Biomass distribution in marine planktonic communities

Limnology and Oceanography

Volumn 42, Issue 6, 1997, Pages 1353-1363

  Gasol, Josep M ^a   Del Giorgio, Paul A ^b   Duarte, Carlos M ^c  

^a INSTITUT DE CIÈNCIES DEL MAR   (Spain)

^b UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL   (Canada)

^c CENTRE D ESTUDIS AVANÇATS DE BLANES CEAB CSIC   (Spain)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOMASS; HETEROTROPHY; PHYTOPLANKTON; PRIMARY PRODUCTION; TROPHIC STRUCTURE;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); PROTOZOA;

EID: 0031399603     PISSN: 00243590     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4319/lo.1997.42.6.1353     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. AGUSTÍ, S. 1994. Planktonic size structure and the photon budget of the euphotic ocean. Sci. Mar. 58: 109-117.
2. _, C. M. DUARTE, AND D. E. CANFIELD. 1992. Self-regulation, bottom-up, and top-down control of phytoplankton communities: A reply to the comment by Kamenir. Limnol. Oceanogr. 37: 683-687.
3. ALCARAZ, M., M. ESTRADA, J. FLOS, AND F. FRAGA. 1985. Particulate carbon and nitrogen in plankton biomass in oligotrophic and upwelling systems. Int. Symp. Upw. W. Afr. Inst. Inv. Pesq. Barcelona VI: 435-448.
4. ANDERSEN, P. 1988. The quantitative importance of the "microbial loop" in the marine pelagic: A case study from the North Bering/Chukchi seas. Arch. Hydrobiol. Beih. Ergebn. Limnol. 31: 243-251.
5. ARENOVSKI, A. L., E. L. LIM, AND D. A. CARON. 1995. Mixotrophic nanoplankton in oligotrophic surface waters of the Sargasso Sea may employ phagotrophy to obtain major nutrients. J. Plankton Res. 17: 801-820.
6. AZAM, F., T. FENCHEL, J. G. FIELD, J. S. GRAY, L.-A. MEYER-REIL, AND F. THINGSTAD. 1983. The ecological role of water-column microbes in the sea. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 10: 257-263.
7. BAINES, S. R., M. L. PACE, AND D. M. KARL. 1994. Why does the relationship between sinking flux and planktonic primary production differ between lakes and oceans? Limnol. Oceanogr. 39: 213-226.
8. BÅMSTEDT, U. 1986. Chemical composition and energy content, p. 1-58 In Corner, E. D. S. and S. C. M. O'Hara [eds.], The biological chemistry of marine copepods. Oxford Univ. Press.
9. BANSE, K. 1995. Zooplankton: Pivotal role in the control of ocean production. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 52: 265-277.
10. BERNARD, C., AND F. RASSOULZADEGAN. 1994. Seasonal variations of mixotrophic ciliates in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 108: 295-301.
11. BIENFANG, P. K., AND D. A. ZIEMANN. 1992. The role of coastal high latitude ecosystems in global export production, p. 285-297. In P. G. Falkowski and A. D. Woodhead [eds.], Primary productivity and biogeochemical cycles in the sea. Plenum.
12. BINDER, B. J. S., S. W. CHISHOLM, R. J. OLSON, S. L. FRANKEL, AND A. Z. WORDEN. 1996. Dynamics of picophytoplankton, ultraphytoplankton and bacteria in the central equatorial Pacific. Deep-Sea Res. 43: 907-931.
13. BØRSHEIM, K. Y., AND G. BRATBAK. 1987. Cell volume to cell carbon conversion factors for a bacterivorous Monas sp. enriched from seawater. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 36: 171-175.
14. BUCK, K. R., F. P. CHAVEZ, AND L. CAMPBELL. 1996. Basin-wide distributions of living carbon components and the inverted trophic pyramid of the central gyre of the North Atlantic Ocean, summer 1993. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 10: 283-298.
15. CAMPBELL, W. B., T. R. JACOBSEN, AND L. R. POMEROY. 1979. Heterotrophic-photoautotrophic index: A qualitative parameter of microbial interactions applied to a Gulf Stream intrusion. Mar. Sci. Commun. 5: 383-398.
16. _, H. A. NOLLA, AND D. VAULOT. 1994. The importance of Prochlorococcus to community structure in the central North Pacific Ocean. Limnol. Oceanogr. 39: 954-961.
17. _, AND D. VAULOT. 1993. Photosynthetic picoplankton community structure in the subtropical North Pacific Ocean near Hawaii (station ALOHA). Deep-Sea Res. 40: 2043-2060.
18. CEBRIÁN, J., AND C. M. DUARTE. 1994. The dependence of herbivory on growth rate in natural plant communities. Funct. Ecol. 8: 518-525.
19. CHO, B. C., AND F. AZAM. 1988. Major role of bacteria in biogeochemical fluxes in the ocean's interior. Nature 332: 441-443.
20. _, AND _. 1990. Biogeochemical significance of bacterial biomass in the ocean's euphotic zone. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 63: 253-259.
21. CULLEN, J. J. 1991. Hypothesis to explain high nutrient conditions in the open sea. Limnol. Oceanogr. 36: 1578-1599.
22. CUSHING, D. H. 1989. A difference in structure between ecosystems in strongly stratified waters and in those that are only weakly stratified. J. Plankton Res. 11: 1-13.
23. DEL GIORGIO, P., AND J. M. GASOL. 1995. Biomass distribution in freshwater plankton communities. Am. Nat. 146: 135-152.
24. DOLAN, J. 1992. Mixotrophy in ciliates: A review of Chlorella symbiosis and chloroplast retention. Mar. Microb. Food Webs 6: 115-132.
25. DORTCH, Q, AND T. T. PACKARD. 1989. Differences in biomass structure between oligotrophic and eutrophic marine ecosystems. Deep-Sea Res. 36: 223-240.
26. DUCKLOW, H. W., D. L. KIRCHMAN, H. L. QUINBY, C. A. CARLSON, AND H. G. DAM. 1993. Stocks and dynamics of bacterioplankton carbon during the spring bloom in the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Deep-Sea Res. 40: 245-263.
27. ELTON, C. 1927. Animal ecology. MacMillan.
28. EPPLEY, R. V., W. G. HARRISON, S. W. CHISHOLM, AND E. STEWART, E. 1977. Particulate organic matter in surface waters off Southern California and its relationship to phytoplankton. J. Plankton Res. 35: 671-696.
29. ESTEP, K. W., P. G. DAVIS, M. D. KELLER, AND J. MCN. SIEBURTH. 1986. How important are oceanic algal nanoflagellates in bacterivory? Limnol. Oceanogr. 31: 646-650.
30. FASHAM, M. J. R. 1995. Variations in the seasonal cycle of biological production in subarctic oceans: A model sensitivity analysis. Deep-Sea Res. 42: 1111-1149.
31. FUHRMAN, J. A., T. D. SLEETER, C. A. CARLSON, AND L. M. PROCTOR. 1989. Dominance of bacterial biomass in the Sargasso Sea and its ecological implications. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 57: 207-217.
32. GOLDMAN, J. C., J. J. MCCARTHY, AND D. G. PEAVEY. 1979. Growth rate influence on the chemical composition of phytoplankton in oceanic waters. Nature 279: 210-215.
33. HAIRSTON, N. G., JR., AND N. G. HAIRSTON, SR. 1993. Cause-effect relationships in energy flow, trophic structure, and interspecific interactions. Am. Nat. 142: 379-411.
34. HANSEN, P. J. 1991. Quantitative importance and trophic role of heterotrophic dinoflagellates in a coastal pelagial food web. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 73: 253-261.
35. HARRIS, G. P. 1984. Phytoplankton productivity and growth measurements: Past, present and future. J. Plankton Res. 6: 219-237.
36. HAVSKUM, H., AND B. RIEMANN. 1996. Ecological importance of bacterivorous pigmented flagellates (mixotrophs) in the Bay of Aarhus, Denmark. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 137: 251-263.
37. HEWES, C. D., E. SAKSHAUG, F. M. H. REID, AND O. HOLM-HANSEN. 1990. Microbial autotrophs and heterotroph eukaryotes in Antarctic waters: Relationships between biomass and chlorophyll, adenosine triphosphate and particulate organic carbon. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 63: 27-35.
38. HOLLIGAN, P. M., R. P. HARRIS, R. C. NEWELL, D. S. HARBOUR, R. N. HEAD, E. A. S. LINLEY, M. I. LUCAS, P. R. G. TRANTER, AND C. M. WEEKLEY. 1984. Vertical distribution and partitioning of organic carbon in mixed, frontal and stratified waters of the English Channel. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 14: 111-127.
39. JACKSON, D. A., H. H. HARVEY, AND K. M. SOMERS. 1990. Ratios in aquatic sciences: Statistical shortcomings with mean depth and the morphoedaphic index. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 47: 1788-1795.
40. JONES, R. I. 1994. Mixotrophy in planktonic protists as a spectrum of nutritional strategies. Mar. Microb. Food Webs. 8: 87-96.
41. JUMARS, P. A. 1993. Concepts in biological Oceanography. An interdisciplinary primer. Oxford Univ. Press.
42. KIØRBOE, T., H. KAAS, B. KRUSE, P. MØHLENBERG, P. TISELIUS, AND G. ÆRTEBJERG. 1990. The structure of the pelagic food web in relation to water column structure in the Skagerrak. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 59: 19-32.
43. LAWS, E. A., D. G. REDALJE, L. W. HAAS, P. K. BIENFANG, R. W. EPPLEY, W. G. HARRISON, D. M. KARL, AND J. MARRA. 1984. High phytoplankton growth and production rates in oligotrophic Hawaiian coastal waters. Limnol. Oceanogr. 29: 1161-1169.
44. LI, W. K. W., P. M. DICKIE, B. D. IRWIN, AND A. M. WOOD. 1992. Biomass of bacteria, cyanobacteria, prochlorophytes and photosynthetic eukaryotes in the Sargasso Sea. Deep-Sea Res. 39: 501-519.
45. _, J. F. JELLETT, AND P. M. DICKIE. 1995. DNA distributions in planktonic bacteria stained with TOTO or TO-PRO. Limnol. Oceanogr. 40: 1485-1495.
46. LINDELL, D., AND A. F. POST. 1995. Ultraphytoplankton succession is triggered by deep winter mixing in the Gulf of Aqaba (Eilat), Red Sea. Limnol. Oceanogr. 40: 1130-1141.
47. LONGHURST, A. R. 1991. Role of the marine biosphere in the global carbon cycle. Limnol. Oceanogr. 36: 1507-1526.
48. MONGER, B. C., AND M. LANDRY. 1993. Flow cytometric analysis of marine bacteria with Hoechst 33342. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59: 905-911.
49. MURRAY, J. W., R. T. BARBER, M. R. ROMAN, M. P. BACON, AND R. A. FEELY. 1994. Physical and biological controls on carbon cycling in the Equatorial Pacific. Science 266: 58-65.
50. O'NEILL, R. V., AND D. L. DEANGELIS. 1981. Comparative productivity and biomass relations of forest ecosystems, p. 411-449. In D. E. Reichle [ed.], Dynamic properties of forest ecosystems. Cambridge Univ. Press.
51. ODUM, E. P. 1971. Fundamentals of ecology. Saunders.
52. PACKARD, T. T. 1985. Measurement of electron transport activity of microplankton. Adv. Aquat. Microbiol. 3: 207-261.
53. PAFFENHÖFER, G.-A., AND D. E. STEARNS. 1988. Why is Acartia tonsa (Copepoda: calanoida) restricted to nearshore environments? Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 42: 33-38.
54. PAGÈS, F., M. G. WHITE, AND P. G. RODHOUSE. 1996. Abundance of gelatinous carnivores in the nekton community of the Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone in summer 1994. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 141: 139-147.
55. POMEROY, L., AND W. J. WIEBE. 1993. Energy sources for microbial food webs. Mar. Microb. Food Webs 7: 101-118.
56. PRAIRIE, Y. T., AND D. F. BIRD. 1989. Some misconceptions about the spurious correlation problem in the ecological literature. Oecologia 81: 285-288.
57. PSENNER, R. 1990. From image analysis to chemical analysis of bacteria: A long-term study? Limnol. Oceanogr. 35: 234-237.
58. ROMAN, M. R., D. A. CARON, P. KREMER, E. J. LESSARD, L. P. MADIN, T. C. MALONE, J. M. NAPP, E. R. PEELE, AND M. J. YOUNGBLUTH. 1995. Spatial and temporal changes in the partitioning of organic carbon in the plankton community of the Sargasso Sea off Bermuda. Deep-Sea Res. 42: 973-992.
59. SANDERS, R. W. 1991. Mixothophic protists in marine and freshwater ecosystems. J. Protozool. 38: 76-81.
60. SHELDON, R. W., A. PRAKASH, AND W. H. SUTCLIFFE, JR. 1972. The size distribution of particles in the ocean. Limnol. Oceanogr. 17: 327-340.
61. SIERACKI, M. E., E. M. HAUGEN, AND T. L. CUCCI. 1995. Over-estimation of heterotrophic bacteria in the Sargasso Sea: Direct evidence by flow and imaging cytometry. Deep-Sea Res. 42: 1399-1409.
62. SIMON, M., B. C. CHO, AND F. AZAM. 1992. Significance of bacterial biomass in lakes and the ocean: Comparison to phytoplankton biomass and biogeochemical implications. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 86: 103-110.
63. SØNDERGAARD, M., L. M. JENSEN, AND G. ÆRTEBJERG. 1991. Picoalgae in Danish coastal waters during summer stratification. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 79: 139-149.
64. SOROKIN, Y. I. 1977. The heterotrophic phase of plankton succession in the Japan Sea. Mar. Biol. 41: 107-117.
65. STOECKER, D. K., D. E. GUSTAFSON, AND P. G. VERITY. 1996. Micro-and mesoprotozooplankton at 140° W in the equatorial Pacific: Heterotrophs and mixotrophs. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 10: 273-282.
66. _, A. E. MICHAELS, AND L. H. DAVIS. 1987. Large proportion of marine planktonic ciliates found to contain functional chloroplasts. Nature 326: 790-792.
67. _, A. TANIGUCHI, AND A. E. MICHAELS. 1989. Abundance of autotrophic, mixotrophic and heterotrophic planktonic ciliates in shelf and slope waters. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 50: 241-254.
68. STRAYER, D. 1988. On the limits to secundary production. Limnol. Oceanogr. 33: 1217-1220.
69. TORTELL, P. D., M. T. MALDONADO, AND N. M. PRICE. 1996. The role of heterotrophic bacteria in iron-limited ocean ecosystems. Nature 383: 330-332.
70. VAULOT, D., F. PARTENSKY, J. NEVEUX, R. F. C. MANTOURA, AND C. A. LLEWELLYN. 1990. Winter presence of prochlorophytes in surface waters of the northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Limnol. Oceanogr. 35: 1156-1164.
71. VELDHUIS, M. J. W., AND G. W. KRAAY. 1993. Cell abundance and fluorescence of picoplankton in relation to growth irradiance and nitrogen availability in the Red Sea. Neth. J. Sea Res. 31: 135-145.
72. _, _, AND W. W. C. GIESKES. 1993. Growth and fluorescence characteristics of ultraplankton on a north-south transect in the eastern North Atlantic. Deep-Sea Res. 40: 609-626.
73. VERITY, P. G., T. M. BEATTY, AND S. C. WILLIAMS. 1996a. Visualization and quantification of plankton and detritus using digital confocal microscopy. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 10: 55-67.
74. _, G.-A. PAFFENHÖFER, D. WALLACE, E. SHERR, AND B. SHERR. 1996b. Composition and biomass of plankton in spring on the Cape Hatteras shelf, with implications for carbon flux. Cont. Shelf Res. 16: 1087-1116.
75. WASSMANN, P. 1990. Relationships between primary and export production in the boreal coastal zone of the North Atlantic. Limnol. Oceanogr. 35: 464-471.
76. WELSCHMEYER, N. A., AND C. J. LORENZEN. 1984. Carbon-14 labeling of phytoplankton carbon and chlorophyll a carbon: Determination of specific growth rates. Limnol. Oceanogr. 29: 135-145.
77. WHITE, P. A., J. KALFF, J. B. RASMUSSEN, AND J. M. GASOL. 1991. The effect of temperature and algal biomass on bacterial production and specific growth rate in freshwater and marine habitats. Microb. Ecol. 21: 99-118.
78. WIEBE, P. H. 1988. Functional regression equations for Zooplankton displacement volume, wet weight, dry weight, and carbon: A correction. Fish. Bull. 86: 833-835.
79. WILKINSON, L. 1987. SYSTAT: The system for statistics. SYSTAT.