메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 200, Issue 21, 1997, Pages 2723-2745

The mechanics of flight in the hawkmoth manduca sexta II. Aerodynamic consequences of kinematic and morphological variation

Author keywords

Aerodynamics; Hawkmoth; Lift coefficient; Manduca sexta; Morphology; Power requirements

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; BIOMECHANICS; FEMALE; FLYING; HISTOLOGY; LEPIDOPTERA; MALE; PHYSIOLOGY;

EID: 0031281410     PISSN: 00220949     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (202)

References (70)
  • 1
    • 0022817699 scopus 로고
    • Kinematics and aerodynamics of the greater horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, in horizontal flight at various flight speeds
    • ALDRIDGE, H. D. J. N. (1986). Kinematics and aerodynamics of the greater horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, in horizontal flight at various flight speeds. J. exp. Biol. 126, 479-497.
    • (1986) J. Exp. Biol. , vol.126 , pp. 479-497
    • Aldridge, H.D.J.N.1
  • 2
    • 0000896341 scopus 로고
    • Wing shape and flight behaviour in butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea): A preliminary analysis
    • BETTS, C. R. AND WOOTTON, R. J. (1988). Wing shape and flight behaviour in butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea): a preliminary analysis. J. exp. Biol. 138, 271-288.
    • (1988) J. Exp. Biol. , vol.138 , pp. 271-288
    • Betts, C.R.1    Wootton, R.J.2
  • 3
    • 0003026378 scopus 로고
    • Grenzschichten in Flüssigkeiten mit kleiner Reibung
    • BLASIUS, H. (1908). Grenzschichten in Flüssigkeiten mit kleiner Reibung. Z. Math. Phys. 56, 1-37.
    • (1908) Z. Math. Phys. , vol.56 , pp. 1-37
    • Blasius, H.1
  • 4
    • 1842361426 scopus 로고
    • On the role of wing pleating in insects
    • BRODSKY, A. K. (1970). On the role of wing pleating in insects. Zh. evol. biochem. physiol. 6, 470-471.
    • (1970) Zh. Evol. Biochem. Physiol. , vol.6 , pp. 470-471
    • Brodsky, A.K.1
  • 6
    • 1842264998 scopus 로고
    • Aerodynamic peculiarities of the flight of insects. II. Smoke spectra
    • BRODSKY, A. K. AND IVANOV, V. D. (1974). Aerodynamic peculiarities of the flight of insects. II. Smoke spectra. Vestnik Leningr. Univ. (Biology) 3, 16-21.
    • (1974) Vestnik Leningr. Univ. (Biology) , vol.3 , pp. 16-21
    • Brodsky, A.K.1    Ivanov, V.D.2
  • 7
    • 0008222813 scopus 로고
    • The role of vortices in insect flight
    • BRODSKY, A. K. AND IVANOV, V. D. (1984). The role of vortices in insect flight. Zool. Zhurn. 63, 197-208.
    • (1984) Zool. Zhurn. , vol.63 , pp. 197-208
    • Brodsky, A.K.1    Ivanov, V.D.2
  • 9
    • 0016965629 scopus 로고
    • Flight energetics of sphinx moths: Power input during hovering flight
    • CASEY, T. M. (1976). Flight energetics of sphinx moths: power input during hovering flight. J. exp. Biol. 64, 529-543.
    • (1976) J. Exp. Biol. , vol.64 , pp. 529-543
    • Casey, T.M.1
  • 10
    • 0000000579 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of mechanical and energetic estimates of flight cost for hovering sphinx moths
    • CASEY, T. M. (1981). A comparison of mechanical and energetic estimates of flight cost for hovering sphinx moths. J. exp. Biol. 91, 117-129.
    • (1981) J. Exp. Biol. , vol.91 , pp. 117-129
    • Casey, T.M.1
  • 11
    • 24444465483 scopus 로고
    • A comparative analysis of wing morphology and frequency in moths of the family Sphingidae
    • CASEY, T. M. AND STEVENSON, R. D. (1989). A comparative analysis of wing morphology and frequency in moths of the family Sphingidae. Am. Soc. Zool. 29, 82A.
    • (1989) Am. Soc. Zool. , vol.29
    • Casey, T.M.1    Stevenson, R.D.2
  • 12
    • 1842279698 scopus 로고
    • Air flow and the flight of a noctuid moth
    • (ed. T. Y. Wu., C. J. Brokaw and C. Brennen), New York: Plenum Press
    • CHANCE, M. A. C. (1975). Air flow and the flight of a noctuid moth. In Swimming and Flying in Nature, vol. 2 (ed. T. Y. Wu., C. J. Brokaw and C. Brennen), pp. 829-843. New York: Plenum Press.
    • (1975) Swimming and Flying in Nature , vol.2 , pp. 829-843
    • Chance, M.A.C.1
  • 14
    • 0028957335 scopus 로고
    • Muscle efficiency and elastic storage in the flight motor of Drosophila
    • DICKINSON, M. H. AND LIGHTON, J. R. B. (1995). Muscle efficiency and elastic storage in the flight motor of Drosophila. Science 268, 87-90.
    • (1995) Science , vol.268 , pp. 87-90
    • Dickinson, M.H.1    Lighton, J.R.B.2
  • 16
    • 0025367252 scopus 로고
    • Biomechanics of flight in neotropical butterflies: Morphometrics and kinematics
    • DUDLEY, R. (1990). Biomechanics of flight in neotropical butterflies: morphometrics and kinematics. J. exp. Biol. 150, 37-53.
    • (1990) J. Exp. Biol. , vol.150 , pp. 37-53
    • Dudley, R.1
  • 18
    • 0025113192 scopus 로고
    • Flight physiology of migrating Urania fulgens (Uraniidae) moths: Kinematics and aerodynamics of natural free flight
    • DUDLEY, R. AND DEVRIES, P. J. (1990). Flight physiology of migrating Urania fulgens (Uraniidae) moths: kinematics and aerodynamics of natural free flight. J. comp. Physiol. A 167, 145-154.
    • (1990) J. Comp. Physiol. A , vol.167 , pp. 145-154
    • Dudley, R.1    Devries, P.J.2
  • 19
    • 0025359682 scopus 로고
    • Mechanics of forward flight in bumblebees. I. Kinematics and morphology
    • DUDLEY, R. AND ELLINGTON, C. P. (1990a). Mechanics of forward flight in bumblebees. I. Kinematics and morphology. J. exp. Biol. 148, 19-52.
    • (1990) J. Exp. Biol. , vol.148 , pp. 19-52
    • Dudley, R.1    Ellington, C.P.2
  • 20
    • 0025267505 scopus 로고
    • Mechanics of forward flight in bumblebees. II. Quasi-steady lift and power requirements
    • DUDLEY, R. AND ELLINGTON, C. P. (1990b). Mechanics of forward flight in bumblebees. II. Quasi-steady lift and power requirements. J. exp. Biol. 148, 53-88.
    • (1990) J. Exp. Biol. , vol.148 , pp. 53-88
    • Dudley, R.1    Ellington, C.P.2
  • 21
    • 0009613479 scopus 로고
    • Vortices and hovering flight
    • (ed. W. Nachtigall), Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner
    • ELLINGTON, C. P. (1980). Vortices and hovering flight. In Instationäre Effekte an schwingenden Tierflügeln (ed. W. Nachtigall), pp. 64-101. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner.
    • (1980) Instationäre Effekte an Schwingenden Tierflügeln , pp. 64-101
    • Ellington, C.P.1
  • 22
    • 0000671061 scopus 로고
    • The aerodynamics of hovering insect flight. I. The quasi-steady analysis
    • ELLINGTON, C. P. (1984a). The aerodynamics of hovering insect flight. I. The quasi-steady analysis. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 305, 1-15.
    • (1984) Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B , vol.305 , pp. 1-15
    • Ellington, C.P.1
  • 23
    • 0000671061 scopus 로고
    • The aerodynamics of hovering insect flight. II. Morphological parameters
    • ELLINGTON, C. P. (1984b). The aerodynamics of hovering insect flight. II. Morphological parameters. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 305, 17-40.
    • (1984) Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B , vol.305 , pp. 17-40
    • Ellington, C.P.1
  • 24
    • 0000671059 scopus 로고
    • The aerodynamics of hovering insect flight. IV. Aerodynamic mechanisms
    • ELLINGTON, C. P. (1984c). The aerodynamics of hovering insect flight. IV. Aerodynamic mechanisms. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 305, 79-113.
    • (1984) Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B , vol.305 , pp. 79-113
    • Ellington, C.P.1
  • 25
    • 0000671058 scopus 로고
    • The aerodynamics of hovering insect flight. V. A vortex theory
    • ELLINGTON, C. P. (1984d). The aerodynamics of hovering insect flight. V. A vortex theory. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 305, 115-144.
    • (1984) Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B , vol.305 , pp. 115-144
    • Ellington, C.P.1
  • 26
    • 0000671061 scopus 로고
    • The aerodynamics of hovering insect flight. VI. Lift and power requirements
    • ELLINGTON, C. P. (1984e). The aerodynamics of hovering insect flight. VI. Lift and power requirements. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 305, 145-181.
    • (1984) Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B , vol.305 , pp. 145-181
    • Ellington, C.P.1
  • 27
    • 0000090216 scopus 로고
    • Aerodynamics and the origin of insect flight
    • ELLINGTON, C. P. (1991). Aerodynamics and the origin of insect flight. Adv. Insect Physiol. 23, 171-210.
    • (1991) Adv. Insect Physiol. , vol.23 , pp. 171-210
    • Ellington, C.P.1
  • 28
    • 0029445806 scopus 로고
    • Unsteady aerodynamics of insect flight
    • Biological Fluid Dynamics (ed. C. P. Ellington and T. J. Pedley). Cambridge: Company of Biologists
    • ELLINGTON, C. P. (1995). Unsteady aerodynamics of insect flight. In Biological Fluid Dynamics (ed. C. P. Ellington and T. J. Pedley). Symp. Soc. exp. Biol. 49, 109-129. Cambridge: Company of Biologists.
    • (1995) Symp. Soc. Exp. Biol. , vol.49 , pp. 109-129
    • Ellington, C.P.1
  • 30
    • 0002397412 scopus 로고
    • The kinematics and aerodynamics of the free flight of some Diptera
    • ENNOS, A. R. (1989). The kinematics and aerodynamics of the free flight of some Diptera. J. exp. Biol. 142, 49-85.
    • (1989) J. Exp. Biol. , vol.142 , pp. 49-85
    • Ennos, A.R.1
  • 32
    • 0001446687 scopus 로고
    • The instrinsic range and speed of flight of insects
    • HOCKING, B. (1953). The instrinsic range and speed of flight of insects. Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 104, 223-345.
    • (1953) Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Lond. , vol.104 , pp. 223-345
    • Hocking, B.1
  • 33
    • 0000843399 scopus 로고
    • Biology and physics of locust flight. III. The aerodynamics of locust flight
    • JENSEN, M. (1956). Biology and physics of locust flight. III. The aerodynamics of locust flight. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 239, 511-552.
    • (1956) Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B , vol.239 , pp. 511-552
    • Jensen, M.1
  • 35
    • 0029808285 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A computational fluid dynamics study of tadpole swimming
    • LIU, H., WASSERSUG, R. J. AND KAWACHI, K. (1996). A computational fluid dynamics study of tadpole swimming. J. exp. Biol. 199, 1245-1260.
    • (1996) J. Exp. Biol. , vol.199 , pp. 1245-1260
    • Liu, H.1    Wassersug, R.J.2    Kawachi, K.3
  • 36
    • 1842272829 scopus 로고
    • Zur Aerodynamik des Coleopteren flugs: Wirken die Elytren als Tragflügel?
    • NACHTIGALL, W. (1964). Zur Aerodynamik des Coleopteren flugs: Wirken die Elytren als Tragflügel? Verh. dt. zool. Ges. 52, 319-326.
    • (1964) Verh. Dt. Zool. Ges. , vol.52 , pp. 319-326
    • Nachtigall, W.1
  • 37
    • 34250532528 scopus 로고
    • Die Kinematik der Schlagflügelbewegungen von Dipteren. Methodische und Analytische Grundlagen zur Biophysik des Insektenflugs
    • NACHTIGALL, W. (1966). Die Kinematik der Schlagflügelbewegungen von Dipteren. Methodische und Analytische Grundlagen zur Biophysik des Insektenflugs. Z vergl. Physiol. 52, 155-211.
    • (1966) Z Vergl. Physiol. , vol.52 , pp. 155-211
    • Nachtigall, W.1
  • 38
    • 0009826958 scopus 로고
    • Die aerodynamische Polare des Tipula-Flügels und eine Einrichtung zur halbautomatischen Polarenaufnahme
    • (ed. W. Nachtigall), Stuttgart: Fischer
    • NACHTIGALL, W. (1977). Die aerodynamische Polare des Tipula-Flügels und eine Einrichtung zur halbautomatischen Polarenaufnahme. In The Physiology of Movement; Biomechanics (ed. W. Nachtigall), pp. 347-352. Stuttgart: Fischer.
    • (1977) The Physiology of Movement; Biomechanics , pp. 347-352
    • Nachtigall, W.1
  • 39
    • 0040681462 scopus 로고
    • Mechanics and aerodynamics of flight
    • (ed. G. J. Goldsworthy and C. H. Wheeler), Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press
    • NACHTIGALL, W. (1989). Mechanics and aerodynamics of flight. In Insect Flight (ed. G. J. Goldsworthy and C. H. Wheeler), pp. 1-29. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
    • (1989) Insect Flight , pp. 1-29
    • Nachtigall, W.1
  • 40
    • 0026444390 scopus 로고
    • Flight of the honeybee. V. Drag and lift coefficients of the bee's body; implications for flight dynamics
    • NACHTIGALL, W. AND HANAUER-THIESER, U. (1992). Flight of the honeybee. V. Drag and lift coefficients of the bee's body; implications for flight dynamics. J. comp. Physiol. B 162, 267-277.
    • (1992) J. Comp. Physiol. B , vol.162 , pp. 267-277
    • Nachtigall, W.1    Hanauer-Thieser, U.2
  • 41
    • 0016987146 scopus 로고
    • Aerodynamics, kinematics and energetics of horizontal flight in the long-eared bat Plecotus auritus
    • NORBERG, U. M. (1976). Aerodynamics, kinematics and energetics of horizontal flight in the long-eared bat Plecotus auritus. J. exp. Biol. 65, 179-212.
    • (1976) J. Exp. Biol. , vol.65 , pp. 179-212
    • Norberg, U.M.1
  • 42
    • 0000374838 scopus 로고
    • Flying, gliding and soaring
    • (ed. M. Hildebrand, D. M. Bramble, K. F. Liem and D. B. Wake), Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
    • NORBERG, U. M. (1985). Flying, gliding and soaring. In Functional Vertebrate Morphology (ed. M. Hildebrand, D. M. Bramble, K. F. Liem and D. B. Wake), pp. 129-158. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
    • (1985) Functional Vertebrate Morphology , pp. 129-158
    • Norberg, U.M.1
  • 44
    • 0001621879 scopus 로고
    • Aerodynamics of flapping flight with application to insects
    • OSBORNE, M. F. M. (1951). Aerodynamics of flapping flight with application to insects. J. exp. Biol. 28, 221-245.
    • (1951) J. Exp. Biol. , vol.28 , pp. 221-245
    • Osborne, M.F.M.1
  • 45
    • 0000226979 scopus 로고
    • Power requirements for horizontal flight in the pigeon Columba livia
    • PENNYCUICK, C. J. (1968). Power requirements for horizontal flight in the pigeon Columba livia. J. exp. Biol. 49, 527-555.
    • (1968) J. Exp. Biol. , vol.49 , pp. 527-555
    • Pennycuick, C.J.1
  • 46
    • 0002720164 scopus 로고
    • Mechanics of flight
    • (ed. D. S. Farner and J. R. King), London: Academic Press
    • PENNYCUICK, C. J. (1975). Mechanics of flight. In Avian Biology, vol. 5 (ed. D. S. Farner and J. R. King), pp. 1-75. London: Academic Press.
    • (1975) Avian Biology , vol.5 , pp. 1-75
    • Pennycuick, C.J.1
  • 47
    • 0002511157 scopus 로고
    • A new approach to animal flight mechanics
    • RAYNER, J. M. V. (1979). A new approach to animal flight mechanics. J. exp. Biol. 80, 17-54.
    • (1979) J. Exp. Biol. , vol.80 , pp. 17-54
    • Rayner, J.M.V.1
  • 48
    • 0003691724 scopus 로고
    • Vertebrate flapping flight mechanics and aerodynamics and the evolution of flight in bats
    • (ed. W. Nachtigall), Stuttgart: Fischer
    • RAYNER, J. M. V. (1986). Vertebrate flapping flight mechanics and aerodynamics and the evolution of flight in bats. In Bat Flight - Fledermausflug. BIONA Report 5 (ed. W. Nachtigall), pp. 27-74. Stuttgart: Fischer.
    • (1986) Bat Flight - Fledermausflug. BIONA Report 5 , pp. 27-74
    • Rayner, J.M.V.1
  • 49
    • 0029830624 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simulating moth wing aerodynamics: Towards the development of flapping-wing technology
    • SMITH, M. J. C. (1996). Simulating moth wing aerodynamics: towards the development of flapping-wing technology. AIAA J. 34, 1348-1355.
    • (1996) AIAA J. , vol.34 , pp. 1348-1355
    • Smith, M.J.C.1
  • 50
    • 0001014272 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The advantages of an unsteady panel method in modelling the aerodynamic forces on rigid flapping wings
    • SMITH, M. J. C., WILKIN, P. J. AND WILLIAMS, M. H. (1996). The advantages of an unsteady panel method in modelling the aerodynamic forces on rigid flapping wings. J. exp. Biol. 199, 1073-1083.
    • (1996) J. Exp. Biol. , vol.199 , pp. 1073-1083
    • Smith, M.J.C.1    Wilkin, P.J.2    Williams, M.H.3
  • 51
    • 0002161237 scopus 로고
    • The wake of a kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) in flapping flight
    • SPEDDING, G. R. (1987). The wake of a kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) in flapping flight. J. exp. Biol. 127, 59-78.
    • (1987) J. Exp. Biol. , vol.127 , pp. 59-78
    • Spedding, G.R.1
  • 52
    • 0000341026 scopus 로고
    • The aerodynamics of flight
    • Mechanics of Animal Locomotion (ed. R. McN. Alexander). Berlin: Springer-Verlag
    • SPEDDING, G. R. (1992). The aerodynamics of flight. In Mechanics of Animal Locomotion (ed. R. McN. Alexander). Adv. comp. env. Physiol. 11, 51-111. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
    • (1992) Adv. Comp. Env. Physiol. , vol.11 , pp. 51-111
    • Spedding, G.R.1
  • 54
    • 0001471207 scopus 로고
    • Correlations of the position of center of body mass with butterfly escape tactics
    • SRYGLEY, R. B. AND DUDLEY, R. (1993). Correlations of the position of center of body mass with butterfly escape tactics. J. exp. Biol. 174, 155-166.
    • (1993) J. Exp. Biol. , vol.174 , pp. 155-166
    • Srygley, R.B.1    Dudley, R.2
  • 56
    • 0001504353 scopus 로고
    • Cage size and flight speed of the tobacco hawkmoth Manduca sextet
    • STEVENSON, R. D., CORBO, K., BACA, L. B. AND QUANG, D. LE. (1995). Cage size and flight speed of the tobacco hawkmoth Manduca sextet. J. exp. Biol. 198, 1665-1672.
    • (1995) J. Exp. Biol. , vol.198 , pp. 1665-1672
    • Stevenson, R.D.1    Corbo, K.2    Baca, L.B.3    Le Quang, D.4
  • 57
    • 0025338487 scopus 로고
    • Effects of operating frequency and temperature on mechanical power output from moth flight muscle
    • STEVENSON, R. D. AND JOSEPHSON, R. K. (1990). Effects of operating frequency and temperature on mechanical power output from moth flight muscle. J. exp. Biol. 149, 61-78.
    • (1990) J. Exp. Biol. , vol.149 , pp. 61-78
    • Stevenson, R.D.1    Josephson, R.K.2
  • 58
    • 0000513310 scopus 로고
    • Performance of a butterfly in take-off flight
    • SUNADA, S., KAWACHI, K., WATANABE, I. AND AZUMA, A. (1993). Performance of a butterfly in take-off flight. J. exp. Biol. 183, 249-277.
    • (1993) J. Exp. Biol. , vol.183 , pp. 249-277
    • Sunada, S.1    Kawachi, K.2    Watanabe, I.3    Azuma, A.4
  • 59
    • 0347433960 scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of an implicit Navier-Stokes solver for some unsteady separated flows
    • VISBAL, M. R. (1986). Evaluation of an implicit Navier-Stokes solver for some unsteady separated flows. AIAA Paper no. 86-1053.
    • (1986) AIAA Paper No. 86-1053
    • Visbal, M.R.1
  • 60
    • 0000905522 scopus 로고
    • Flight in Drosophila. III. Aerodynamic characteristics of fly wings and wing models
    • VOGEL, S. (1967). Flight in Drosophila. III. Aerodynamic characteristics of fly wings and wing models. J. exp. Biol. 46, 431-443.
    • (1967) J. Exp. Biol. , vol.46 , pp. 431-443
    • Vogel, S.1
  • 61
    • 0030778601 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dragonfly flight. I. Gliding flight and steady-state aerodynamic forces
    • WAKELING, J. M. AND ELLINGTON, C. P. (1997a). Dragonfly flight. I. Gliding flight and steady-state aerodynamic forces. J. exp. Biol. 200, 543-556.
    • (1997) J. Exp. Biol. , vol.200 , pp. 543-556
    • Wakeling, J.M.1    Ellington, C.P.2
  • 62
    • 0030775328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dragonfly flight. III. Lift and power requirements
    • WAKELING, J. M. AND ELLINGTON, C. P. (1997b). Dragonfly flight. III. Lift and power requirements. J. exp. Biol. 200, 583-600.
    • (1997) J. Exp. Biol. , vol.200 , pp. 583-600
    • Wakeling, J.M.1    Ellington, C.P.2
  • 63
    • 0000843396 scopus 로고
    • Biology and physics of locust flight. II. Flight performance of the Desert Locust (Schistocerca gregaria)
    • WEIS-FOGH, T. (1956). Biology and physics of locust flight. II. Flight performance of the Desert Locust (Schistocerca gregaria). Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 239, 459-510.
    • (1956) Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B , vol.239 , pp. 459-510
    • Weis-Fogh, T.1
  • 64
    • 0002500047 scopus 로고
    • Energetics of hovering flight in hummingbirds and in Drosophila
    • WEIS-FOGH, T. (1972). Energetics of hovering flight in hummingbirds and in Drosophila. J. exp. Biol. 56, 79-104.
    • (1972) J. Exp. Biol. , vol.56 , pp. 79-104
    • Weis-Fogh, T.1
  • 65
    • 0015794713 scopus 로고
    • Quick estimates of flight fitness in hovering animals, including novel mechanisms for lift production
    • WEIS-FOGH, T. (1973). Quick estimates of flight fitness in hovering animals, including novel mechanisms for lift production. J. exp. Biol. 59, 169-230.
    • (1973) J. Exp. Biol. , vol.59 , pp. 169-230
    • Weis-Fogh, T.1
  • 66
    • 0001044889 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of the aerodynamic forces on a flying sphingid moth with those predicted by quasi-steady theory
    • WILKIN, P. J. AND WILLIAMS, M. H. (1993). Comparison of the aerodynamic forces on a flying sphingid moth with those predicted by quasi-steady theory. Physiol. Zool. 66, 1015-1044.
    • (1993) Physiol. Zool. , vol.66 , pp. 1015-1044
    • Wilkin, P.J.1    Williams, M.H.2
  • 68
    • 0031281521 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The mechanics of flight in the hawkmoth Manduca sexta. I. Kinematics of hovering and forward flight
    • WILLMOTT, A. P. AND ELLINGTON, C. P. (1997). The mechanics of flight in the hawkmoth Manduca sexta. I. Kinematics of hovering and forward flight. J. exp. Biol. 200, 2705-2722.
    • (1997) J. Exp. Biol. , vol.200 , pp. 2705-2722
    • Willmott, A.P.1    Ellington, C.P.2
  • 69
    • 0030804733 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Flow visualization and unsteady aerodynamics in the flight of the hawkmoth Manduca sexta
    • WILLMOTT, A. P., ELLINGTON, C. P. AND THOMAS, A. L. R. (1997). Flow visualization and unsteady aerodynamics in the flight of the hawkmoth Manduca sexta. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 352, 303-316.
    • (1997) Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B , vol.352 , pp. 303-316
    • Willmott, A.P.1    Ellington, C.P.2    Thomas, A.L.R.3
  • 70
    • 1842351640 scopus 로고
    • A study of the instantaneous air velocities in a plane behind the wings of certain Diptera flying in a wind tunnel
    • WOOD, J. (1970). A study of the instantaneous air velocities in a plane behind the wings of certain Diptera flying in a wind tunnel. J. exp. Biol. 52, 17-25.
    • (1970) J. Exp. Biol. , vol.52 , pp. 17-25
    • Wood, J.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.