An examination of the relationship between answer changing, testwiseness, and examination performance

Journal of Experimental Education

Volumn 66, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 49-60

  Geiger, Marshall A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0031350797     PISSN: 00220973     EISSN: 19400683     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00220979709601394     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. Bath, J. A. (1967). Answer-changing behavior on objective examinations. The Journal of Educational Research, 61, 105-107.
2. Benjamin, L. T. Jr., Cavell, T. A., & Shallenberger, W. R. (1984). Staying with initial answers on objective tests: Is it myth? Teaching of Psychology, 2, 133-141.
3. Brown, W. F. (1964). Effective Study Test. San Marcos, TX: Effective Study Materials.
4. Bruch, M. A., Juster, H. R., & Kaflowitz, N. G. (1983). Relationships of cognitive components of test anxiety to test performance: Implications for assessment and treatment. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 30, 527-536.
5. Carter, K. (1986). Test-wiseness for teachers and students. Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, 5, 20-23.
6. Casteel, C. A. (1991). Answer changing on multiple-choice test items among eighth-grade readers. The Journal of Experimental Education, 59, 300-309.
7. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
8. Copeland, D. A. (1972). Should chemistry students change answers on multiple-choice tests? Journal of Chemical Education, 49, 258.
9. Cronbach, L. J. (1946). Response sets and test validity. Educational and Psychological Measurement. 6, 475-494.
10. Diamond, J. J., & Evans, W. J. (1972). An investigation of the cognitive correlates of test-wiseness. Journal of Education Measurement, 9, 145-150.
11. Dolly, J. P., & Williams, K. S. (1986). Using test-taking strategies to maximize multiple-choice test scores. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 46, 619-625.
12. Engelhardt, D. F. (1979). Motivation and test-wiseness. In Banks C., Penfield D., & Miller P. (Eds.), Director’s handbook: Topics in testing measurement and evaluation (pp. 1-13). Trenton, NJ: New Jersey State Department of Education.
13. Fagley, N. S., Miller, P. M., & Downing, R. (1990, August). Convergent and discriminant validity of the Experimental Test of Testwiseness. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Boston.
14. Fagley, N. S. (1987). Positional response bias: Its relationship to testwiseness and guessing strategy. Journal of Educational Psychology, 79, 95-97.
15. Flynn, J. T., & Anderson, B. E. (1977). The effects of test item cue sensitivity on IQ and achievement test performance. Educational Research Quarterly, 2, 32-39.
16. Foote, R., & Belinsky, C. (1972). It pays to switch? Consequences of changing answers on multiple-choice examinations. Psychological Reports, 31, 667-613.
17. Friedman, S. J., & Cook, G. L. (1995). Is an examinee’s cognitive style related to the impact of answer changing on multiple-choice tests? The Journal of Experimental Education. 63, 199-213.
18. Geiger, M. A. (1991a). Changing multiple-choice answers: Do students accurately perceive their performance? The Journal of Experimental Education, 59, 250-257.
19. Geiger, M. A. (1991b). Changing multiple-choice answers: A validation and extension. College Student Journal, 25, 181-186.
20. Gibb, B. (1964). Testwiseness as secondary cue response (Doctoral dissertation, Stanford University, 1964). (University Microfilms No. 64-7643)
21. Green, K. (1981). Item-response changes on multiple-choice tests as a function of test anxiety. The Journal of Experimental Education, 49, 225-228.
22. Harmon, M. G., Morse, D. T., & Morse, L. W. (1996). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Gibb Experimental Test of Testwiseness. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 56, 276-286.
23. Jacobs, S. S. (1972). Answer changing on objective tests: Some implications for test validity. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 32, 1039-1044.
24. Johnson, O. (1976). Testwiseness Test. In O. Johnson (Ed.), Tests and measures of child development (pp. 462-196). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
25. Mathews, C. C. (1929). Erroneous first impressions on objective tests. Journal of Educational Psychology, 20, 280-286.
26. McMorris, R. F., DeMers, L. P., & Schwarz, S. P. (1987). Attitudes, behaviors, and reasons for changing responses following answer-changing instruction. Journal of Educational Measurement, 24. 131-143.
27. McMorris, R. F., & Weideman, A. H. (1986). Answer changing after instruction on answer changing. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 18, 93-101.
28. Miller, P. M., Fagley, N. S., Downing, R., Jones, R. N., Campbell, J. L., & Knox-Harbour, P. (1989, August). Convergent validity of the Gibh (1964) Experimental Test of Testwiseness. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, New Orleans, LA.
29. Miller, P. M., Fagley, N. S., & Lane, D. S., Jr. (1988). Stability of the Gibb (1964) Experimental Test of Testwiseness. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 48, 1123-1127.
30. Millman, J. (1966). Test-wiseness in taking objective achievement and aptitude examinations (Final Report). Princeton, NJ: College Entrance Examination Board.
31. Millman, J., Bishop, C. H., & Ebel, R. (1965). An analysis of testwiseness. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 25, 707-726.
32. Mueller, D. J., & Wasser, V. (1977). Implications of changing answers on objective test items. Journal of Educational Measurement, 14, 9-13.
33. Prinsell, C. P., Ramsey, P. H., & Ramsey, P. P. (1994). Score gains, attitudes and behavior changes due to answer-changing instruction. Journal of Educational Measurement, 31, 327-337.
34. Ramsey, P. H., Ramsey, P. P., & Barnes, M. J. (1987). Effects of student confidence and item difficulty on test score gains due to answer changing. Teaching of Psychology, 14, 206-210.
35. Reiling, E., & Taylor, R. (1972). A new approach to the problem of handling initial responses to multiple choice questions. Journal of Educational Measurement, 9, 67-70.
36. Rogers, W. T., & Bateson, D. J. (1991). Verification of a model of test-taking behavior in high school seniors. The Journal of Experimental Education, 59, 331-350.
37. Rowley, G. L. (1974). Which examinees are most favored by the use of multiple-choice tests? Journal of Educational Measurement, 11, 15-23.
38. Samacki, R. E. (1979). An examination of testwiseness in the cognitive test domain. Review of Educational Research, 49, 252-279.
39. Schwarz, S. P., McMorris, R. F., & DeMers, L. P. (1991). Reasons for changing answers: An evaluation using personal interviews. Journal of Educational Measurement, 28, 163-171.
40. Shatz, M. A., & Best, J. B. (1987). Students’ reasons for changing answers on objective tests. Teaching of Psychology, 14, 241-242.
41. Skinner, N. F. (1983). Switching answers on multiple-choice questions: Shrewdness or Shibbaleth? Teaching of Psychology, 10, 220-222.
42. Sudweeks, R. R., Baird, J. H., & Peterson, G. A. (1989). Test-wise responses of third, fifth, and sixth-grade students to clued and unclued multiple-choice science items. (ERIC Document Reproduction No. ED 318 777)
43. Thorndike, E. L. (1951). Reliability. In E. F. Lindquist (Ed.), Educational measurement (pp. 560-620). Washington, DC: American Council on Education.
44. Videler, D., & Hansen, R. (1980). Answer changing on multiple-choice tests. The Journal of Experimental Education, 49, 18-20.