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1
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For example: D. M. Eigler and E. K. Schweizer, Nature (London) 344, 524 (1990); J. A. Stroscio and D. M. Eigler, Science 254, 1319 (1991); I.-W. Lyo and Ph. Avouris, Science 253, 173 (1991); D. M. Eigler, C. P. Lutz, and W. E. Rudge, Nature (London) 352, 600 (1991); H. J. Hamin, S. Chiang, H. Birk, P. H. Guethner, and D. Ruger, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 9, 1398 (1991); M. F. Crommie, C. P. Lutz, and D. M. Eigler, Science 262, 218 (1993); Ph. Ebert, M. G. Lagally, and K. Urban, Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 1437 (1993); H. Uchida, D. Huang, F. Grey, and M. Aono, Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 2040 (1993); Ph. Avouris, I.-W. Lyo, and Y. Hasegawa, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 11, 1725 (1993); C. T. Sailing and M. G. Lagally, Surf. Sci. 265, 502 (1994).
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For example: D. M. Eigler and E. K. Schweizer, Nature (London) 344, 524 (1990); J. A. Stroscio and D. M. Eigler, Science 254, 1319 (1991); I.-W. Lyo and Ph. Avouris, Science 253, 173 (1991); D. M. Eigler, C. P. Lutz, and W. E. Rudge, Nature (London) 352, 600 (1991); H. J. Hamin, S. Chiang, H. Birk, P. H. Guethner, and D. Ruger, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 9, 1398 (1991); M. F. Crommie, C. P. Lutz, and D. M. Eigler, Science 262, 218 (1993); Ph. Ebert, M. G. Lagally, and K. Urban, Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 1437 (1993); H. Uchida, D. Huang, F. Grey, and M. Aono, Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 2040 (1993); Ph. Avouris, I.-W. Lyo, and Y. Hasegawa, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 11, 1725 (1993); C. T. Sailing and M. G. Lagally, Surf. Sci. 265, 502 (1994).
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For example: D. M. Eigler and E. K. Schweizer, Nature (London) 344, 524 (1990); J. A. Stroscio and D. M. Eigler, Science 254, 1319 (1991); I.-W. Lyo and Ph. Avouris, Science 253, 173 (1991); D. M. Eigler, C. P. Lutz, and W. E. Rudge, Nature (London) 352, 600 (1991); H. J. Hamin, S. Chiang, H. Birk, P. H. Guethner, and D. Ruger, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 9, 1398 (1991); M. F. Crommie, C. P. Lutz, and D. M. Eigler, Science 262, 218 (1993); Ph. Ebert, M. G. Lagally, and K. Urban, Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 1437 (1993); H. Uchida, D. Huang, F. Grey, and M. Aono, Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 2040 (1993); Ph. Avouris, I.-W. Lyo, and Y. Hasegawa, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 11, 1725 (1993); C. T. Sailing and M. G. Lagally, Surf. Sci. 265, 502 (1994).
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For example: D. M. Eigler and E. K. Schweizer, Nature (London) 344, 524 (1990); J. A. Stroscio and D. M. Eigler, Science 254, 1319 (1991); I.-W. Lyo and Ph. Avouris, Science 253, 173 (1991); D. M. Eigler, C. P. Lutz, and W. E. Rudge, Nature (London) 352, 600 (1991); H. J. Hamin, S. Chiang, H. Birk, P. H. Guethner, and D. Ruger, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 9, 1398 (1991); M. F. Crommie, C. P. Lutz, and D. M. Eigler, Science 262, 218 (1993); Ph. Ebert, M. G. Lagally, and K. Urban, Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 1437 (1993); H. Uchida, D. Huang, F. Grey, and M. Aono, Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 2040 (1993); Ph. Avouris, I.-W. Lyo, and Y. Hasegawa, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 11, 1725 (1993); C. T. Sailing and M. G. Lagally, Surf. Sci. 265, 502 (1994).
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For example: D. M. Eigler and E. K. Schweizer, Nature (London) 344, 524 (1990); J. A. Stroscio and D. M. Eigler, Science 254, 1319 (1991); I.-W. Lyo and Ph. Avouris, Science 253, 173 (1991); D. M. Eigler, C. P. Lutz, and W. E. Rudge, Nature (London) 352, 600 (1991); H. J. Hamin, S. Chiang, H. Birk, P. H. Guethner, and D. Ruger, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 9, 1398 (1991); M. F. Crommie, C. P. Lutz, and D. M. Eigler, Science 262, 218 (1993); Ph. Ebert, M. G. Lagally, and K. Urban, Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 1437 (1993); H. Uchida, D. Huang, F. Grey, and M. Aono, Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 2040 (1993); Ph. Avouris, I.-W. Lyo, and Y. Hasegawa, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 11, 1725 (1993); C. T. Sailing and M. G. Lagally, Surf. Sci. 265, 502 (1994).
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For example: D. M. Eigler and E. K. Schweizer, Nature (London) 344, 524 (1990); J. A. Stroscio and D. M. Eigler, Science 254, 1319 (1991); I.-W. Lyo and Ph. Avouris, Science 253, 173 (1991); D. M. Eigler, C. P. Lutz, and W. E. Rudge, Nature (London) 352, 600 (1991); H. J. Hamin, S. Chiang, H. Birk, P. H. Guethner, and D. Ruger, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 9, 1398 (1991); M. F. Crommie, C. P. Lutz, and D. M. Eigler, Science 262, 218 (1993); Ph. Ebert, M. G. Lagally, and K. Urban, Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 1437 (1993); H. Uchida, D. Huang, F. Grey, and M. Aono, Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 2040 (1993); Ph. Avouris, I.-W. Lyo, and Y. Hasegawa, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 11, 1725 (1993); C. T. Sailing and M. G. Lagally, Surf. Sci. 265, 502 (1994).
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For example: D. M. Eigler and E. K. Schweizer, Nature (London) 344, 524 (1990); J. A. Stroscio and D. M. Eigler, Science 254, 1319 (1991); I.-W. Lyo and Ph. Avouris, Science 253, 173 (1991); D. M. Eigler, C. P. Lutz, and W. E. Rudge, Nature (London) 352, 600 (1991); H. J. Hamin, S. Chiang, H. Birk, P. H. Guethner, and D. Ruger, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 9, 1398 (1991); M. F. Crommie, C. P. Lutz, and D. M. Eigler, Science 262, 218 (1993); Ph. Ebert, M. G. Lagally, and K. Urban, Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 1437 (1993); H. Uchida, D. Huang, F. Grey, and M. Aono, Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 2040 (1993); Ph. Avouris, I.-W. Lyo, and Y. Hasegawa, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 11, 1725 (1993); C. T. Sailing and M. G. Lagally, Surf. Sci. 265, 502 (1994).
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For example: D. M. Eigler and E. K. Schweizer, Nature (London) 344, 524 (1990); J. A. Stroscio and D. M. Eigler, Science 254, 1319 (1991); I.-W. Lyo and Ph. Avouris, Science 253, 173 (1991); D. M. Eigler, C. P. Lutz, and W. E. Rudge, Nature (London) 352, 600 (1991); H. J. Hamin, S. Chiang, H. Birk, P. H. Guethner, and D. Ruger, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 9, 1398 (1991); M. F. Crommie, C. P. Lutz, and D. M. Eigler, Science 262, 218 (1993); Ph. Ebert, M. G. Lagally, and K. Urban, Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 1437 (1993); H. Uchida, D. Huang, F. Grey, and M. Aono, Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 2040 (1993); Ph. Avouris, I.-W. Lyo, and Y. Hasegawa, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 11, 1725 (1993); C. T. Sailing and M. G. Lagally, Surf. Sci. 265, 502 (1994).
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For example: D. M. Eigler and E. K. Schweizer, Nature (London) 344, 524 (1990); J. A. Stroscio and D. M. Eigler, Science 254, 1319 (1991); I.-W. Lyo and Ph. Avouris, Science 253, 173 (1991); D. M. Eigler, C. P. Lutz, and W. E. Rudge, Nature (London) 352, 600 (1991); H. J. Hamin, S. Chiang, H. Birk, P. H. Guethner, and D. Ruger, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 9, 1398 (1991); M. F. Crommie, C. P. Lutz, and D. M. Eigler, Science 262, 218 (1993); Ph. Ebert, M. G. Lagally, and K. Urban, Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 1437 (1993); H. Uchida, D. Huang, F. Grey, and M. Aono, Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 2040 (1993); Ph. Avouris, I.-W. Lyo, and Y. Hasegawa, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 11, 1725 (1993); C. T. Sailing and M. G. Lagally, Surf. Sci. 265, 502 (1994).
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In the early time of band calculations, a gedanken experiment was often performed: plot the band widths as a function of lattice constant ranging from infinite to finite values, and clarify how bands originate from atomic levels, e.g., W. Shockley, Electrons and Holes in Semiconductors (Van Nostrand, Princeton, 1950) or J. C. Slater, Quantum Theory of Matter, (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1968). It has been recognized since then that the band structure can be modified by manipulation of the lattice constant. Due to the current development of atom manipulation technology, it is becoming possible to pursue this idea and proceed to atomic wire electronics.
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Shockley, W.1
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In the early time of band calculations, a gedanken experiment was often performed: plot the band widths as a function of lattice constant ranging from infinite to finite values, and clarify how bands originate from atomic levels, e.g., W. Shockley, Electrons and Holes in Semiconductors (Van Nostrand, Princeton, 1950) or J. C. Slater, Quantum Theory of Matter, (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1968). It has been recognized since then that the band structure can be modified by manipulation of the lattice constant. Due to the current development of atom manipulation technology, it is becoming possible to pursue this idea and proceed to atomic wire electronics.
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T. Yamada, Y. Takiguchi, D. Huang, and Y. Yamamoto, Atomic Wire Circuit Network and Method, US Patent 1995, pending; D. Huang and Y. Yamamoto, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 35, 3734 (1996).
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There is another idea, which is to allow the foreign atoms to create chemical bonds with the substrate atoms by choosing an appropriate combination of the foreign atoms and substrate atoms with a suitable crystal orientation, requiring the electronic states to be localized within wires (or arrays) having a energy spectrum well inside the surface band gap of the substrate, S. Watanabe, Y. A. Ono, T. Hashizume, Y. Wada, J. Yamauchi, and M. Tsukada, Phys. Rev. B 52, 10 768 (1996). It has to be emphasized that the band structure and the Fermi energy are generally different from those of an isolated wire. The wire and the substrate are unified electronically, and all the physical properties have to be designed for the entire system. For example, the creation of a second wire or the small fluctuation in substrate doping may alter the properties of the original wire completely. However, this route may open the door to higher temperature operation due to the excellent mechanical stability of the wire.
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How the group velocity and the transmission pictures are related to give a consistent, unified description for the current magnitude is left for future study. The general shape of the I-V characteristics is steplike, and a detailed model will just address how much the current and voltage steps are, respectively, in the limit of intermediate particle exchange. Those details are not of interest here.
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