Visualization and quantification of plankton and detritus using digital confocal microscopy

Aquatic Microbial Ecology

Volumn 10, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 55-67

  Verity, Peter G ^a   Beatty, Thomas M ^a   Williams, Samanthia C ^a  

^a SKIDAWAY INSTITUTE OF OCEANOGRAPHY   (United States)

Author keywords

Confocal microscopy; DAPI; Detritus; Image analysis; Plankton; Propidium iodide

Indexed keywords

EID: 0030045029     PISSN: 09483055     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3354/ame010055     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Agard DA, Hiraoka Y, Shaw P, Sedat JW (1989) Fluorescence microscopy in three dimensions. Methods Cell Biol 30: 353-377
2. Alldredge AL, Gotschalk CC (1989) Direct observations of the mass flocculation of diatom blooms: characteristics, settling velocities, and formation of diatom aggregates. Deep Sea Res 36:159-171
3. Altabet MA (1990) Organic C, N, and stable isotopic composition of particulate matter collected on glass-fiber and aluminum oxide filters. Limnol Oceanogr 35:902-909
4. Andersson A, Rudehall A (1993) Proportion of plankton biomass in particulate organic carbon in the northern Baltic Sea. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 95:133-139
5. Arndt-Jovin DJ (1991) Digital microscopy and image analysis: where does it impact on oceanography? In: Demers S (ed) Particle analysis in oceanography, NATO ASI Series, Vol G27. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, p 31-38
6. Arndt-Jovin DJ, Jovin TM (1989) Fluorescence labelling and microscopy of DNA. In: Taylor DL, Wang Y (eds) Fluorescence microscopy of living cells in culture, Part B. Quantitative fluorescence microscopy - imaging and spectroscopy, Academic Press, New York, p 417-448
7. Banse K (1977) Determining the carbon-to-chlorophyll ratio of natural phytoplankton. Mar Biol 41:199-212
8. Biddanda BA (1988) Microbial aggregation and degradation of phytoplankton-derived detritus in seawater II. Microbial metabolism. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 42:89-95
9. Biddanda BA, Pomeroy LR (1988) Microbial aggregation and degradation of phytoplankton-derived detritus in seawater. I. Microbial succession Mar Ecol Prog Ser 42:79-88
10. Biddanda B, Riemann F (1992) Detrital carbon and nitrogen relation, examined by degrading cellulose. PSZN I: Mar Ecol 13:271-283
11. Børsheim KY, Bratbak G (1987) Cell volume to cell carbon conversion factors for a bacterivorous Monas sp. enriched from seawater. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 36:171-175
12. Bratbak G, Dundas I (1984) Bacterial dry matter content and biomass estimations. Appl Environ Microbiol 48:755-757
13. Bundy MH, Paffenhöfer GA (1993) Innervation of copepod antennules investigated using laser scanning confocal microscopy. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 102:1-14
14. Caron DA, Dam HG, Kremer P, Lessard EJ, Madin LP, Malone TC, Napp JM, Peele ER, Roman MR, Youngbluth MJ (1995) The contribution of microorganisms to particulate carbon and nitrogen in surface waters of the Sargasso Sea near Bermuda. Deep Sea Res I 42:943-972
15. Castleman KR (1979) Digital image processing. Prentice-Hall, Inc, Englewood Cliffs, NJ
16. Cullen JJ, Lewis MR, Davis CO, Barber RT (1992) Photosynthetic characteristics and estimated growth rates indicate grazing is the proximate control of primary production in the equatorial Pacific. J Geophys Res C1 97:639-654
17. Decho AW (1990) Microbial exopolymer secretions in ocean environments: their role(s) in food webs and marine processes. Oceanogr Mar Biol A Rev 28:73-153
18. Eppley RW, Chavez FP, Barber RT (1992) Standing stocks of particulate carbon and nitrogen in the equatorial Pacific at 150° W. J Geophys Res C1 97:655-661
19. Falkowski PG, Biscaye PE, Sancetta C (1994) The lateral flux of biogenic particles from the eastern North American continental margin to the North Atlantic Ocean. Deep Sea Res II 40:583-602
20. Friedman MM, Strickler JR (1975) Chemoreceptors and feeding in calanoid copepods (Arthropoda: Crustacea). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 72:4185-4188
21. Garver SA, Siegel DA, Mitchell BG (1994) Variability in near-surface particulate absorption spectra, what can a satellite ocean color imager see? Limnol Oceanogr 39:1349-1367
22. Gassmann G, Gillbricht M (1982) Correlations between phytoplankton, organic detritus, and carbon in North Sea waters during the Fladenground Experiment (FLEX '76). Helgoländer Meeresunters 35:253-262
23. Gibson SF, Lanni F (1990) Measured and analytical point spread functions of the optical microscope for use in 3-D optical serial sectioning microscopy. In: Herman B, Jacobsen, K (eds) Optical microscopy for biology. Wiley-Liss, Inc., New York, p 109-118
24. Gordon DC Jr (1970) A microscopic study of organic particles in the North Atlantic Ocean. Deep Sea Res 17:175-185
25. Haugland RP (1992) Molecular probes - handbook of fluorescent probes and research chemicals. Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR
26. Heinle DR, Flemer DA (1975) Carbon requirements of a population of the estuarine copepod Eurytemora affinis. Mar Biol 31:235-247
27. Hiraoka Y, Sedat JW, Agard DA (1990) Determination of three-dimensional imaging properties of a light microscope system. Biophys J 57:325-333
28. Khaylov KM, Finenko ZZ (1968) Interaction of detritus with high-molecular-weight components of dissolved organic matter in seawater. Oceanology 8:776-785
29. Kroer N (1994) Relationships between biovolume and carbon and nitrogen content of bacterioplankton. FEMS Microb Ecol 13:217-224
30. Lebedeva LP, Vinogradov MY, Shushkina EA, Sazhin AF (1982) Estimating the rates of detritus formation in marine planktonic communities. Oceanology 22:483-488
31. Lee BG, Fisher NS (1992) Degradation and elemental release rates from phytoplankton debris and their geochemical implications. Limnol Oceanogr 37:1345-1360
32. Lenz J (1977) On detritus as a food source for pelagic filter-feeders. Mar Biol 41:39-48
33. Lessard E (1991) The trophic role of heterotrophic dinoflagellates in diverse manne environments. Mar Microb Food Webs 5:49-58
34. Mel'nikov IA (1974) Use of histochemical reagents to determine the biochemical composition of detritus. Oceanology 14:922-926
35. Michaels AF, Silver M (1988) Primary production, sinking fluxes, and the microbial food web. Deep Sea Res 35: 473-490
36. Montagnes DJS, Berges JA, Harrison PJ, Taylor FJR (1994) Estimating carbon, nitrogen, protein, and chlorophyll a from volume in marine phytoplankton. Limnol Oceanogr 39:1044-1060
37. Paerl HW (1974) Bacterial uptake of dissolved organic matter in relation to detrital aggregation in marine and freshwater systems. Limnol Oceanogr 19:966-972
38. Parker BC, Diboll AG (1966) Alcian stains for histochemical localization of acid and sulfated polysaccharides in algae. Phycologia 6:36-46
39. Passow U, Alldredge AL, Logan BE (1994) The role of particulate carbohydrate exudates in the flocculation of diatom blooms. Deep Sea Res I 41:335-357
40. Pomeroy LR (1979) Secondary production mechanisms of continental shelf communities. In: Livingston RJ (ed) Ecological processes in coastal and marine ecosystems. Plenum Press, New York, p 163-186
41. Pomeroy LR (1980) Detritus and its role as a food source. In: Barnes RK, Mann KH (eds) Fundamentals of aquatic ecosystems. Blackwell Sci. Publ., London, p 84-102
42. Putt M, Stoecker DK (1989) An experimentally determined carbon:volume ratio for marine 'oligotrichous' ciliates from estuarine and coastal waters. Limnol Oceanogr 34: 1097-1103
43. Reiswig HM (1972) The spectrum of particulate organic matter of shallow-bottom boundary waters of Jamaica. Limnol Oceanogr 17:341-348
44. Rigaut JP, Carvajal-Gonzalez S, Vassy J (1992) Confocal image cytometry - quantitative analysis of three-dimensional images obtained by confocal scanning microscopy. In: Häder DP (ed) Image analysis in biology. CRC Press, London, p 109-133
45. Roman MR (1984) Utilization of detritus by the copepod, Acartia tonsa. Limnol Oceanogr 29:949-959
46. Russ JC (1995) The image processing handbook, 2nd edn. CRC Press, London
47. Seiki T, Date E, Izawa H (1991) Decomposition characteristics of particulate organic matter in Hiroshima Bay. J Oceanogr Soc Japan 47:207-220
48. Sharp JH (1974) Improved analysis for particulate organic carbon and nitrogen from seawater. Limnol Oceanogr 19: 984-989
49. Shotton DM (1989) Confocal scanning optical microscopy and its applications for biological specimens. J Cell Sci 94: 175-206
50. Sieracki ME, Reichenbach S, Webb KW (1989a) An evaluation of automated threshold detection methods for accurate sizing of microscopic fluorescent cells by image analysis Appl Environ Microbiol 55:2762-2772
51. Sieracki ME, Verity PG, Stoecker DK (1993) Plankton community response to sequential silicate and nitrate depletion during the 1989 North Atlantic spring bloom. Deep Sea Res II 40:213-226
52. Sieracki ME, Viles CL, Webb KW (1989b) Algorithm to estimate cell biovolume using image analyzed microscopy. Cytometry 10:551-557
53. Smetacek V, Hendrikson P (1979) Composition of particulate organic matter in Kiel Bight in relation to phytoplankton succession. Oceanol Acta 2:287-298
54. Taniguchi A, Takeda Y (1988) Feeding rate and behavior of the tintinnid ciliate Favella taraikaensis observed with a high speed VTR system. Mar Microb Food Webs 3:21-34
55. Taylor JK (1990) Statistical techniques for data analysis. Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, MI
56. Taylor P, Lappi S (1975) Interaction of fluorescence probes with acetylcholinesterase. The site and specificity of propidium binding. Biochemistry 14:1989-1997
57. Verity PG, Langdon C (1984) Relationships between lorica volume, carbon, nitrogen, and ATP content of tintinnids in Narragansett Bay. J Plankton Res 6:859-868
58. Verity PG, Paffenhöfer GA, Wallace D, Sherr E, Sherr B (1996) Composition and biomass of plankton in spring on the Cape Hatteras shelf, with implications for carbon flux. Cont Shelf Res (in press)
59. Verity PG, Robertson CY, Tronzo CR, Andrews MG, Nelson JR, Sieracki ME (1992) Relationships between cell volume and the carbon and nitrogen content of marine photosynthetic nanoplankton. Limnol Oceanogr 37:1434-1446
60. Verity PG, Sieracki ME (1993) Use of color image analysis and epifluorescence microscopy to measure plankton biomass. In: Kemp PF, Sherr BF, Sherr EB, Cole JJ (eds) Handbook of methods in aquatic microbial ecology. Lewis Publ., London, p 327-338
61. Verity PG, Stoecker DK, Sieracki ME, Burkill PH, Edwards ES, Tronzo CR (1993) Abundance, biomass, and distribution of heterotrophic dinoflagellates during the North Atlantic spring bloom. Deep Sea Res II 40:227-244
62. Walsh ID, Gardner WD (1992) Comparison of large particle camera profiles with sediment trap fluxes. Deep Sea Res 39:1817-1834
63. Williams SC, Frischer M, Verity PG (1996) Distinguishing between metabolically active and inactive bacteria. EOS 76:148
64. Williams SC, Verity PG, Beatty T (1995) A new staining technique for dual identification of plankton and detritus in seawater. J Plankton Res 17:2037-2047
65. Young IT (1989) Image fidelity: characterizing the imaging transfer function. In: Taylor DL, Wang Y (eds) Fluorescence microscopy of living cells in culture, Part B, Quantitative fluorescence microscopy - imaging and spectroscopy. Academic Press, New York, p 1-45
66. Zweifel UL, Hagström Å (1995) Total counts of marine bacteria include a large fraction of non-nucleoid containing bacteria (ghosts). Appl Environ Microb 61:2180-2185