메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 10, Issue 6, 1997, Pages 370-376

Biosynthesis, Structure, and Function of Neuromelanin and its Relation to Parkinson's Disease: A Critical Update

Author keywords

Cysteinyldopamine; Dopamine; Extracutaneous melanins; Neuronal degeneration; Oxidative stress; Substantia nigra

Indexed keywords

MELANIN; NEUROMELANIN;

EID: 0031296810     PISSN: 08935785     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0749.1997.tb00694.x     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (43)

References (69)
  • 1
    • 0028115611 scopus 로고
    • Evidence for a glycidic-lipidic matrix in human neuromelanin, potentially responsible for the enhanced iron sequestering ability of substantia nigra
    • Aime, S., M. Fasano, B. Bergamasco, L. Lipiano, and G. Valente (1994) Evidence for a glycidic-lipidic matrix in human neuromelanin, potentially responsible for the enhanced iron sequestering ability of substantia nigra. J. Neurochem., 62:369-371.
    • (1994) J. Neurochem. , vol.62 , pp. 369-371
    • Aime, S.1    Fasano, M.2    Bergamasco, B.3    Lipiano, L.4    Valente, G.5
  • 2
    • 0029690726 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy characterization and iron content determination of human mesencephalic neuromelanin
    • Aime, S., M. Fasano, B. Bergamasco, L. Lopiano, and G. Quattrocolo (1996) Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy characterization and iron content determination of human mesencephalic neuromelanin. Adv. Neurol., 69, 263-270.
    • (1996) Adv. Neurol. , vol.69 , pp. 263-270
    • Aime, S.1    Fasano, M.2    Bergamasco, B.3    Lopiano, L.4    Quattrocolo, G.5
  • 3
    • 0000887737 scopus 로고
    • The histochemistry of lipofuscin and neuromelanin
    • AlojTotaro, E.; Glees, P.; Pisanti, F.A., eds. Pergamon Press, Oxford
    • Barden, H. and K.R. Brizzee (1987) The histochemistry of lipofuscin and neuromelanin. In: Advances in Age Pigments Research. AlojTotaro, E.; Glees, P.; Pisanti, F.A., eds. Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 339-392.
    • (1987) Advances in Age Pigments Research , pp. 339-392
    • Barden, H.1    Brizzee, K.R.2
  • 4
    • 0026040282 scopus 로고
    • Iron-melanin interaction and lipid peroxidation: Implication for Parkinson's Disease
    • Ben-Schachar, D., P. Riederer, and M.B.H. Youdim (1991) Iron-melanin interaction and lipid peroxidation: Implication for Parkinson's Disease. J. Neurochem., 57:1609-1614.
    • (1991) J. Neurochem. , vol.57 , pp. 1609-1614
    • Ben-Schachar, D.1    Riederer, P.2    Youdim, M.B.H.3
  • 5
    • 0022622191 scopus 로고
    • Nuclear configuration and neuronal types of the nucleus niger in the brain of the human adult
    • Braak, H. and E. Braak (1986) Nuclear configuration and neuronal types of the nucleus niger in the brain of the human adult. Human Neurobiol., 5:71-82.
    • (1986) Human Neurobiol. , vol.5 , pp. 71-82
    • Braak, H.1    Braak, E.2
  • 6
    • 0026289409 scopus 로고
    • Possible mechanism underlying the special vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons
    • Carlsson, A. and B. Fornstedt (1991) Possible mechanism underlying the special vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons. Acta Neurol. Scand., 84:16-18.
    • (1991) Acta Neurol. Scand. , vol.84 , pp. 16-18
    • Carlsson, A.1    Fornstedt, B.2
  • 10
    • 0023137046 scopus 로고
    • Characterization of the binding of N-methyl-4-phenylpyridine, the toxic metabolite of the parkinsonian neurotoxin N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
    • D'Amato, R.J., D.F. Benham, and S.H. Snyder (1987) Characterization of the binding of N-methyl-4-phenylpyridine, the toxic metabolite of the parkinsonian neurotoxin N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. J. Neurochem., 48:653-658.
    • (1987) J. Neurochem. , vol.48 , pp. 653-658
    • D'Amato, R.J.1    Benham, D.F.2    Snyder, S.H.3
  • 12
    • 0029037380 scopus 로고
    • Nitric oxide-induced nitration of catecholamine neurotransmitters: A key to neuronal degeneration?
    • d'Ischia, M. and C. Costantini (1995) Nitric oxide-induced nitration of catecholamine neurotransmitters: A key to neuronal degeneration? Bioorg. Med. Chem., 3:923-927.
    • (1995) Bioorg. Med. Chem. , vol.3 , pp. 923-927
    • D'Ischia, M.1    Costantini, C.2
  • 13
    • 0027243726 scopus 로고
    • Purified human neuromelanin, synthetic dopamine as a potential model pigment, and the normal human substantia nigra: Characterization by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy
    • Enochs, W.S., M.J. Nilges, and H.M. Swartz (1993) Purified human neuromelanin, synthetic dopamine as a potential model pigment, and the normal human substantia nigra: characterization by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. J. Neurochem., 61:68-71.
    • (1993) J. Neurochem. , vol.61 , pp. 68-71
    • Enochs, W.S.1    Nilges, M.J.2    Swartz, H.M.3
  • 14
    • 0028174370 scopus 로고
    • The role of neuromelanin, binding of metal ions, and oxidative cytotoxicity in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease: A hypothesis
    • Enochs, W.S., T. Sarna, L. Zecca, P.A. Riley, and H.M. Swartz (1994) The role of neuromelanin, binding of metal ions, and oxidative cytotoxicity in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease: A hypothesis. J. Neural. Trans. Park. Dis. Dement. Sect., 7:83-100.
    • (1994) J. Neural. Trans. Park. Dis. Dement. Sect. , vol.7 , pp. 83-100
    • Enochs, W.S.1    Sarna, T.2    Zecca, L.3    Riley, P.A.4    Swartz, H.M.5
  • 15
    • 0026484388 scopus 로고
    • The oxidant stress hypothesis in Parkinson's disease: Evidence supporting it
    • Fahn, S., and G. Cohen (1992) The oxidant stress hypothesis in Parkinson's disease: Evidence supporting it. Ann. Neurol., 32, 804-812.
    • (1992) Ann. Neurol. , vol.32 , pp. 804-812
    • Fahn, S.1    Cohen, G.2
  • 16
    • 0028506950 scopus 로고
    • The aging substantia nigra: Quantitative histologic study
    • Faraldi, F., M.G. Reyes, E. Alfieri, and A.C. Levi (1994) The aging substantia nigra: quantitative histologic study. Panminerva Med., 36:103-108.
    • (1994) Panminerva Med. , vol.36 , pp. 103-108
    • Faraldi, F.1    Reyes, M.G.2    Alfieri, E.3    Levi, A.C.4
  • 17
    • 0026059789 scopus 로고
    • Vitamin C deficiency facilitates 5-S-cysteinyldopamine formation in guinea pig striatum
    • Fornstedt, B. and A. Carlsson (1991) Vitamin C deficiency facilitates 5-S-cysteinyldopamine formation in guinea pig striatum. J. Neurochem., 56:407-414.
    • (1991) J. Neurochem. , vol.56 , pp. 407-414
    • Fornstedt, B.1    Carlsson, A.2
  • 18
    • 0025472463 scopus 로고
    • In vivo autoxidation of dopamine in guinea pig striatum increases with age
    • Fornstedt, B., E. Pileblad, and A. Carlsson (1990) In vivo autoxidation of dopamine in guinea pig striatum increases with age. J. Neurochem., 55:655-659.
    • (1990) J. Neurochem. , vol.55 , pp. 655-659
    • Fornstedt, B.1    Pileblad, E.2    Carlsson, A.3
  • 19
    • 0024828170 scopus 로고
    • The apparent autoxidation rate of catechols in dopamine-rich regions of human brains increases with the degree of depigmentation of substantia nigra
    • Fornstedt, B., A. Brun, E. Rosengren, and A. Carlsson (1989) The apparent autoxidation rate of catechols in dopamine-rich regions of human brains increases with the degree of depigmentation of substantia nigra. J. Neural. Trans. 1(P-D Sect):279-295.
    • (1989) J. Neural. Trans. 1 , Issue.P-D SECT , pp. 279-295
    • Fornstedt, B.1    Brun, A.2    Rosengren, E.3    Carlsson, A.4
  • 20
    • 0028990740 scopus 로고
    • Mossbauer spectroscopic studies of purified human neuromelanin isolated from the substantia nigra
    • Gerlach, M., A.X. Trautwein, L. Zecca, M.B.H. Youdim and E Riederer (1995) Mossbauer spectroscopic studies of purified human neuromelanin isolated from the substantia nigra. J. Neurochem., 65:923-926.
    • (1995) J. Neurochem. , vol.65 , pp. 923-926
    • Gerlach, M.1    Trautwein, A.X.2    Zecca, L.3    Youdim, M.B.H.4    Riederer, E.5
  • 21
    • 0026638825 scopus 로고
    • Melanin, tyrosine hydroxylase, calbindin and substance P in the human midbrain and substantia nigra in relation to nigrostriatal projections and differential neuronal susceptibility in Parkinson's disease
    • Gibb, W.R.G. (1992) Melanin, tyrosine hydroxylase, calbindin and substance P in the human midbrain and substantia nigra in relation to nigrostriatal projections and differential neuronal susceptibility in Parkinson's disease. Brain Res. 581:283-291.
    • (1992) Brain Res. , vol.581 , pp. 283-291
    • Gibb, W.R.G.1
  • 22
    • 0025763177 scopus 로고
    • Anatomy pigmentation, ventral and dorsal subpopulations of the substantia nigra is increased in Parkinson's disease
    • Gibb, W.R.G., and A.J. Lees (1991). Anatomy pigmentation, ventral and dorsal subpopulations of the substantia nigra is increased in Parkinson's disease. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 54:388-396.
    • (1991) J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry , vol.54 , pp. 388-396
    • Gibb, W.R.G.1    Lees, A.J.2
  • 23
    • 0023100111 scopus 로고
    • Neuromelanogenic and cytotoxic properties of canine brainstem peroxidase
    • Grisham, M.B., V.J. Perez, and J. Everse (1987). Neuromelanogenic and cytotoxic properties of canine brainstem peroxidase. J. Neurochem. 48:876-882.
    • (1987) J. Neurochem. , vol.48 , pp. 876-882
    • Grisham, M.B.1    Perez, V.J.2    Everse, J.3
  • 24
    • 0028812293 scopus 로고
    • Enzymatic oxidation of dopamine: The role of prostaglandin H synthase
    • Hastings, T.G. (1995) Enzymatic oxidation of dopamine: The role of prostaglandin H synthase. J. Neurochem., 64:919-924.
    • (1995) J. Neurochem. , vol.64 , pp. 919-924
    • Hastings, T.G.1
  • 26
    • 0027265699 scopus 로고
    • Does oxidative stress participate in nerve cell death in Parkinson's disease?
    • Hirsch, E.C. (1993) Does oxidative stress participate in nerve cell death in Parkinson's disease? Eur. Neurol., 33:52-59.
    • (1993) Eur. Neurol. , vol.33 , pp. 52-59
    • Hirsch, E.C.1
  • 27
    • 0028492775 scopus 로고
    • Biochemistry of Parkinson's disease with special reference to the dopaminergic systems
    • Hirsch, E.C. (1994) Biochemistry of Parkinson's disease with special reference to the dopaminergic systems. Mol. Neurobiol., 9:135-142.
    • (1994) Mol. Neurobiol. , vol.9 , pp. 135-142
    • Hirsch, E.C.1
  • 30
    • 0026740057 scopus 로고
    • New insights into the cause of Parkinson's disease
    • Jenner, P., A.H.V. Schapira, and C.D. Marsden (1992) New insights into the cause of Parkinson's disease. Neurology, 42:2241-2250.
    • (1992) Neurology , vol.42 , pp. 2241-2250
    • Jenner, P.1    Schapira, A.H.V.2    Marsden, C.D.3
  • 31
    • 0026635461 scopus 로고
    • Oxidative stress as a cause of nigral cell death in Parkinson's disease and incidental Lewy body disease
    • Jenner, P., D. Dexter, J. Sian, A. Schapira, and C. Marsden (1992) Oxidative stress as a cause of nigral cell death in Parkinson's disease and incidental Lewy body disease. Ann. Neurol., 32:S82-S87.
    • (1992) Ann. Neurol. , vol.32
    • Jenner, P.1    Dexter, D.2    Sian, J.3    Schapira, A.4    Marsden, C.5
  • 32
    • 0026662141 scopus 로고
    • Is the vulnerability of neurons in the Substantia Nigra of patients with Parkinson's disease related to their neuromelanin content?
    • Kastner, A., E.C. Hirsch, O. Lejeune, F. Javoy-Agid, O. Rascol, and Y. Agid (1992) Is the vulnerability of neurons in the Substantia Nigra of patients with Parkinson's disease related to their neuromelanin content? J. Neurochem., 59:1080-1089.
    • (1992) J. Neurochem. , vol.59 , pp. 1080-1089
    • Kastner, A.1    Hirsch, E.C.2    Lejeune, O.3    Javoy-Agid, F.4    Rascol, O.5    Agid, Y.6
  • 33
    • 0029045407 scopus 로고
    • Antioxidant action of neuromelanin: The mechanism of inhibitory effect on lipid peroxidation
    • Korytowski, W., T. Sarna, and M. Zareba (1995) Antioxidant action of neuromelanin: The mechanism of inhibitory effect on lipid peroxidation. Archiv. Biochem. Biophys., 319:142-148.
    • (1995) Archiv. Biochem. Biophys. , vol.319 , pp. 142-148
    • Korytowski, W.1    Sarna, T.2    Zareba, M.3
  • 35
    • 0024498507 scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms underlying neuronal degeneration in Parkinson's disease: An experimental and theoretical treatise
    • Langston, J.W. (1989) Mechanisms underlying neuronal degeneration in Parkinson's disease: An experimental and theoretical treatise. Mov. Disord., 4:S15-S25.
    • (1989) Mov. Disord. , vol.4
    • Langston, J.W.1
  • 36
    • 0023558226 scopus 로고
    • Neuromelanin and its possible protective and destructive properties
    • Lindquist, N.G., B.S. Larsson, and A. Lydel-Sokolowski (1987) Neuromelanin and its possible protective and destructive properties. Pigment Cell Res., 1:133-136.
    • (1987) Pigment Cell Res. , vol.1 , pp. 133-136
    • Lindquist, N.G.1    Larsson, B.S.2    Lydel-Sokolowski, A.3
  • 37
    • 0030598917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dopamine, 6-hydroxydopamine, iron, and dioxygen - Their mutual interaction and possible implication in the development of Parkinson's Disease
    • Linert, W., E. Herlinger, R.F. Jameson, E. Kienzl, K. Jellinger, and M.B.H. Youdim (1996) Dopamine, 6-hydroxydopamine, iron, and dioxygen - their mutual interaction and possible implication in the development of Parkinson's Disease. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1316:160-168.
    • (1996) Biochim. Biophys. Acta , vol.1316 , pp. 160-168
    • Linert, W.1    Herlinger, E.2    Jameson, R.F.3    Kienzl, E.4    Jellinger, K.5    Youdim, M.B.H.6
  • 38
    • 0016242482 scopus 로고
    • Lipoprotein pigments: Their relationship to aging in the human nervous system. II. The melanin content of pigmented nerve cells
    • Mann, D.M.A. and P.O. Yates (1974) Lipoprotein pigments: Their relationship to aging in the human nervous system. II. The melanin content of pigmented nerve cells. Brain, 97:489-498.
    • (1974) Brain , vol.97 , pp. 489-498
    • Mann, D.M.A.1    Yates, P.O.2
  • 39
    • 0020509931 scopus 로고
    • Possible role of neuromelanin in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease
    • Mann, D.M.A. and P.O. Yates (1983) Possible role of neuromelanin in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Mech. Ageing Dev., 21:193-203.
    • (1983) Mech. Ageing Dev. , vol.21 , pp. 193-203
    • Mann, D.M.A.1    Yates, P.O.2
  • 40
    • 0020996094 scopus 로고
    • Neuromelanin and Parkinson's disease
    • Marsden, C.D. (1983) Neuromelanin and Parkinson's disease. J. Neural Trans., 19S:121-141.
    • (1983) J. Neural Trans. , vol.19 S , pp. 121-141
    • Marsden, C.D.1
  • 41
    • 0028969650 scopus 로고
    • Prostaglandin H synthetase-mediated metabolism of dopamine: Implication for Parkinson's Disease
    • Mattammal, M.B., R. Strong, V.M. Lakshmi, D.C. Hyung, and A.H. Stephenson (1995) Prostaglandin H synthetase-mediated metabolism of dopamine: Implication for Parkinson's Disease. J. Neurochem., 64:1645-1654.
    • (1995) J. Neurochem. , vol.64 , pp. 1645-1654
    • Mattammal, M.B.1    Strong, R.2    Lakshmi, V.M.3    Hyung, D.C.4    Stephenson, A.H.5
  • 42
    • 0028267697 scopus 로고
    • Binding of 1,2(N)-di-methyl-6,7-dihydroxy-isoquinolinium ion to melanin: Effects of ferrous and ferric ion on the binding
    • Naoi, M., W. Maruyama, and P. Dostert (1994) Binding of 1,2(N)-di-methyl-6,7-dihydroxy-isoquinolinium ion to melanin: Effects of ferrous and ferric ion on the binding. Neurosci. Lett., 171:9-12.
    • (1994) Neurosci. Lett. , vol.171 , pp. 9-12
    • Naoi, M.1    Maruyama, W.2    Dostert, P.3
  • 44
    • 0027991538 scopus 로고
    • Degeneration of nitrostriatal dopaminergic neurons increases iron within the Substantia Nigra: A histochemical and neurochemical study
    • Oestreicher, E., G.J. Sengstock, P. Riederer, C.W. Olanow, A.J. Dunn, and G.W Arendash (1994) Degeneration of nitrostriatal dopaminergic neurons increases iron within the Substantia Nigra: A histochemical and neurochemical study. Brain Res., 660:8-18.
    • (1994) Brain Res. , vol.660 , pp. 8-18
    • Oestreicher, E.1    Sengstock, G.J.2    Riederer, P.3    Olanow, C.W.4    Dunn, A.J.5    Arendash, G.W.6
  • 45
    • 0028867889 scopus 로고
    • Iron- and peroxide-dependent conjugation of dopamine with cysteine: Oxidative routes to the novel brain metabolite 5-S-cysteinyldopamine
    • Palumbo, A., M. d'Ischia, G. Misuraca, L. De Martino, and G. Prota (1995) Iron- and peroxide-dependent conjugation of dopamine with cysteine: Oxidative routes to the novel brain metabolite 5-S-cysteinyldopamine. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1245:255-261.
    • (1995) Biochim. Biophys. Acta , vol.1245 , pp. 255-261
    • Palumbo, A.1    D'Ischia, M.2    Misuraca, G.3    De Martino, L.4    Prota, G.5
  • 46
    • 0030790785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Iron-mediated generation of the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine quinone by reaction of fatty acid hydroperoxides with dopamine: A possible contributory mechanism for neuronal degeneration in Parkinson's disease
    • in press
    • Pezzella, A., M. d'Ischia, A. Napolitano, G. Misuraca, and G. Prota (1997) Iron-mediated generation of the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine quinone by reaction of fatty acid hydroperoxides with dopamine: A possible contributory mechanism for neuronal degeneration in Parkinson's disease. J. Med. Chem., in press.
    • (1997) J. Med. Chem.
    • Pezzella, A.1    D'Ischia, M.2    Napolitano, A.3    Misuraca, G.4    Prota, G.5
  • 47
  • 48
    • 0027672938 scopus 로고
    • Neuromelanin: A key to Parkinson's disease
    • Prota, G. and M. d'Ischia (1993). Neuromelanin: A key to Parkinson's disease. Pigment Cell Res., 6:333-335.
    • (1993) Pigment Cell Res. , vol.6 , pp. 333-335
    • Prota, G.1    D'Ischia, M.2
  • 51
    • 0016790184 scopus 로고
    • Melanin formation by human brain in vitro
    • Rodgers, A.D. and G. Curzon (1975) Melanin formation by human brain in vitro. J. Neurochem., 24:1123-1129.
    • (1975) J. Neurochem. , vol.24 , pp. 1123-1129
    • Rodgers, A.D.1    Curzon, G.2
  • 54
    • 0029967920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Synthesis, redox properties, in vivo formation, and neurobehavioral effects of N-acetylcysteinyl conjugates of dopamine: Possible metabolites of relevance to Parkinson's disease
    • Shen, X.M., B. Xia, M.Z. Wrona, and G. Dryhurst (1996) Synthesis, redox properties, in vivo formation, and neurobehavioral effects of N-acetylcysteinyl conjugates of dopamine: Possible metabolites of relevance to Parkinson's disease. Chem. Res. Toxicol., 9:1117-1126.
    • (1996) Chem. Res. Toxicol. , vol.9 , pp. 1117-1126
    • Shen, X.M.1    Xia, B.2    Wrona, M.Z.3    Dryhurst, G.4
  • 55
    • 0000816753 scopus 로고
    • Glutathione-related enzymes in brain in basal ganglia degenerative disorders
    • Sian, J., D.T. Dexter, P. Jenner, and C.D. Marsden (1992) Glutathione-related enzymes in brain in basal ganglia degenerative disorders. Br. J. Pharmacol., 107:428P.
    • (1992) Br. J. Pharmacol. , vol.107
    • Sian, J.1    Dexter, D.T.2    Jenner, P.3    Marsden, C.D.4
  • 56
    • 0025963530 scopus 로고
    • Selective increase of iron in substantia nigra zona compacta of Parkinsonian brains
    • Sofic, E., W. Paulus, W. Jellinger, P. Riederer, and M.B.H. Youdim (1991) Selective increase of iron in substantia nigra zona compacta of Parkinsonian brains. J. Neurochem., 56:978-982.
    • (1991) J. Neurochem. , vol.56 , pp. 978-982
    • Sofic, E.1    Paulus, W.2    Jellinger, W.3    Riederer, P.4    Youdim, M.B.H.5
  • 57
    • 0345724066 scopus 로고
    • Dopamine turnover and glutathione oxidation: Implication for Parkinson's disease
    • Spina, M.B. and G. Cohen (1989) Dopamine turnover and glutathione oxidation: implication for Parkinson's disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 86:1398-1400.
    • (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , vol.86 , pp. 1398-1400
    • Spina, M.B.1    Cohen, G.2
  • 58
    • 0028045734 scopus 로고
    • Increased iron in the substantia nigra compacta of the MPTP-lesioned hemiparkinsonian African green monkey: Evidence from proton microprobe elemental microanalysis
    • Temlett, J.A., J.P. Landsberg, F. Watt, and G.W. Grime (1994) Increased iron in the substantia nigra compacta of the MPTP-lesioned hemiparkinsonian African green monkey: Evidence from proton microprobe elemental microanalysis. J. Neurochem., 62:134-146.
    • (1994) J. Neurochem. , vol.62 , pp. 134-146
    • Temlett, J.A.1    Landsberg, J.P.2    Watt, F.3    Grime, G.W.4
  • 59
    • 0026091762 scopus 로고
    • Cysteinyldopamine is not incorporated into neuromelanin
    • Wakamatsu, K., S. Ito, and T. Nagatsu (1991) Cysteinyldopamine is not incorporated into neuromelanin. Neurosci. Lett., 131:57-60.
    • (1991) Neurosci. Lett. , vol.131 , pp. 57-60
    • Wakamatsu, K.1    Ito, S.2    Nagatsu, T.3
  • 60
    • 84996111069 scopus 로고
    • Is Parkinson's disease a progressive siderosis of Substantia Nigra resulting in iron and melanin induced neurodegeneration?
    • Youdim, M.B.H., D. Ben-Schachar, and P. Riederer (1989) Is Parkinson's disease a progressive siderosis of Substantia Nigra resulting in iron and melanin induced neurodegeneration? Acta Neurol. Scand., 126:47-54.
    • (1989) Acta Neurol. Scand. , vol.126 , pp. 47-54
    • Youdim, M.B.H.1    Ben-Schachar, D.2    Riederer, P.3
  • 62
    • 0027497409 scopus 로고
    • The possible role of iron in the etiopathology of Parkinson's disease
    • Youdim, M.B.H., D. Ben-Schachar, and E Riederer (1993b) The possible role of iron in the etiopathology of Parkinson's disease. Movement Disorders. 8:1-12.
    • (1993) Movement Disorders , vol.8 , pp. 1-12
    • Youdim, M.B.H.1    Ben-Schachar, D.2    Riederer, E.3
  • 63
    • 0028170909 scopus 로고
    • The enigma of neuromelanin in Parkinson's disease substantia nigra
    • Youdim, M.B.H., D. Ben-Schachar, and P. Riederer (1994) The enigma of neuromelanin in Parkinson's disease substantia nigra. J. Neural Transm., 43:113-122.
    • (1994) J. Neural Transm. , vol.43 , pp. 113-122
    • Youdim, M.B.H.1    Ben-Schachar, D.2    Riederer, P.3
  • 64
    • 0028999659 scopus 로고
    • The effect of a synthetic neuromelanin on yield of free hydroxyl radicals generated in model systems
    • Zareba, M., A. Bober, W. Korytowski, L. Zecca, and T. Sarna (1995) The effect of a synthetic neuromelanin on yield of free hydroxyl radicals generated in model systems. Biochem. Biophys. Acta, 1271:343-848.
    • (1995) Biochem. Biophys. Acta , vol.1271 , pp. 343-848
    • Zareba, M.1    Bober, A.2    Korytowski, W.3    Zecca, L.4    Sarna, T.5
  • 65
    • 0026544108 scopus 로고
    • The chemical characterisation of melanin contained in substantia nigra of human brain
    • Zecca, L., C. Mecacci, R. Seraglia, and E. Parati (1992) The chemical characterisation of melanin contained in substantia nigra of human brain. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1138:6-10.
    • (1992) Biochim. Biophys. Acta , vol.1138 , pp. 6-10
    • Zecca, L.1    Mecacci, C.2    Seraglia, R.3    Parati, E.4
  • 66
    • 0027260711 scopus 로고
    • Total and paramagnetic metals in human substantia nigra and its neuromelanin
    • Zecca, L. and H.M. Swartz (1993) Total and paramagnetic metals in human substantia nigra and its neuromelanin. J. Neural. Trans. Park. Dis. Dement. Sect. 5:203-213.
    • (1993) J. Neural. Trans. Park. Dis. Dement. Sect. , vol.5 , pp. 203-213
    • Zecca, L.1    Swartz, H.M.2
  • 68
    • 0028215392 scopus 로고
    • Effects of L-cysteine on the oxidation chemistry of dopamine: New reaction pathways of potential relevance to idiopathic Parkinson's Disease
    • Zhang, F.A. and G. Dryhurst (1994) Effects of L-cysteine on the oxidation chemistry of dopamine: New reaction pathways of potential relevance to idiopathic Parkinson's Disease. J. Med. Chem., 37:1084-1098.
    • (1994) J. Med. Chem. , vol.37 , pp. 1084-1098
    • Zhang, F.A.1    Dryhurst, G.2
  • 69
    • 0029037964 scopus 로고
    • Reactions of cysteine and cysteinyl derivatives with dopamine-o-quinone and further insight into the oxidation chemistry of 5-S-cysteinyldopamine - Potential relevance to idiopathic Parkinson's disease
    • Zhang, F.A. and G. Dryhurst (1995) Reactions of cysteine and cysteinyl derivatives with dopamine-o-quinone and further insight into the oxidation chemistry of 5-S-cysteinyldopamine - potential relevance to idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Bioorg. Chem., 23:193-216.
    • (1995) Bioorg. Chem. , vol.23 , pp. 193-216
    • Zhang, F.A.1    Dryhurst, G.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.