Medium effects on elementary charge transfer processes in liquid and solid environments

Journal of Physical Chemistry B

Volumn 101, Issue 31, 1997, Pages 5917-5935

  Kornyshev, A A ^a   Kuznetsov, A M ^b   Ulstrup, J ^c   Stimming, U ^a  

^a FORSCHUNGSZENTRUM JÜLICH   (Germany)

^b FRUMKIN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY AND ELECTROCHEMISTRY   (Russian Federation)

^c TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF DENMARK   (Denmark)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ELECTRONS; LIQUIDS; MACROMOLECULES; PROTONS; REACTION KINETICS; SOLIDS;

CONTINUUM VIBRATIONAL MODES; DIELECTRIC POLARIZABILITY;

CHARGE TRANSFER;

EID: 0031176169     PISSN: 15206106     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/jp963705p     Document Type: Review

References (244)

1. Holstein, T. Ann. Phys. 1959, 8, 343.
2. Pekar, S. I. Untersuchungen über Elektronen Theorie der Kristalle; Akademie Verlag: Berlin, 1954.
3. Lax, M. J. Chem. Phys. 1952, 20, 1752.
4. Flynn, C. P.; Stoneham, A. M. Phys. Rev. B 1970, 1, 3966.
5. Kagan, Yu.; Klinger, M. I. Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 1976, 70, 255.
6. R. A. Marcus, J. Phys. Chem. 1956, 24, 966, 979.
7. Levich, V. G.; Dogonadze, R. R. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 1959, 124, 123.
8. Gerischer, H. Z. Phys. Chem. (Munich) 1960, 26, 223, 325.
9. Hush, N. S. Electrochim. Acta 1968, 13, 1005.
10. Kuznetsov, A. M. Charge Transfer in Physics, Chemistry and Biology; Gordon & Breach: Reading, 1995.
11. Chebotin, V. N.; Perfili'ev, M. V. Electrochemistry of Solid Electrolytes; Khimiya: Moscow, 1978.
12. Göpel, W., Siegler, C., Eds. Nanostructures Based on Molecular Materials; Verlag Chemie: Weinhein, 1992.
13. Benson, S. W. The Foundations of Chemical Kinetics; McGraw-Hill: New York, 1960.
14. Banavar, J., Koplik, K., Winkler, K. W., Eds. Physics and Chemistry of Porous Media, Proceedings of the 154th American Institute of Physics Conference; AIP: New York, 1987.
15. Lidiard, A. Ionic Conductivity; Springer: Berlin, 1957.
16. Kreuer, K. D. Chemistry of Materials 1996, 8, 610.
17. Physics of Superionic Conductors; Salamon, M. B., Ed.; Springer-Verlag: Berlin, 1979. Gurevich, Yu. Ya.; Kharkats, Yu. I. Superionic Conductors; Nauka: Moscow, 1992.
18. Physics of Superionic Conductors; Salamon, M. B., Ed.; Springer-Verlag: Berlin, 1979. Gurevich, Yu. Ya.; Kharkats, Yu. I. Superionic Conductors; Nauka: Moscow, 1992.
19. van Gool, W., Ed., Fast Ion Transport in Solids; North-Holland: Amsterdam, 1973. Ukshe, E. A.; Bukun, N. G. Solid Electrolytes; Nauka: Moscow, 1977.
20. van Gool, W., Ed., Fast Ion Transport in Solids; North-Holland: Amsterdam, 1973. Ukshe, E. A.; Bukun, N. G. Solid Electrolytes; Nauka: Moscow, 1977.
21. Dogonadze, R. R.; Kuznetsov, A. M. Progress in Surface Science 1975, 6, 1.
22. Dogonadze, R. R.; Kuznetsov, A. M.; Levich, V. G. Elektrokhimiya 1967, 3, 739.
23. Dogonadze, R. R.; Kuznetsov, A. M.; Levich, V. G. Electrochim. Acta 1968, 13, 1025.
24. Krishtalik, L. I. Charge Transfer Reactions. Electrochemical and Chemical Processes; Plenum Press: New York, 1986.
25. Bell, R. The Proton in Chemistry; Chapman and Hall: London, 1973.
26. Bockris, J. O'M.; Khan, S. U. M. Quantum Electrochemistry; Plenum Press: New York, 1979.
27. Borgis, D.; Hynes, J. T. J. Phys. Chem. 1991, 94, 3619.
28. Cannon, R. D. Electron Transfer Reactions; Butterworth: London, 1980.
29. Day, P. Mixed-Valence Compounds; Brown, Ed., D. B., Reidel: Dodrecht, 1980; p 3.
30. Stimming, U. In Electrochemical Surface Science', Soriaga, M. P., Ed.; ACS Symposium Series 378; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1988; p 275.
31. Kennedy, J. N. In Physics of Electrolytes; Hladic, J., Ed.; Academic Press: London, 1972; p 931.
32. Blomen, L. J. M. J., Mugerwa, M. N., Eds. Fuel Cell Systems; Plenum Press: New York, 1993.
33. van Heuveln, F. H.; van Berkel, F. P. F.; Huijsmans, I. P. P. In High Temperature Electrochemical Behavior of Fast Ion and Mixed Conductors; Poulsen, F. W., Bentzen, J. J., Jacobsen, T., Skou, E., Östergard, M. J. L., Eds.; RISÖ: Roskilde, 1993, p 53. Mogensen, M. Ibid. p 119.
34. van Heuveln, F. H.; van Berkel, F. P. F.; Huijsmans, I. P. P. In High Temperature Electrochemical Behavior of Fast Ion and Mixed Conductors; Poulsen, F. W., Bentzen, J. J., Jacobsen, T., Skou, E., Östergard, M. J. L., Eds.; RISÖ: Roskilde, 1993, p 53. Mogensen, M. Ibid. p 119.
35. For recent overviews, see: refs 34-38.
36. Kuznetsov, A. M.; Ulstrup, J. In Tunnelling; Jortner, J., Pullman, B., Eds.; Kluwer: Dordrecht, 1986; p 345.
37. Palmer, G., Ed. Struct. Bond. 1991, 75.
38. Sigel, H.; Sigel, A., Eds. Metal Ions in Biological Systems; Marcel Dekker: New York, 1991; Vol. 27.
39. Winkler, J. R.; Gray, H. B. Chem. Rev. 1992, 92, 369.
40. Special Issue on Electron Transfer; Meyer, T. J., Newton, M. D., Eds. Chem. Phys. 1993, 176, 289-649.
41. Special Issue on Electron Transfer; Meyer, T. J., Newton, M. D., Eds. Chem. Phys. 1993, 176, 289-649.
42. Gray, H. B.; Ellis, W. R., Jr. In Bioinorganic Chemistry; Bertini, I., Gray, H. B., Lippard, S. J., Valentine, J. S., Eds.; University Science Books: Mill Valley, 1994; p 315.
43. Iwata, S.; Ostermeier, C.; Ludwig, B.; Michel, H. Nature 1995, 376, 660.
44. Tsukihara, T.; Aoyama, H.; Yamashita, E.; Tomizaki, T.; Yamaguchi, H.; Shinzawa-Itoh, K.; Nakashima, R.; Yaono, R.; Yoshikawa, S. Science 1995, 269, 1069.
45. Scott, R. A. Curr. Biol. 1995, 5, 981.
46. Perspectives in Photosynthesis; Jortner, J., Pullman, B., Eds.; Kluwer: Dordrecht, 1989.
47. Special Issue of Photosynthesis and the Bacterial Reaction Center, Michel-Beyerle, M. E., Small, G. J., Eds.; Chem. Phys. 1995, 197, 223-472.
48. Special Issue of Photosynthesis and the Bacterial Reaction Center, Michel-Beyerle, M. E., Small, G. J., Eds.; Chem. Phys. 1995, 197, 223-472.
49. Perutz, M. F. Mechanisms of Cooperativity and Allosteric Regulation in Proteins; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1990.
50. Xavier, A. V. J. Inorg. Biochem. 1986, 28, 239.
51. Coutinho, I. B.; Xavier, A. V. Methods. Enzymol. 1994, 243, 119.
52. Northrup, S. H.; Boles, J. O.; Reynolds, J. C. L. Science 1988, 241, 67.
53. Hoffman, B. M.; Natan, M. J.; Nocek, J. M.; Wallin, S. A. Struct. Bonding 1991, 75, 85.
54. McLendon, G. Struct. Bonding 1991, 75, 159.
55. Pelletier, H.; Kraut, J. Science 1992, 258, 1748.
56. Andrew, S. M.; Thomasson, K. A.; Northrup, S. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 5516.
57. Dogonadze, R. R. In Reactions of Molecules at Electrodes; Hush, N. S., Ed, Wiley: London, 1971; p 135.
58. Mertz, E. L. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1996, 262, 27.
59. Marcus, R. A. Discuss. Faraday Soc. 1960, 29, 21.
60. Ulstrup, J.; Jortner, J. J. Chem. Phys. 1975, 63, 4358.
61. VanDuyne, R. P.; Fischer, S. F. Chem. Phys. 1974, 5, 183.
62. Dogonadze, R. R.; Kuznetsov, A. M.; Vorotyntsev, M. A. Z. Phys. Chem. (Munich) 1976, 100, 1.
63. Kornyshev, A. A. In The Chemical Physics of Solvation; Dogonadze, R. R., Kálmán, E., Kornyshev, A. A., Ulstrup, J., Eds.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, 1985; Part A, p 77.
64. Vorotyntsev, A. M.; Kornyshev, A. A. Electrostatics of Media with Spatial Dispersion; Nauka: Moscow, 1993.
65. Ovchinnikov, A. A.; Ovchinnikova, M. Ya. Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 1969, 56, 1278.
66. Gol'danskii, V. I.; Trakhtenberg, L. I.; Flerov, V. N. Tunnelling Phenomena in Chemical Physics; Nauka: Moscow, 1986.
67. Timashev, S. F. Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR 1984, 246, 898. Timashev, S. F. Ibid. 1985, 281, 112. Timashev, S. F. Zh. Fiz. Khim. 1992, 66, 846. Timashev, S. F. Ibid. 1993, 67, 448.
68. Timashev, S. F. Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR 1984, 246, 898. Timashev, S. F. Ibid. 1985, 281, 112. Timashev, S. F. Zh. Fiz. Khim. 1992, 66, 846. Timashev, S. F. Ibid. 1993, 67, 448.
69. Timashev, S. F. Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR 1984, 246, 898. Timashev, S. F. Ibid. 1985, 281, 112. Timashev, S. F. Zh. Fiz. Khim. 1992, 66, 846. Timashev, S. F. Ibid. 1993, 67, 448.
70. Timashev, S. F. Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR 1984, 246, 898. Timashev, S. F. Ibid. 1985, 281, 112. Timashev, S. F. Zh. Fiz. Khim. 1992, 66, 846. Timashev, S. F. Ibid. 1993, 67, 448.
71. Kornyshev, A. A.; Ulstrup, J. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1986, 126, 74.
72. Kuznetsov, A. M.; Ulstrup, J.; Vorotyntsev, M. A. In The Chemical Physics of Salvation; Dogonadze, R. R., Kalman, E., Kornyshev, A.A., Ulstrup, J., Eds.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, 1988; Part C, p 163.
73. Liszi, J.; Ruff, I. In The Chemical Physics of Solvation; Dogonadze, R. R., Kalman, E., Kornyshev, A. A., Ulstrup, J., Eds.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, 1985; Part A, p 119.
74. Dogonadze, R. R.; Kornyshev, A. A.; Kuznetsov, A. M.; Teor. Mat. Fiz. 1973, 15, 127.
75. Bopp, Ph.; Kornyshev, A. A.; G. Sutman. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1996, 76, 1280.
76. Neumann, M. Mol. Phys. 1986, 57, 97.
77. Chandra, A.; Bagchi, B. J. Chem. Phys. 1989, 90, 1832.
78. Attard, P.; Wei, D.; Patey, G. N. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1990, 172, 69.
79. Fonseca, T.; Ladanyi, B. M. J. Chem. Phys. 1990, 93, 8148.
80. Raineri, F. O.; Zhou, Y.; Friedman, H. L. Chem. Phys. 1991, 152, 201.
81. Raineri, F. O.; Resat, H.; Friedman, H. L. J. Chem. Phys. 1992, 96, 3068.
82. Trokhymchuk, A. D.; Golovko, M. F., Heinzinger, K. J. Chem. Phys. 1993, 99, 2964.
83. Kornyshev, A. A.; Kossakowski, D. A.; Vorotyntsev, M. A. In Condensed Matter Physics Aspects of Electrochemistry; Tosi, M. P., Kornyshev, A. A., Eds.; World Scientific: Singapore, 1991; p 92.
84. Kornyshev, A. A.; Leikin, S. I.; Sutman, G. Electrochim. Acta 1997, 42, 849.
85. Anderson, P. W. In Elementary Excitation in Solids, Molecules and Atoms; Devreese, J. T., Ed.; Plenum: London, 1974; Part A, p 1.
86. Lipari, N. O. Phys. Status Solidi B 1971, 45, 117.
87. Cappellini, G.; Del Sole, R.; Reining, L.; Bechstedt, F. Phys. Rev. B 1993, 47, 9892.
88. Dolgov, O. V.; Kirzhnitz, D. A.; Maksimov, E. G. Rev. Mod. Phys. 1981, 53, 81.
89. Tosi, M. P. In Condensed Matter Physics Aspects of Electrochemistry; M. P. Tosi, Kornyshev, A. A., Eds.; World Scientific: Singapore, 1991; p 68.
90. Raineri, F. O.; Resat, H.; Friedman, H. L. J. Chem. Phys. 1992, 96, 3068.
91. Bopp, Ph.; Kornyshev, A. A.; Sutman, G. J. Chem. Phys. In press.
92. Kornyshev, A. A.; Sutman, G. J. Chem. Phys. 1996, 104, 1524.
93. Raineri, F. O.; Perng, B. C.; Friedman, H. L. Electrochim. Acta 1997. In press.
94. Kornyshev, A. A. Electrochim. Acta 1981, 26, 1.
95. Liu, Y.-P.; Newton, M. D. J. Phys. Chem. 1994, 98, 716.
96. Tembe, B. L.; Friedman, H. L.; Newton, M. D. J. Chem. Phys. 1982, 76, 1490.
97. Marcus, R. A. J. Phys. Chem. 1994, 98, 7170.
98. Medvedev, I. G.; Kuznetsov, A. M. J. Phys. Chem. 1996, 100, 5721.
99. Kharkats, Yu. I.; Kornyshev, A. A.; Vorotyntsev, M. A. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 2 1976, 72, 361.
100. Marcus, R. A. J. Phys. Chem. 1990, 94, 1050.
101. Dzhavakhidze, P.; Kornyshev, A. A.; Krishtalik, L. I. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1987, 228, 329.
102. Phelps, D.; Kornyshev, A. A.; Weaver, M. J. Phys. Chem. 1990, 94, 1454.
103. Kornyshev, A. A.; Rubinshtein, A. I.; Vorotyntsev, M. A. Phys. Status Solidi B 1977, 84, 125.
104. Vorotyntsev, M. A. In The Chemical Physics of Solvation; Dogonadze, R. R., Kálmán, E., Kornyshev, A. A., Ulstrup, J., Eds.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, 1988; Part C, p 401.
105. Marcus, R. A.; Sutin, N. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1985, 811, 265.
106. Dogonadze, R. R.; Kuznetsov, A. M. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1975, 65, 545.
107. Kuznetsov, A. M. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1986, 204, 97.
108. German, E. D.; Kuznetsov, A. M. Elektrokhimiya 1987, 23, 1671.
109. German, E. D.; Kuznetsov, A. M. Elektrokhimiya 1992, 28, 294.
110. Kuznetsov, A. M.; Phelps, D. K.; Weaver, M. J. Int. J. Chem. Kinet. 1990, 22, 815.
111. Newton, M. D. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Atomic, Molecular and Solid State Theory, Flager Beach, FL, 1980. Liang, C.; Newton, M. D. J. Phys. Chem. 1992, 96, 2855. 1993, 97, 3199. Newton, M. D. J. Phys. Chem. 1988, 92, 3049.
112. Newton, M. D. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Atomic, Molecular and Solid State Theory, Flager Beach, FL, 1980. Liang, C.; Newton, M. D. J. Phys. Chem. 1992, 96, 2855. 1993, 97, 3199. Newton, M. D. J. Phys. Chem. 1988, 92, 3049.
113. Newton, M. D. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Atomic, Molecular and Solid State Theory, Flager Beach, FL, 1980. Liang, C.; Newton, M. D. J. Phys. Chem. 1992, 96, 2855. 1993, 97, 3199. Newton, M. D. J. Phys. Chem. 1988, 92, 3049.
114. Newton, M. D. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Atomic, Molecular and Solid State Theory, Flager Beach, FL, 1980. Liang, C.; Newton, M. D. J. Phys. Chem. 1992, 96, 2855. 1993, 97, 3199. Newton, M. D. J. Phys. Chem. 1988, 92, 3049.
115. German, E. D.; Kuznetsov, A. M. Mod. Aspects Electrochem. 1993, 24, 139.
116. Dolin, S. P.; Dogonadze, R. R.; German, E. D. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1 1977, 72, 648. German, E. D. J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. I 1985, 81, 1153.
117. Dolin, S. P.; Dogonadze, R. R.; German, E. D. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1 1977, 72, 648. German, E. D. J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. I 1985, 81, 1153.
118. Vorotyntsev, M. A.; Dogonadze, R. R.; Kuznetsov, A. M. Vestn. Mask. Univ. Ser. Fiz. 1973, 13 (2), 224.
119. Vorotyntsev, M. A.; Dogonadze, R. R.; Kuznetsov, A. M. Vestn. Mask. Univ. Ser. Fiz. 1974, 13 (3), 352.
120. Kramers, H. A. Physica 1940, 7, 284.
121. Zusman, L. D. Tear. Eksper. Khim. 1979, 15, 227.
122. Calef, D. F.; Wolynes, P. G. J. Phys. Chem. 1983, 87, 3387.
123. Hynes, J. T. J. Phys. Chem. 1986, 90, 3701.
124. Grote, R. F.; Hynes, J. T. J. Chem. Phys. 1980, 73, 2715.
125. Alexandrov, I. V. Chem. Phys. 1980, 51, 449.
126. Carmeli, B.; Nitzan, A. J. Chem. Phys. 1983, 79, 392.
127. Gertner, B. J.; Whithell, R. M.; Wilson, K. R.; Hynes, J. T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 74.
128. Szabo, A.; Schulten, K.; Schulten, Z. J. Chem. Phys. 1980, 72. 4350.
129. Berezhkowskii, A. M.; Zitzerman, V. Yu. Chem. Phys. 1992, 164, 331, 341.
130. Belousov, A. A.; Kuznetsov, A. M. Elektrokhimiya 1987, 23, 1675.
131. The diffusion flux along the free energy surfaces from the initial to the final states is maximal in the direction characterized by the largest reorganization energy.
132. German, E. D.; Kuznetsov, A. M. Mod. Aspects Electrochem. 1992, 24, 139.
133. Special Issue on Molecular Electronics; Launay, J. P., Ed.; New J. Chem. 1991, 15, 95-229. Lehn, J.-M. Angew. Chem. 1990, 102, 1347.
134. Special Issue on Molecular Electronics; Launay, J. P., Ed.; New J. Chem. 1991, 15, 95-229. Lehn, J.-M. Angew. Chem. 1990, 102, 1347.
135. Special Issue on Molecular Electronics; Launay, J. P., Ed.; New J. Chem. 1991, 15, 95-229. Lehn, J.-M. Angew. Chem. 1990, 102, 1347.
136. Paddon-Row, M. N. Acc. Chem. Res. 1994, 27, 18.
137. Mikkelsen, K. V.; Ratner, M. A. Chem. Rev. 1987, 87, 113.
138. (a) Barbara, P. F.; Jarzeba, W. Acc. Chem. Res. 1988, 21, 195.
139. (b) Barbara, P. F.; Walker, G. C.; Smith, T. P. Science 1992, 256, 975 and referenced cited therein.
140. Special Issue on Electron Transfer, Arnaut, L., Ed.; J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: 1993, 82, 1-236.
141. Special Issue on Electron Transfer, Arnaut, L., Ed.; J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: 1993, 82, 1-236.
142. Honda, K., Ed. Photochemical Processes in Organized Molecular Systems; North-Holland: Amsterdam, 1991.
143. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1992, 259, 1-799.
144. Finklea, H. O.; Handshew, D. D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 3173.
145. Becka, A. M.; Miller, C. J. J. Phys. Chem. 1992, 97, 6233.
146. Chidsey, C. E. D. Science 1990, 251, 919.
147. Smalley, J. F.; Feldberg, S. W.; Chidsey, C. E. D.; Linford, M. R.; Newton, M. D.; Liu, Y.-P. J. Phys. Chem. 1995, 99, 13141.
148. Fujihira, M. In Nanostructures Based on Molecular Materials; Göpel, W., Ziegler, C., Eds.; Verlag Chemie: Weinheim, 1992; p 27.
149. Killesreiter, H.; Baessler, H. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1971, 11, 411.
150. Killesreiter, H.; Baessler, H. Phys. Status Solidi B 1972, 51, 657.
151. Kuznetsov, A. M.; Ulstrup, J. Chem. Phys. 1991, 151, 25.
152. Kuznetsov, A. M.; Sommer-Larsen, P.; Ulstrup, J. Surf. Sci. 1992, 273, 52.
153. Schmickler, W.; Widrig, C. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1992, 336, 213.
154. (a) Schmickler, W. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1980, 115, 159.
155. (b) 1982, 137, 189.
156. Dogonadze, R. R.; Kuznetsov, A. M.; Ulstrup, J. Electrochim. Acta 1977, 22, 967.
157. Halbritter, J.; Repphun, G.; Vinzelberg, S.; Staikov, G.; Lorenz, W. J. Electrochim. Acta. 1995, 40, 1385.
158. Repphun, G.; Halbritter, J. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A: 1995, 13, 1693.
159. Gimzewski, J. K.; Sass, J. In Condensed Matter Physics Aspects of Electrochemistry; Tosi, M. P., Kornyshev, A. A., Eds.; World Scientific: Singapore, 1991; p 303.
160. Lindsay, S. M.; Weaver, M. J. Atomic Resolution Microscopy on the Solid-Liquid Interface; Oxford University Press: New York, 1994.
161. Ulstrup, J. Surf. Sci. 1980, 101, 564.
162. Schmickler, W.; Schultze, W. J. Mod. Aspects Electrochem. 1986, 17, 357.
163. Martin, A. S.; Sambles, J. R.; Ashwell, G. J. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1993, 70, 218.
164. Fischer, C. M.; Burghard, M.; Roth, S.; v. Klitzing, K. Europhys. Lett. 1994, 28, 129.
165. Miller, J. R.; Calcaterra, L. I.; Closs, G. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1984, 106, 3047.
166. Miller, J. R.; Beitz, J. V.; Huddleston, R. K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1984, 106, 5057.
167. Wasiliewski, M. R.; Niemczyk, M. P.; Svec, W. A.; Pewitt, E. B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985, 107, 1080.
168. Fox, L. S.; Kozik, M.; Winkler, J. R.; Gray, H. B. Science 1990, 247, 1069.
169. Kharkats, Yu. I.; Nielsen, H.; Ulstrup, J. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1984, 169, 47.
170. Reynolds, L.; Gardecki, J. A.; Frankland, S. J. V.; Horny, M. L.; Maroncelli, M. J. Phys. Chem. Submitted for publication.
171. Reetz, M. T.; Helbig, W.; Quaiser, S. A.; Stimming, U.; Breuer, N.; Vogel, R. Science 1995, 267, 367.
172. Sumetskii, M.; Kornyshev, A. A.; Stimming, U. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1996, 68, 2436.
173. For many systems, see: Canters, G. W.; Dennison, C. Biochimie 1995, 77, 506.
174. Malmström, B. G. Acc. Chem. Res. 1993, 26, 332. Winkler, J. R.; Malmström, B. G.; Gray, H. B. Biophys. Chem. 1995, 54, 199.
175. Malmström, B. G. Acc. Chem. Res. 1993, 26, 332. Winkler, J. R.; Malmström, B. G.; Gray, H. B. Biophys. Chem. 1995, 54, 199.
176. Kim, J.; Rees, D. C. Nature 1992, 360, 553; Biochemistry 1994, 33, 389.
177. Kim, J.; Rees, D. C. Nature 1992, 360, 553; Biochemistry 1994, 33, 389.
178. Kraulis, P. J. Appl. Cryst. 1991, 24, 946.
179. Guss, J. M.; Freeman, H. C. J. Mol. Biol. 1983, 169, 521.
180. (a) Bernstein, F. C.; Koetzle, T. F.; Williams, G. B.; Mayer, E. F., Jr.; Brice, M. D.; Rodgers, J. R.; Kennard, O.; Shimanouchi, T.; Tasumi, M. J. Mol. Biol. 1977, 112, 535.
181. (b) Abola, E. E.; Bernstein, F. C.; Bryant, S.; Koetzle, T. F.; Weng, J. In Crystallographic Databases-Information Content, Software Systems, Scientific Applications; Allen, F. H., Bergerhoff, G., Sievers, R., Eds.; Data Commision of the International Union of Crystallography: Cambridge, 1987; p 107.
182. Martinez, S. E.; Huang, D.; Szczepaniak, A.; Cramer, W. A.; Smith, J. L. Curr. Biol. 1994, 2, 95.
183. Sykes, A. G. Struct. Bond. 1991, 75, 175.
184. Modi, S.; Nordling, M.; Lundberg, L. G.; Hansson, Ö.; Bendall, D. S. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1992, 1102, 85.
185. Haehnel, W.; Jansen, T.; Gause, K.; Klösgen, R. B.; Stahl, B.; Michl, D.; Huvermann, B.; Karas, M.; Herrmann, R. G. EMBO J. 1994, 13, 1028.
186. McLendon, G. In Special Issue on Electron Transfer; Meyer, J. J., Newton, M. D., Eds.; Chem. Phys. 1993, 176, 289-649.
187. McLendon, G. In Special Issue on Electron Transfer; Meyer, J. J., Newton, M. D., Eds.; Chem. Phys. 1993, 176, 289-649.
188. Go, N.; Noguki, T.; Nishikawa, T. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1983, 80, 3636. Nishikawa, T.; Go, N. Proteins 1987, 2, 308.
189. Go, N.; Noguki, T.; Nishikawa, T. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1983, 80, 3636. Nishikawa, T.; Go, N. Proteins 1987, 2, 308.
190. Welch, G. R., Ed. The Fluctuating Enzyme; Wiley: New York, 1986.
191. Sumi, H.; Ulstrup, J. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1988, 955, 26. Sumi, H. J. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 3334.
192. Sumi, H.; Ulstrup, J. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1988, 955, 26. Sumi, H. J. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 3334.
193. Gunner, M. R.; Robertson, D. E.; Dutton, P. L. J. Phys. Chem. 1986, 90, 3783.
194. The Photosynthetic Bacterial Reaction Centre; Breton, J., Verméglio, A., Eds. NATO Advanced Science Institutes Series A 149; Plenum: New York, 1988.
195. Axup, A. W.; Albin, M.; Mayo, S. L.; Crutchley, R. J.; Gray, H. B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988, 110, 435.
196. Mines, G. A.; Bjerrum, M. J.; Hill, M. G.; Casimiro, D. R.; Chang, I.-Jy; Winkler, J. R.; Gray, H. B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 1961.
197. Austin, R. H.; Beeson, K. W.; Eisenstein, L.; Frauenfelder, H.; Gunsalus, I. C. Biochemistry 1975, 14, 5355.
198. Ansari, A.; Berendsen, J.; Bowne, S. F.; Frauenfelder, H.; Iben, I. E. T.; Sauke, T. B.; Shyamsunder, E.; Young, R. D. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1985, 82, 5000.
199. Frauenfelder, H.; Sugar, S.; Wolynes, P. G. Science 1991, 254, 1598.
200. Ehrenstein, D.; Filiaci, M.; Scharf, B.; Engelhard, M.; Steinbach, P. J., Nienhaus, G. U. Biochemistry 1995, 34, 12170.
201. Agmon, N.; Hopfield, J. J. Chem. Phys. 1983, 78, 6947. Agmon, N.; Rabinovich, S. J. Chem. Phys. 1992, 97, 7270.
202. Agmon, N.; Hopfield, J. J. Chem. Phys. 1983, 78, 6947. Agmon, N.; Rabinovich, S. J. Chem. Phys. 1992, 97, 7270.
203. Sumi, H.; Marcus, R. A. J. Chem. Phys. 1986, 84, 4894.
204. Kuznetsov, A. M. Elektrokhimiya, 1984, 20, 1233. Belousov, A. A.; Kuznetsov, A. M. Elektrokhimiya 1985, 21, 1409.
205. Kuznetsov, A. M. Elektrokhimiya, 1984, 20, 1233. Belousov, A. A.; Kuznetsov, A. M. Elektrokhimiya 1985, 21, 1409.
206. Belousov, A. A.; Kuznesov, A. M.; Ulstrup, J. Chem. Phys. 1989, 129, 311.
207. McCammon, J. A.; Northrup, S. H.; Allison, S. A. J. Phys. Chem. 1986, 90, 3901.
208. Sines, J. J.; McCammon, J. A.; Allison, S. A. J. Comput. Chem. 1992, 13, 66.
209. Dogonadze, R. R.; Kuznetsov, A. M.; Ulstrup, J. J. Theor. Biol. 1977, 69, 239.
210. Iversen, G.; Kharkats, Yu. I.; Ulstrup, J. Mol. Phys. Submitted for publication.
211. Moser, C. C.; Keske, J. M.; Warncke, K.; Farid, R.S.; Dutton, P. L. Nature 1992, 355, 796.
212. McConnell, H. M. J. Chem. Phys. 1961, 35, 508.
213. Halpern, J.; Orgel, L. E. Discuss. Faraday Soc. 1960, 29, 32.
214. Vol'kenshtein, M. V.; Dogonadze, R. R.; Madumarov, A. K.; Kharkats, Yu. I. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Fiz. Khim. 1971, 199, 124.
215. Dogonadze, R. R.; Ulstrup, J.; Kharkats, Yu. I. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1972, 39, 47.
216. Kuznetsov, A. M.; Kharkats, Yu. I. Elektrokhimiya 1976, 12, 1277. 1977, 13, 1498.
217. Kuznetsov, A. M.; Kharkats, Yu. I. Elektrokhimiya 1976, 12, 1277. 1977, 13, 1498.
218. Kharkats, Yu. I.; Madumarov, A. K.; Vorotyntsev, M. A. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 2 1974, 70, 1578.
219. Kuznetsov, A. M.; Ulstrup, J. J. Chem. Phys. 1981, 75, 2047.
220. Kharkats, Yu. I.; Ulstrup, J. Chem. Phys. Lett 1991, 182, 81.
221. Jortner, J. Chem. Phys. 1976, 64, 4860.
222. Bixon, M.; Jortner, J. J. Phys. Chem. 1988, 92, 7148.
223. Beratan, D. N.; Onuchic, J. N.; Hopfield, J. J. J. Chem. Phys. 1987, 86, 4488.
224. Beratan, D. N.; Betts, J. N.; Onuchic, J. N. Science 1992, 252, 1285.
225. Stuchebrukhov, A. A.; Marcus, R. A. J. Phys. Chem. 1995, 99, 7581 and references cited therein.
226. Kharkats, Yu. I.; Kuznetsov, A. M.; Ulstrup, J. J. Phys. Chem. 1995, 99, 13545.
227. Christensen, H. E. M.; Conrad, L. S.; Mikkelsen, K. V.; Nielsen, M. K.; Ulstrup, J. Inorg. Chem. 1990, 29, 2808.
228. Jortner, J.; Bixon, M. In Protein Structure. Molecular and Electronic Reactivity; Auston, R., Bukhs, E., Chance, B., DeVault, D. C., Dutton, P. L., Frauenfelder, H., Gol'danskij, V. I., Eds.; Springer-Verlag: New York; p 277.
229. Nar, H.; Messerschmidt, A.; Huber, R. J. Mol. Biol. 1991, 221, 765.
230. Farver, O.; Skov, L. K.; Pascher, T.; Karlsson, B. G.; Nordling, M.; Lundberg, L. G.; Vänngård, T.; Pecht, I. Biochemistry 1993, 32, 7317.
231. Christensen, H. E. M.; Conrad, L. S.; Hammerstad-Pedersen, J. M.; Mikkelsen, K. V.; Ulstrup, J. In Nanostructures Based on Molecular Materials; Göpel, W., Ziegler, C., Eds.; Verlag Chemie: Weinheim, 1992; p 14.
232. Kuznetsov, A. M. New J. Chem. 1980, 5, 427.
233. Kuznetsov, A. M.; Ulstrup, J. Phys. Status Solidi B 1982, 114, 673.
234. Kuznetsov, A. M.; Vigdorovich, M. D.; Ulstrup, J. Chem. Phys. 1993, 176, 539.
235. Conrad, L. S.; Karlsson, J.-J.; Ulstrup, J. Eur. J. Biochem. 1995, 231, 133.
236. Zakaraya, M. G.; Ulstrup, J. Chem. Phys. 1989, 135, 49.
237. Zakaraya, M. G.; Ulstrup, J. Opt. Spektros. 1991, 71, 134.
238. Kuznetsov, A. M.; Ulstrup, J. Surf. Coat. Technol. 1994, 67, 193. (c) Kuznetsov, A. M., Ulstrup, J. Elektrokhimiya 1995, 244.
239. Kuznetsov, A. M.; Ulstrup, J. Surf. Coat. Technol. 1994, 67, 193. (c) Kuznetsov, A. M., Ulstrup, J. Elektrokhimiya 1995, 244.
240. Kornyshev, A. A.; Kuznetsov, A. M.; Ulstrup, J. J. Phys. Chem. 1994, 98, 3832.
241. Kornyshev, A. A.; Kuznetsov, A. M.; Stimming, U.; Ulstrup, J. J. Phys. Chem. 1996, 100, 11175, 11184.
242. Ioselevich, A.; Kiselev, V.; Koruyshev, A. A. To be published.
243. Krishtalik, L. I. In The Chemical Physics of Salvation. Part C. Solvation in Specific Physical, Chemical and Biological Systems; Dogonadze, R. R., Kálmán, E., Kornyshev, A. A., Ulstrup, J., Eds.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, 1988; p 707. Krishtalik, L. I.; Mertz, E.; Topolev, V. V. In Electron and Ion Transfer in Condensed Media; Kornyshev, A. A., Tosi, M. P., Ulstrup, J., Eds.; World Scientific: Singapore, 1997. In press.
244. Krishtalik, L. I. In The Chemical Physics of Salvation. Part C. Solvation in Specific Physical, Chemical and Biological Systems; Dogonadze, R. R., Kálmán, E., Kornyshev, A. A., Ulstrup, J., Eds.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, 1988; p 707. Krishtalik, L. I.; Mertz, E.; Topolev, V. V. In Electron and Ion Transfer in Condensed Media; Kornyshev, A. A., Tosi, M. P., Ulstrup, J., Eds.; World Scientific: Singapore, 1997. In press.