabbit. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 84: 7725-7729.
6. Kita, T., Y. Nagano, M. Yokode, K. Ishii, N. Kume, A. Ooshima, H. Yokida, and C. Kawai. 1987. Probucol prevents the progression of atherosclerosis in Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbit, an animal model for familial hypercholesterolemia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 84: 5928-5931.
7. Björkhem, I., A. Henriksson-Freyschuss, O. Breuer, U. Diczfalusy, L. Berglund, and P. Henriksson. 1991. The antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene protects against atherosclerosis. Arterioscler. Thromb. 11: 15-22.
8. Sparrow, C. P., T. W. Doebber, J. Olszewski, M. S. Wu, J. Ventre, K. A. Stevens, and Y S. Chao. 1992. Low density lipoprotein is protected from oxidation and the progression of atherosclerosis is slowed in cholesterol-fed rabbits by the antioxidant N,N′-diphenyl-phenylenediamine. J. Clin. Invest. 89: 1885-1891.
9. Sasahara, M., E. W. Raines, A. Chait, T. E. Carew, D. Steinberg, P. W. Wahl, and R. Ross. 1994. Inhibition of hypercholesterolemia-induced atherosclerosis in Macaca nemestrina by probucol: I. Intimal lesion area correlates inversely with resistance of lipoproteins to oxidation. J. Clin. Invest. 94: 155-164.
10. Tangirala, R. K., F. Casanada, J. L. Witztum, D. Steinberg, and W. Palinski. 1995. Effect of the antioxidant N,N′-diphenyl 1,4-phenylenediamine (DPPD) on atherogenesis in apoE-deficient mice. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 15: 1625-1630.
11. Williams, R. J., J. M. Motteram, C. H. Sharp, and P. J. Gallagher. 1992. Dietary vitamin E and the attenuation of early lesion development in modified Watanabe rabbits. Atherosclerosis. 94: 153-159.
12. Prasad, K., and J. Kalra. 1993. Oxygen free radicals and hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis: effect of vitamin E. Am. Heart J. 125: 958-973.
13. Willingham, A. K., C. Bolanos, E. Bohannan, and R. J. Cenedella. 1993. The effects of high levels of vitamin E on the progression of atherosclerosis in the Walanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbit. J. Nutr. Biochem. 4: 651-654.
14. Fruebis, J., T. E. Carew, and W. Palinski. 1995. Effect of vitamin E on atherogenesis in LDL receptor-deficient rabbits. Atherosclerosis. 117: 217-224.
15. Kleinveld, H. A., H. L. Hak-Lemmers, M. P. Hectors, N. J. de Fouw, P. N. M. Demacker, and A. F. Stalenhoef. 1995. Vitamin E and fatty acid intervention does not attenuate the progression of atherosclerosis in Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbits. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 15: 290-297.
16. Fruebis, J., D. Steinberg, H. A. Diesel, and T. E. Carew. 1994. A comparison of the antiatherogenic effects of probucol and of a structural analog of probucol in LDL-receptor-deficient rabbits. J. Clin. Invest. 94: 392-398.
17. Mao, S. J., M. T. Yates, R. A. Parker, E. M. Chi, and R. L. Jackson. 1991. Attenuation of atherosclerosis in a modified strain of hypercholesterolemic Watanabe rabbits with use of a probucol analogue (MDL 29,311) that does not lower serum cholesterol. Arterioscler. Thromb. 11: 1266-1275.
18. Esterbauer, H., G. Striegl, H. Puhl, and M. Rotheneder. 1989. Continuous monitoring of in vitro oxidation of human low density lipoprotein. Free Radical Res. Commun. 6: 67-75.
19. Chait, A., R. L. Brazg, D. L. Tribble, and R. M. Krauss. 1993. Susceptibility of small, dense, low-density lipoproteins to oxidative modification in subjects with the atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype, pattern B. Am. J. Med. 94: 350-356.
20. Reaven, P., S. Parthasarathy, B. Grasse, E. Miller, D. Steinberg, and J. L. Witztum. 1993. Effects of oleate-rich and linoleate-rich diets on the susceptibility of low density lipoprotein to oxidative modification in mildly hypercholesterolemic subjects. J. Clin. Invest. 91: 668-676.
21. Jialal, I., and S. M. Grundy. 1993. Effect of combined supplementation with alpha-tocopherol, ascorbate, and beta carotene on low-density lipoprotein oxidation. Circulation. 88: 2780-2786.
22. Sack, M. N., D. J. Rader, and R. O. Cannon 3rd. 1994. Oestrogen and inhibition of oxidation of low-density lipoproteins in postmenopausal women. Lancet. 343: 269-270.
23. Schuster, B., R. Prassl, F. Nigon, M. J. Chapman, and P. Laggner. 1995. Core lipid structure is a major determinant of the oxidative resistance of low density lipoprotein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 92: 2509-2513.
24. Reaven, P., B. Grasse, and J. Barnett. 1996. Effect of antioxidants alone and in combination with monounsaturated fatty acid-enriched diets on lipoprotein oxidation. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 16: 1465-1472.
25. Salonen, R., K. Nyssonen, E. Porkkala-Sarataho, and J. T. Salonen. 1995. The Kuopio Atherosclerosis Prevention Study (KAPS): effect of pravastatin treatment on lipids, oxidation resistance of lipoproteins, and atherosclerotic progression. Am. J. Cardiol. 76: 34C-39C.
26. O'Leary, V., L. Tilling, G. Fleetwood, D. Stone, and V. Darley-Usmar. 1996. The resistance of low density lipoprotein to oxidation promored by copper and its use as an index of antioxidant therapy. Atherosclerosis. 119: 169-179.
27. Havel, R. J., H. A. Eder, and J. H. Bragdon. 1955. Distribution and chemical composition of ultracentrifugally separated lipoproteins in human serum. J. Clin. Invest. 34: 1345-1353.
28. Tangirala, R. K., E. M. Rubin, and W. Palinski. 1995. Quantitation of atherosclerosis in murine models: correlation between lesions in the aortic origin and in the entire aorta, and differences in the extent of lesions between sexes in LDL receptor-deficient and apoprotein E-deficient mice. J. Lipid Res. 36: 2320-2328.
29. Kleinveld, H. A., P. M. N. Demacker, and A. F. H. Stalenhoef. 1994. Comparative study on the effect of low-dose vitamin E and probucol on the susceptibility of LDL to oxidation and the progression of atherosclerosis in Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbits. Arterioscler. Thromb. 14: 1386-1391.
30. Liao, F., A. Andalibi, F. C. deBeer, A. M. Fogelman, and A. J. Lusis. 1993. Genetic control of inflammatory gene induction and NF-kappa B-like transcription factor activation in response to an atherogenic diet in mice. J. Clin. Invest. 91: 2572-2579.
31. Ohara, Y., T. E. Peterson, and D. G. Harrison. 1993. Hypercholesterolemia increases endothelial superoxide anion production. J. Clin. Invest. 91: 2546-2551.
32. Regnström, J., J. Nilsson, P. Tornvall, C. Landou, and A. Hamsten. 1992. Susceptibility to low-density lipoprotein oxidation and coronary atherosclerosis in man. Lancet. 339: 1183-1186.
33. de Rijke, Y. B., C. J. Vogelezang, T. J. van Berkel, H. M. Princen, H. F. Verwey, A. van der Laarse, and A. V. Bruschke. 1992. Susceptibility of low-density lipoproteins to oxidation in coronary bypass patients. Lancet. 340: 858-859.
34. Cominacini, L., U. Garbin, A. M. Pastorino, A. Davoli, M. Campagnola, A. De Santis, C. Pasini, G. B. Faccini, M. T. Trevisan, L. Bertozzo, F. Pasini, and V. Lo Cascio. 1993. Predisposition to LDL oxidation in patients with and without angiographically established coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis. 99: 63-70.
35. Liao, F., A. Andalibi, J. H. Qiao, H. Allayee, A. M. Fogelman, and A. J. Lusis. 1994. Genetic evidence for a common pathway mediating oxidative stress, inflammatory gene induction, and aortic fatty streak formation in mice. J. Clin. Invest. 94: 877-884.
36. Khan, B. V., S. Parthasarathy, R. W. Alexander, and R. M. Medford. 1995. Modified low density lipoprotein and its constituents augment cytokine-activated vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 gene expression in human vascular endothelial cells. J. Clin. Invest. 95: 1262-1270.
37. Marui, N., M. K. Ottermann, R. Swerlick, C. Kunsch, C. A. Rosen, M. Ahmad, R. W. Alexander, and R. M. Medford. 1993. Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) gene transcription and expression are regulated through an antioxidant-sensitive mechanism in human vascular endothelial cells. J. Clin. Invest. 92: 1866-1874.
38. Faruqi, R., C. de la Motte, and P. E. DiCorleto. 1994. Alphatocopherol inhibits agonist-induced monocytic cell adhesion to cultured human endothelial cells. J. Clin. Invest. 94: 592-600.
39. Devaraj, S., D. Li, and I. Jialal. 1996. The effects of alpha tocopherol supplementation on monocyte function. Decreased lipid oxidation, interleukin 1 beta secretion, and monocyte adhesion to endothelium. J. Clin. Invest. 98: 756-763.
40. Fruebis, J., V. Gonzales, M. Silvestre, and W. Palinski. 1997. Effect of probucol treatment on gene expression of VCAM-1, MCP-1 and M-CSF in the aortic wall of LDL receptor-deficient rabbits during early atherogenesis. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 17: 1289-1302.
41. Li, S. R., L. Forester, E. Anggard, and G. Ferns. 1994. The effects of LPS and probucol on interleukin 1 (IL-1) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) gene expression in the human monocytic cell line U-937. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1225: 271-274.
42. Li, H., M. I. Cybulsky, M. A. Gimbrone, and P. Libby. 1993. An atherogenic diet rapidly induces VCAM-1, a cytokine-regulatable mononuclear leukocyte adhesion molecule, in rabbit aortic endothelium. Arterioscler. Thromb. 13: 197-204.
43. Shaish, A., A. Daugherty, F. O'Sullivan, G. Schonfeld, and J. W. Heinecke. 1995. Beta-carotene inhibits atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. J. Clin. Invest. 96: 2075-2082.
44. 2 mimics cell-mediated oxidative modification. J. Lipid Res. 29: 745-753.
45. Ylä-Herttuala, S., M. E. Rosenfeld, S. Parthasarathy, E. Sigal, T. Särkioja, J. L. Witztum, and D. Steinberg. 1991. Gene expression in macrophage-rich human atherosclerotic lesions: 15-lipoxygenase and acetyl LDL receptor mRNA colocalize with oxidation-specific lipid-protein adducts. J. Clin. Invest. 87: 1146-1152.
46. Heinecke, J. W., M. Kawamura, L. Suzuki, and A. Chait. 1993. Oxidation of low density lipoprotein by thiols: superoxide-dependent and -independent mechanisms. J. Lipid Res. 34: 2051-2061.
47. Hazen, S. L., F. F. Hsu, K. Duffin, and J. W. Heinecke. 1996. Molecular chlorine generated by the myeloperoxidase-hydrogen peroxide-chloride system of phagocytes converts low density lipoprotein cholesterol into a family of chlorinated sterols. J. Biol. Chem. 271: 23080-23088.