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note
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Characteristics are (i) PdC phase does not decompose up to approximately 150 °C in a hydrogen or oxygen atmosphere (ref 6), that is. it is stable enough to allow many catalytic reactions in the colloidal state of PdC, (ii) the property of PdC drastically changes comparing with pure Pd as it loses ability to form PdH (ref 6), and (iii) most of the catalytic activities of metals can be improved by doping to enhance the stability toward inactivation or to control the catalytic selectivity (ref 4).
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Ultrasonic irradiation of a liquid provides acoustic cavitation: the formation, growth, and collapse of bubbles in a liquid. The temperature in the collapsing bubbles reaches about 5000 K (Flint, E. B.; Suslick, K. S. Science 1991, 253, 1397).
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Under such extreme conditions, both organic solute and water are decomposed to produce various radicals ( (a) Henglein, A.; Gutierrez, M. J. Phys. Chem. 1988, 92, 3705. (b) Alegria, A. E.; Lion, Y.; Kondo, T.; Riesz, P. J. Phys. Chem. 1989, 93, 4908).
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Under such extreme conditions, both organic solute and water are decomposed to produce various radicals ( (a) Henglein, A.; Gutierrez, M. J. Phys. Chem. 1988, 92, 3705. (b) Alegria, A. E.; Lion, Y.; Kondo, T.; Riesz, P. J. Phys. Chem. 1989, 93, 4908).
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22
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5544247692
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note
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The sonochemical reduction of Pd(II) mainly proceeds via a reaction with reducing radicals produced by the thermal decomposition of RH and the abstraction reaction of that with OH radicals and H atoms. The reduction by primary radicals (OH radicals and H atoms) can be almost negligible compared with that by organic reducing radicals (ref 11). Therefore, if the PdC phase was formed in the reduction of Pd(II) to Pd(0), the concentration dependence of isopropyl alcohol on the amount of carbon atom in the Pd particle should not be observed.
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25
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