The Michigan county agents and the development of juvenile probation, 1873-1900

Journal of Social History

Volumn 30, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 905-935

  Hurl, Lorna F ^a   Tucker, David J ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WINDSOR   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0031161516     PISSN: 00224529     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/jsh/30.4.905     Document Type: Review

References (123)

1. Charles L. Chute and Marjorie Bell, Crime, Courts and Probation (New York, 1956); Anthony Platt, The Child Savers: The Invention of Delinquency (Chicago, 1969); Sanford (1970): 1187-1293; Joseph M. Hawes, Children in Urban Society: Juvenile Delinquency in Nineteenth-Century America (New York, 1971); Charles Larsen, The Good Fight: The Life and Times of Ben B. Lindsey (Chicago, 1972); Robert M. Mennel, Thorns & Thistles: Juvenile Deliquents in the United States 1825-1940 (Hanover NH, 1973); J. Lawrence Schultz, "The Cycle of Juvenile Court History," Crime and Delinquency 19 (1978): 457-76; Ellen Ryerson, The Best Laid Plans: America's Juvenile Court Experiment (New York, 1978); David J. Rothman, Conscience and Convenience: The Asylum and its Alternatives in Progressive America (Boston MA, 1980); Peter C. Holloran, Boston's Wayward Children: Social Services for Homeless Children 1830-1930 (London, 1989); Eric C. Schneider, In the Web of Class: Delinquents and Reformers in Boston, 1810s-1930s (New York, 1992); Paul Colomy and Martin Kretzmann, "Projects and Institution Building: Judge Ben B. Lindsey and the Juvenile Court Movement," Social Problems 42 no. 2 (May 1995), 191-215.
2. Charles L. Chute and Marjorie Bell, Crime, Courts and Probation (New York, 1956); Anthony Platt, The Child Savers: The Invention of Delinquency (Chicago, 1969); Sanford (1970): 1187-1293; Joseph M. Hawes, Children in Urban Society: Juvenile Delinquency in Nineteenth-Century America (New York, 1971); Charles Larsen, The Good Fight: The Life and Times of Ben B. Lindsey (Chicago, 1972); Robert M. Mennel, Thorns & Thistles: Juvenile Deliquents in the United States 1825-1940 (Hanover NH, 1973); J. Lawrence Schultz, "The Cycle of Juvenile Court History," Crime and Delinquency 19 (1978): 457-76; Ellen Ryerson, The Best Laid Plans: America's Juvenile Court Experiment (New York, 1978); David J. Rothman, Conscience and Convenience: The Asylum and its Alternatives in Progressive America (Boston MA, 1980); Peter C. Holloran, Boston's Wayward Children: Social Services for Homeless Children 1830-1930 (London, 1989); Eric C. Schneider, In the Web of Class: Delinquents and Reformers in Boston, 1810s-1930s (New York, 1992); Paul Colomy and Martin Kretzmann, "Projects and Institution Building: Judge Ben B. Lindsey and the Juvenile Court Movement," Social Problems 42 no. 2 (May 1995), 191-215.
3. Charles L. Chute and Marjorie Bell, Crime, Courts and Probation (New York, 1956); Anthony Platt, The Child Savers: The Invention of Delinquency (Chicago, 1969); Sanford (1970): 1187-1293; Joseph M. Hawes, Children in Urban Society: Juvenile Delinquency in Nineteenth-Century America (New York, 1971); Charles Larsen, The Good Fight: The Life and Times of Ben B. Lindsey (Chicago, 1972); Robert M. Mennel, Thorns & Thistles: Juvenile Deliquents in the United States 1825-1940 (Hanover NH, 1973); J. Lawrence Schultz, "The Cycle of Juvenile Court History," Crime and Delinquency 19 (1978): 457-76; Ellen Ryerson, The Best Laid Plans: America's Juvenile Court Experiment (New York, 1978); David J. Rothman, Conscience and Convenience: The Asylum and its Alternatives in Progressive America (Boston MA, 1980); Peter C. Holloran, Boston's Wayward Children: Social Services for Homeless Children 1830-1930 (London, 1989); Eric C. Schneider, In the Web of Class: Delinquents and Reformers in Boston, 1810s-1930s (New York, 1992); Paul Colomy and Martin Kretzmann, "Projects and Institution Building: Judge Ben B. Lindsey and the Juvenile Court Movement," Social Problems 42 no. 2 (May 1995), 191-215.
4. Charles L. Chute and Marjorie Bell, Crime, Courts and Probation (New York, 1956); Anthony Platt, The Child Savers: The Invention of Delinquency (Chicago, 1969); Sanford (1970): 1187-1293; Joseph M. Hawes, Children in Urban Society: Juvenile Delinquency in Nineteenth-Century America (New York, 1971); Charles Larsen, The Good Fight: The Life and Times of Ben B. Lindsey (Chicago, 1972); Robert M. Mennel, Thorns & Thistles: Juvenile Deliquents in the United States 1825-1940 (Hanover NH, 1973); J. Lawrence Schultz, "The Cycle of Juvenile Court History," Crime and Delinquency 19 (1978): 457-76; Ellen Ryerson, The Best Laid Plans: America's Juvenile Court Experiment (New York, 1978); David J. Rothman, Conscience and Convenience: The Asylum and its Alternatives in Progressive America (Boston MA, 1980); Peter C. Holloran, Boston's Wayward Children: Social Services for Homeless Children 1830-1930 (London, 1989); Eric C. Schneider, In the Web of Class: Delinquents and Reformers in Boston, 1810s-1930s (New York, 1992); Paul Colomy and Martin Kretzmann, "Projects and Institution Building: Judge Ben B. Lindsey and the Juvenile Court Movement," Social Problems 42 no. 2 (May 1995), 191-215.
5. Charles L. Chute and Marjorie Bell, Crime, Courts and Probation (New York, 1956); Anthony Platt, The Child Savers: The Invention of Delinquency (Chicago, 1969); Sanford (1970): 1187-1293; Joseph M. Hawes, Children in Urban Society: Juvenile Delinquency in Nineteenth-Century America (New York, 1971); Charles Larsen, The Good Fight: The Life and Times of Ben B. Lindsey (Chicago, 1972); Robert M. Mennel, Thorns & Thistles: Juvenile Deliquents in the United States 1825-1940 (Hanover NH, 1973); J. Lawrence Schultz, "The Cycle of Juvenile Court History," Crime and Delinquency 19 (1978): 457-76; Ellen Ryerson, The Best Laid Plans: America's Juvenile Court Experiment (New York, 1978); David J. Rothman, Conscience and Convenience: The Asylum and its Alternatives in Progressive America (Boston MA, 1980); Peter C. Holloran, Boston's Wayward Children: Social Services for Homeless Children 1830-1930 (London, 1989); Eric C. Schneider, In the Web of Class: Delinquents and Reformers in Boston, 1810s-1930s (New York, 1992); Paul Colomy and Martin Kretzmann, "Projects and Institution Building: Judge Ben B. Lindsey and the Juvenile Court Movement," Social Problems 42 no. 2 (May 1995), 191-215.
6. Charles L. Chute and Marjorie Bell, Crime, Courts and Probation (New York, 1956); Anthony Platt, The Child Savers: The Invention of Delinquency (Chicago, 1969); Sanford (1970): 1187-1293; Joseph M. Hawes, Children in Urban Society: Juvenile Delinquency in Nineteenth-Century America (New York, 1971); Charles Larsen, The Good Fight: The Life and Times of Ben B. Lindsey (Chicago, 1972); Robert M. Mennel, Thorns & Thistles: Juvenile Deliquents in the United States 1825-1940 (Hanover NH, 1973); J. Lawrence Schultz, "The Cycle of Juvenile Court History," Crime and Delinquency 19 (1978): 457-76; Ellen Ryerson, The Best Laid Plans: America's Juvenile Court Experiment (New York, 1978); David J. Rothman, Conscience and Convenience: The Asylum and its Alternatives in Progressive America (Boston MA, 1980); Peter C. Holloran, Boston's Wayward Children: Social Services for Homeless Children 1830-1930 (London, 1989); Eric C. Schneider, In the Web of Class: Delinquents and Reformers in Boston, 1810s-1930s (New York, 1992); Paul Colomy and Martin Kretzmann, "Projects and Institution Building: Judge Ben B. Lindsey and the Juvenile Court Movement," Social Problems 42 no. 2 (May 1995), 191-215.
7. Charles L. Chute and Marjorie Bell, Crime, Courts and Probation (New York, 1956); Anthony Platt, The Child Savers: The Invention of Delinquency (Chicago, 1969); Sanford (1970): 1187-1293; Joseph M. Hawes, Children in Urban Society: Juvenile Delinquency in Nineteenth-Century America (New York, 1971); Charles Larsen, The Good Fight: The Life and Times of Ben B. Lindsey (Chicago, 1972); Robert M. Mennel, Thorns & Thistles: Juvenile Deliquents in the United States 1825-1940 (Hanover NH, 1973); J. Lawrence Schultz, "The Cycle of Juvenile Court History," Crime and Delinquency 19 (1978): 457-76; Ellen Ryerson, The Best Laid Plans: America's Juvenile Court Experiment (New York, 1978); David J. Rothman, Conscience and Convenience: The Asylum and its Alternatives in Progressive America (Boston MA, 1980); Peter C. Holloran, Boston's Wayward Children: Social Services for Homeless Children 1830-1930 (London, 1989); Eric C. Schneider, In the Web of Class: Delinquents and Reformers in Boston, 1810s-1930s (New York, 1992); Paul Colomy and Martin Kretzmann, "Projects and Institution Building: Judge Ben B. Lindsey and the Juvenile Court Movement," Social Problems 42 no. 2 (May 1995), 191-215.
8. Charles L. Chute and Marjorie Bell, Crime, Courts and Probation (New York, 1956); Anthony Platt, The Child Savers: The Invention of Delinquency (Chicago, 1969); Sanford (1970): 1187-1293; Joseph M. Hawes, Children in Urban Society: Juvenile Delinquency in Nineteenth-Century America (New York, 1971); Charles Larsen, The Good Fight: The Life and Times of Ben B. Lindsey (Chicago, 1972); Robert M. Mennel, Thorns & Thistles: Juvenile Deliquents in the United States 1825-1940 (Hanover NH, 1973); J. Lawrence Schultz, "The Cycle of Juvenile Court History," Crime and Delinquency 19 (1978): 457-76; Ellen Ryerson, The Best Laid Plans: America's Juvenile Court Experiment (New York, 1978); David J. Rothman, Conscience and Convenience: The Asylum and its Alternatives in Progressive America (Boston MA, 1980); Peter C. Holloran, Boston's Wayward Children: Social Services for Homeless Children 1830-1930 (London, 1989); Eric C. Schneider, In the Web of Class: Delinquents and Reformers in Boston, 1810s-1930s (New York, 1992); Paul Colomy and Martin Kretzmann, "Projects and Institution Building: Judge Ben B. Lindsey and the Juvenile Court Movement," Social Problems 42 no. 2 (May 1995), 191-215.
9. Charles L. Chute and Marjorie Bell, Crime, Courts and Probation (New York, 1956); Anthony Platt, The Child Savers: The Invention of Delinquency (Chicago, 1969); Sanford (1970): 1187-1293; Joseph M. Hawes, Children in Urban Society: Juvenile Delinquency in Nineteenth-Century America (New York, 1971); Charles Larsen, The Good Fight: The Life and Times of Ben B. Lindsey (Chicago, 1972); Robert M. Mennel, Thorns & Thistles: Juvenile Deliquents in the United States 1825-1940 (Hanover NH, 1973); J. Lawrence Schultz, "The Cycle of Juvenile Court History," Crime and Delinquency 19 (1978): 457-76; Ellen Ryerson, The Best Laid Plans: America's Juvenile Court Experiment (New York, 1978); David J. Rothman, Conscience and Convenience: The Asylum and its Alternatives in Progressive America (Boston MA, 1980); Peter C. Holloran, Boston's Wayward Children: Social Services for Homeless Children 1830-1930 (London, 1989); Eric C. Schneider, In the Web of Class: Delinquents and Reformers in Boston, 1810s-1930s (New York, 1992); Paul Colomy and Martin Kretzmann, "Projects and Institution Building: Judge Ben B. Lindsey and the Juvenile Court Movement," Social Problems 42 no. 2 (May 1995), 191-215.
10. Charles L. Chute and Marjorie Bell, Crime, Courts and Probation (New York, 1956); Anthony Platt, The Child Savers: The Invention of Delinquency (Chicago, 1969); Sanford (1970): 1187-1293; Joseph M. Hawes, Children in Urban Society: Juvenile Delinquency in Nineteenth-Century America (New York, 1971); Charles Larsen, The Good Fight: The Life and Times of Ben B. Lindsey (Chicago, 1972); Robert M. Mennel, Thorns & Thistles: Juvenile Deliquents in the United States 1825-1940 (Hanover NH, 1973); J. Lawrence Schultz, "The Cycle of Juvenile Court History," Crime and Delinquency 19 (1978): 457-76; Ellen Ryerson, The Best Laid Plans: America's Juvenile Court Experiment (New York, 1978); David J. Rothman, Conscience and Convenience: The Asylum and its Alternatives in Progressive America (Boston MA, 1980); Peter C. Holloran, Boston's Wayward Children: Social Services for Homeless Children 1830-1930 (London, 1989); Eric C. Schneider, In the Web of Class: Delinquents and Reformers in Boston, 1810s-1930s (New York, 1992); Paul Colomy and Martin Kretzmann, "Projects and Institution Building: Judge Ben B. Lindsey and the Juvenile Court Movement," Social Problems 42 no. 2 (May 1995), 191-215.
11. Charles L. Chute and Marjorie Bell, Crime, Courts and Probation (New York, 1956); Anthony Platt, The Child Savers: The Invention of Delinquency (Chicago, 1969); Sanford (1970): 1187-1293; Joseph M. Hawes, Children in Urban Society: Juvenile Delinquency in Nineteenth-Century America (New York, 1971); Charles Larsen, The Good Fight: The Life and Times of Ben B. Lindsey (Chicago, 1972); Robert M. Mennel, Thorns & Thistles: Juvenile Deliquents in the United States 1825-1940 (Hanover NH, 1973); J. Lawrence Schultz, "The Cycle of Juvenile Court History," Crime and Delinquency 19 (1978): 457-76; Ellen Ryerson, The Best Laid Plans: America's Juvenile Court Experiment (New York, 1978); David J. Rothman, Conscience and Convenience: The Asylum and its Alternatives in Progressive America (Boston MA, 1980); Peter C. Holloran, Boston's Wayward Children: Social Services for Homeless Children 1830-1930 (London, 1989); Eric C. Schneider, In the Web of Class: Delinquents and Reformers in Boston, 1810s-1930s (New York, 1992); Paul Colomy and Martin Kretzmann, "Projects and Institution Building: Judge Ben B. Lindsey and the Juvenile Court Movement," Social Problems 42 no. 2 (May 1995), 191-215.
12. Charles L. Chute and Marjorie Bell, Crime, Courts and Probation (New York, 1956); Anthony Platt, The Child Savers: The Invention of Delinquency (Chicago, 1969); Sanford (1970): 1187-1293; Joseph M. Hawes, Children in Urban Society: Juvenile Delinquency in Nineteenth-Century America (New York, 1971); Charles Larsen, The Good Fight: The Life and Times of Ben B. Lindsey (Chicago, 1972); Robert M. Mennel, Thorns & Thistles: Juvenile Deliquents in the United States 1825-1940 (Hanover NH, 1973); J. Lawrence Schultz, "The Cycle of Juvenile Court History," Crime and Delinquency 19 (1978): 457-76; Ellen Ryerson, The Best Laid Plans: America's Juvenile Court Experiment (New York, 1978); David J. Rothman, Conscience and Convenience: The Asylum and its Alternatives in Progressive America (Boston MA, 1980); Peter C. Holloran, Boston's Wayward Children: Social Services for Homeless Children 1830-1930 (London, 1989); Eric C. Schneider, In the Web of Class: Delinquents and Reformers in Boston, 1810s-1930s (New York, 1992); Paul Colomy and Martin Kretzmann, "Projects and Institution Building: Judge Ben B. Lindsey and the Juvenile Court Movement," Social Problems 42 no. 2 (May 1995), 191-215.
13. Elizabeth C. Putnam, "Massachusetts State Care of Children," Charities 13 no. 15 (1905): 360-364; Homer Folks, The Care of Destitute, Neglected, and Delinquent Children (New York, 1902); Frederic Almy, "Juvenile Courts and Probation," Juvenile Record 3 no. 1 (1902): 8-9; Julian W. Mack, "The Juvenile Court," Harvard Law Review 23 (1909): 104; Charles L. Chute, Probation in Children's Courts, monograph prepared for the Children's Bureau, "Dependent, Defective and Delinquent Series no. 11" (Washington, 1921).
14. Elizabeth C. Putnam, "Massachusetts State Care of Children," Charities 13 no. 15 (1905): 360-364; Homer Folks, The Care of Destitute, Neglected, and Delinquent Children (New York, 1902); Frederic Almy, "Juvenile Courts and Probation," Juvenile Record 3 no. 1 (1902): 8-9; Julian W. Mack, "The Juvenile Court," Harvard Law Review 23 (1909): 104; Charles L. Chute, Probation in Children's Courts, monograph prepared for the Children's Bureau, "Dependent, Defective and Delinquent Series no. 11" (Washington, 1921).
15. Elizabeth C. Putnam, "Massachusetts State Care of Children," Charities 13 no. 15 (1905): 360-364; Homer Folks, The Care of Destitute, Neglected, and Delinquent Children (New York, 1902); Frederic Almy, "Juvenile Courts and Probation," Juvenile Record 3 no. 1 (1902): 8-9; Julian W. Mack, "The Juvenile Court," Harvard Law Review 23 (1909): 104; Charles L. Chute, Probation in Children's Courts, monograph prepared for the Children's Bureau, "Dependent, Defective and Delinquent Series no. 11" (Washington, 1921).
16. Elizabeth C. Putnam, "Massachusetts State Care of Children," Charities 13 no. 15 (1905): 360-364; Homer Folks, The Care of Destitute, Neglected, and Delinquent Children (New York, 1902); Frederic Almy, "Juvenile Courts and Probation," Juvenile Record 3 no. 1 (1902): 8-9; Julian W. Mack, "The Juvenile Court," Harvard Law Review 23 (1909): 104; Charles L. Chute, Probation in Children's Courts, monograph prepared for the Children's Bureau, "Dependent, Defective and Delinquent Series no. 11" (Washington, 1921).
17. Elizabeth C. Putnam, "Massachusetts State Care of Children," Charities 13 no. 15 (1905): 360-364; Homer Folks, The Care of Destitute, Neglected, and Delinquent Children (New York, 1902); Frederic Almy, "Juvenile Courts and Probation," Juvenile Record 3 no. 1 (1902): 8-9; Julian W. Mack, "The Juvenile Court," Harvard Law Review 23 (1909): 104; Charles L. Chute, Probation in Children's Courts, monograph prepared for the Children's Bureau, "Dependent, Defective and Delinquent Series no. 11" (Washington, 1921).
18. Folks, The Care of Destitute, Neglected, and Delinquent Children; Almy, "Juvenile Courts and Probation," Helen Page Bates, "Digest of Statutes Relating to Juvenile Courts and Probation Systems," Charities 13 no. 15 (1905): 329-343; Timothy Hurley, "Origin of the Juvenile Court Law" and "Juvenile Court Laws Adopted in Other States," Juvenile Record 3 no. 6 (1902): 6-9 and 11.
19. Folks, The Care of Destitute, Neglected, and Delinquent Children; Almy, "Juvenile Courts and Probation," Helen Page Bates, "Digest of Statutes Relating to Juvenile Courts and Probation Systems," Charities 13 no. 15 (1905): 329-343; Timothy Hurley, "Origin of the Juvenile Court Law" and "Juvenile Court Laws Adopted in Other States," Juvenile Record 3 no. 6 (1902): 6-9 and 11.
20. Folks, The Care of Destitute, Neglected, and Delinquent Children; Almy, "Juvenile Courts and Probation," Helen Page Bates, "Digest of Statutes Relating to Juvenile Courts and Probation Systems," Charities 13 no. 15 (1905): 329-343; Timothy Hurley, "Origin of the Juvenile Court Law" and "Juvenile Court Laws Adopted in Other States," Juvenile Record 3 no. 6 (1902): 6-9 and 11.
21. Ben D. Lindsey, "Denver Juvenile Court," Juvenile Record 3 no. 3 (1902): 9-10; "Some Experiences in the Juvenile Court of Denver: The Colorado Juvenile Law," Charities 11 no. 19 (1903): 403-413; "The Reformation of Juvenile Delinquents, Through the Juvenile Court," Proceedings of the National Conference of Charities and Corrections (PNCCC), 1903, p. 206; "The Boy and The Court: The Colorado Law and Its Administration," Charities 13 no. 15 (1905): 350-357; "Recent Progress of the Juvenile Court Movement," PNCCC, 1905, p. 150.
22. Ben D. Lindsey, "Denver Juvenile Court," Juvenile Record 3 no. 3 (1902): 9-10; "Some Experiences in the Juvenile Court of Denver: The Colorado Juvenile Law," Charities 11 no. 19 (1903): 403-413; "The Reformation of Juvenile Delinquents, Through the Juvenile Court," Proceedings of the National Conference of Charities and Corrections (PNCCC), 1903, p. 206; "The Boy and The Court: The Colorado Law and Its Administration," Charities 13 no. 15 (1905): 350-357; "Recent Progress of the Juvenile Court Movement," PNCCC, 1905, p. 150.
23. Ben D. Lindsey, "Denver Juvenile Court," Juvenile Record 3 no. 3 (1902): 9-10; "Some Experiences in the Juvenile Court of Denver: The Colorado Juvenile Law," Charities 11 no. 19 (1903): 403-413; "The Reformation of Juvenile Delinquents, Through the Juvenile Court," Proceedings of the National Conference of Charities and Corrections (PNCCC), 1903, p. 206; "The Boy and The Court: The Colorado Law and Its Administration," Charities 13 no. 15 (1905): 350-357; "Recent Progress of the Juvenile Court Movement," PNCCC, 1905, p. 150.
24. Ben D. Lindsey, "Denver Juvenile Court," Juvenile Record 3 no. 3 (1902): 9-10; "Some Experiences in the Juvenile Court of Denver: The Colorado Juvenile Law," Charities 11 no. 19 (1903): 403-413; "The Reformation of Juvenile Delinquents, Through the Juvenile Court," Proceedings of the National Conference of Charities and Corrections (PNCCC), 1903, p. 206; "The Boy and The Court: The Colorado Law and Its Administration," Charities 13 no. 15 (1905): 350-357; "Recent Progress of the Juvenile Court Movement," PNCCC, 1905, p. 150.
25. Ben D. Lindsey, "Denver Juvenile Court," Juvenile Record 3 no. 3 (1902): 9-10; "Some Experiences in the Juvenile Court of Denver: The Colorado Juvenile Law," Charities 11 no. 19 (1903): 403-413; "The Reformation of Juvenile Delinquents, Through the Juvenile Court," Proceedings of the National Conference of Charities and Corrections (PNCCC), 1903, p. 206; "The Boy and The Court: The Colorado Law and Its Administration," Charities 13 no. 15 (1905): 350-357; "Recent Progress of the Juvenile Court Movement," PNCCC, 1905, p. 150.
26. Folks, The Care of Destitute, Neglected, and Delinquent Children, p. 233.
27. Almy, "Juvenile Courts and Probation," pp. 8-9.
28. Anthony Platt, The Child Savers: The Invention of Delinquency (Chicago, 1969); Fox "Juvenile Justice Reform: An Historical Perspective," pp. 1187-1293.
29. Anthony Platt, The Child Savers: The Invention of Delinquency (Chicago, 1969); Fox "Juvenile Justice Reform: An Historical Perspective," pp. 1187-1293.
30. Mennel, Thorns & Thistles; Schultz, "The Cycle of Juvenile Court History,"; Ryerson, The Best Laid Plans; Rothman, Conscience and Convenience; John R. Sutton, "The Juvenile Court and Social Welfare: Dynamics of Progressive Reform," Law and Society Review, 19 no. 1 (1985): 107-145.
31. Mennel, Thorns & Thistles; Schultz, "The Cycle of Juvenile Court History,"; Ryerson, The Best Laid Plans; Rothman, Conscience and Convenience; John R. Sutton, "The Juvenile Court and Social Welfare: Dynamics of Progressive Reform," Law and Society Review, 19 no. 1 (1985): 107-145.
32. Mennel, Thorns & Thistles; Schultz, "The Cycle of Juvenile Court History,"; Ryerson, The Best Laid Plans; Rothman, Conscience and Convenience; John R. Sutton, "The Juvenile Court and Social Welfare: Dynamics of Progressive Reform," Law and Society Review, 19 no. 1 (1985): 107-145.
33. Mennel, Thorns & Thistles; Schultz, "The Cycle of Juvenile Court History,"; Ryerson, The Best Laid Plans; Rothman, Conscience and Convenience; John R. Sutton, "The Juvenile Court and Social Welfare: Dynamics of Progressive Reform," Law and Society Review, 19 no. 1 (1985): 107-145.
34. Mennel, Thorns & Thistles; Schultz, "The Cycle of Juvenile Court History,"; Ryerson, The Best Laid Plans; Rothman, Conscience and Convenience; John R. Sutton, "The Juvenile Court and Social Welfare: Dynamics of Progressive Reform," Law and Society Review, 19 no. 1 (1985): 107-145.
35. Rothman, Conscience and Convenience, p. 218. Steven L. Scholssman makes the same point in Love & The American Delinquent: The Theory and Practice of "Progressive" Juvenile Courts, 1825-1920 (Chicago, 1977), p. 60.
36. Rothman, Conscience and Convenience, p. 218. Steven L. Scholssman makes the same point in Love & The American Delinquent: The Theory and Practice of "Progressive" Juvenile Courts, 1825-1920 (Chicago, 1977), p. 60.
37. Among recent historians who accept the views of early reformers are Charles L. Chute and Marjorie Bell, Crime, Courts and Probation (New York, 1956); Joseph M. Hawes, Children in Urban Society: Juvenile Delinquency in Nineteenth-Century America, (New York, 1971); Charles Larsen, The Good Fight: The Life and Times of Ben B. Lindsey (Chicago, 1972); Mary Odem, "Maternal Justice in the Juvenile Court: Social Work Practice in Early Twentieth Century United States," paper presented at the Charlotte Towle Conference, School of Social Administration, University of Chicago, May 30-31, 1996. Recent historians who view reformers' claims as political as opposed to factual include Schultz, "The Cycle of Juvenile Court History," 457-76; Rothman, Conscience and Convenience; Sutton, "The Juvenile Court and Social Welfare" pp. 107-145.
38. Among recent historians who accept the views of early reformers are Charles L. Chute and Marjorie Bell, Crime, Courts and Probation (New York, 1956); Joseph M. Hawes, Children in Urban Society: Juvenile Delinquency in Nineteenth-Century America, (New York, 1971); Charles Larsen, The Good Fight: The Life and Times of Ben B. Lindsey (Chicago, 1972); Mary Odem, "Maternal Justice in the Juvenile Court: Social Work Practice in Early Twentieth Century United States," paper presented at the Charlotte Towle Conference, School of Social Administration, University of Chicago, May 30-31, 1996. Recent historians who view reformers' claims as political as opposed to factual include Schultz, "The Cycle of Juvenile Court History," 457-76; Rothman, Conscience and Convenience; Sutton, "The Juvenile Court and Social Welfare" pp. 107-145.
39. Among recent historians who accept the views of early reformers are Charles L. Chute and Marjorie Bell, Crime, Courts and Probation (New York, 1956); Joseph M. Hawes, Children in Urban Society: Juvenile Delinquency in Nineteenth-Century America, (New York, 1971); Charles Larsen, The Good Fight: The Life and Times of Ben B. Lindsey (Chicago, 1972); Mary Odem, "Maternal Justice in the Juvenile Court: Social Work Practice in Early Twentieth Century United States," paper presented at the Charlotte Towle Conference, School of Social Administration, University of Chicago, May 30-31, 1996. Recent historians who view reformers' claims as political as opposed to factual include Schultz, "The Cycle of Juvenile Court History," 457-76; Rothman, Conscience and Convenience; Sutton, "The Juvenile Court and Social Welfare" pp. 107-145.
40. Among recent historians who accept the views of early reformers are Charles L. Chute and Marjorie Bell, Crime, Courts and Probation (New York, 1956); Joseph M. Hawes, Children in Urban Society: Juvenile Delinquency in Nineteenth-Century America, (New York, 1971); Charles Larsen, The Good Fight: The Life and Times of Ben B. Lindsey (Chicago, 1972); Mary Odem, "Maternal Justice in the Juvenile Court: Social Work Practice in Early Twentieth Century United States," paper presented at the Charlotte Towle Conference, School of Social Administration, University of Chicago, May 30-31, 1996. Recent historians who view reformers' claims as political as opposed to factual include Schultz, "The Cycle of Juvenile Court History," 457-76; Rothman, Conscience and Convenience; Sutton, "The Juvenile Court and Social Welfare" pp. 107-145.
41. Among recent historians who accept the views of early reformers are Charles L. Chute and Marjorie Bell, Crime, Courts and Probation (New York, 1956); Joseph M. Hawes, Children in Urban Society: Juvenile Delinquency in Nineteenth-Century America, (New York, 1971); Charles Larsen, The Good Fight: The Life and Times of Ben B. Lindsey (Chicago, 1972); Mary Odem, "Maternal Justice in the Juvenile Court: Social Work Practice in Early Twentieth Century United States," paper presented at the Charlotte Towle Conference, School of Social Administration, University of Chicago, May 30-31, 1996. Recent historians who view reformers' claims as political as opposed to factual include Schultz, "The Cycle of Juvenile Court History," 457-76; Rothman, Conscience and Convenience; Sutton, "The Juvenile Court and Social Welfare" pp. 107-145.
42. Among recent historians who accept the views of early reformers are Charles L. Chute and Marjorie Bell, Crime, Courts and Probation (New York, 1956); Joseph M. Hawes, Children in Urban Society: Juvenile Delinquency in Nineteenth-Century America, (New York, 1971); Charles Larsen, The Good Fight: The Life and Times of Ben B. Lindsey (Chicago, 1972); Mary Odem, "Maternal Justice in the Juvenile Court: Social Work Practice in Early Twentieth Century United States," paper presented at the Charlotte Towle Conference, School of Social Administration, University of Chicago, May 30-31, 1996. Recent historians who view reformers' claims as political as opposed to factual include Schultz, "The Cycle of Juvenile Court History," 457-76; Rothman, Conscience and Convenience; Sutton, "The Juvenile Court and Social Welfare" pp. 107-145.
43. Among recent historians who accept the views of early reformers are Charles L. Chute and Marjorie Bell, Crime, Courts and Probation (New York, 1956); Joseph M. Hawes, Children in Urban Society: Juvenile Delinquency in Nineteenth-Century America, (New York, 1971); Charles Larsen, The Good Fight: The Life and Times of Ben B. Lindsey (Chicago, 1972); Mary Odem, "Maternal Justice in the Juvenile Court: Social Work Practice in Early Twentieth Century United States," paper presented at the Charlotte Towle Conference, School of Social Administration, University of Chicago, May 30-31, 1996. Recent historians who view reformers' claims as political as opposed to factual include Schultz, "The Cycle of Juvenile Court History," 457-76; Rothman, Conscience and Convenience; Sutton, "The Juvenile Court and Social Welfare" pp. 107-145.
44. Scholssman, Love & The American Delinquent, p. 231-32, n. 29.
45. Hawes, Children in Urban Society.
46. Chute and Bell, Crime, Courts and Probation.
47. Folks, The Care of Destitute, Neglected, and Delinquent Children, ch. 5.
48. Ironically, the chairman of the committee that authored this report was C.D. Randall of Michigan. Despite Randall's connections with the SBCC, he was an ardent booster of the Coldwater School, serving on its Board of Control for most of the last quarter of the nineteenth century. He tended to see the Michigan system for dependent and delinquent children almost entirely from the perspective of the Coldwater School. See Lorna Hurl, "Gender and Auspice in the Development of Social Welfare in Michigan, 1869-1900," Social Service Review, 70 no. 4 (1996): 573-612.
49. Richard A. Bolt, Juvenile Offenders in the City of Detroit (Publications of the Michigan Political Science Association, volume 5, no. 3, September 1903).
50. Bates, "Digest of Statutes Relating to Juvenile Courts and Probation Systems," p. 331.
51. Caleb D. Randall, "Systems Compared," Coldwater Reporter, 1897, Records of the Michigan Children's Institute, State Archives of Michigan, vol. 1. For details of the founding of the Michigan State School for Dependent children, see Hurl, "Gender and Auspice."
52. Caleb D. Randall, "Systems Compared," Coldwater Reporter, 1897, Records of the Michigan Children's Institute, State Archives of Michigan, vol. 1. For details of the founding of the Michigan State School for Dependent children, see Hurl, "Gender and Auspice."
53. Third Biennial Report of the SBCC, 1875/76, p. 6-7.
54. Second Biennial Report of the SBCC, 1873/74, p. 56.
55. For a discussion of the early founding of the Coldwater School and the attitudes of Michigan legislators, see Hurl, "Gender and Auspice."
56. Public Acts of Michigan, 1873, no. 171.
57. Charities and Corrections in Michigan 1876-1877: Extracts from Governors' Messages, with Official Reports and Documents (Lansing MI, 1877), p. 27.
58. For elaboration on the agents' work with children from the Coldwater School, see Hurl, "Gender and Auspice," and Eleanore Stern Cramer, "The Michigan State Public School for Dependent Children," (unpublished master's thesis, School of Social Service Administration, University of Chicago 1927).
59. Charities and Corrections in Michigan 1876-1877: Extracts from Governors' Messages, with Official Reports and Documents (Lansing MI, 1877), p. 11.
60. Fourteenth Biennial Report of the SBCC, 1897/98, p. 177.
61. Seventh Biennial Report of the SBCC, 1883/84, p. 206.
62. Second Biennial Report of the SBCC, 1873/74, p. 57.
63. Public Acts of Michigan, 1875, no. 37. Requests for reports could be made by the SBCC, administrators of state children's institutions, or court officials. Agents understood the annual visits to Coldwater School children, stipulated in the legislation though not formally requested by the School, to be included in the $3.00 per case fee. This later became a matter of contention.
64. William McAdoo, "The Settler State: Immigration Policy and the Rise of Institutionalized Racism in Nineteenth Century Michigan" (unpublished doctoral thesis, Department of History, University of Michigan, 1983), p. 431.
65. Census data for 1880, available for 17 of 38 agents, reveal that 47 percent of agents were "men of affairs," 11 percent were engineers, teachers, insurance or real estate agents, 26 percent were farmers, and 16 percent were skilled laborers. Census data for 1900, available for 63 of 72 agents, show that 20 percent were "men of affairs," 30 percent were engineers, teachers, insurance or real estate agents, 21 percent were farmers, 10 percent were skilled laborers, 8 percent were police constables or poorhouse superintendents, 7 percent were unskilled laborers, and 5 percent listed themselves only as "count agent." U.S. Census of Population: Michigan, 1880 and 1900 in U.S. National Archives and Records Service, Tenth Census of the United States, 1880 and Twelfth Census of the United States, 1900 (Washington: NARS).
66. U.S. Census: Tenth Census, 1880 (Washington, 1883) vol. 1. Population, table 2, p. 4, and table 30, pp. 482-85 and U.S. Census: Twelfth Census, 1990 (Washington, 1901), vol. 1. Population, table 1, p. xvii, and table 33, pp. 732-35.
67. U.S. Census: Tenth Census, 1880 (Washington, 1883) vol. 1. Population, table 2, p. 4, and table 30, pp. 482-85 and U.S. Census: Twelfth Census, 1990 (Washington, 1901), vol. 1. Population, table 1, p. xvii, and table 33, pp. 732-35.
68. U.S. Census of Population: Michigan, 1880 and 1900 in U.S. National Archives and Records Service. Tenth Census of the United States, 1880 and Twelfth Census of the United States, 1900 (Washington: NARS). Aging of the agents also accounts for the increase in their average family size from 2 children in 1880 to 3 children in 1900.
69. U.S. Census of Population: Michigan, 1880 and 1900 in U.S. National Archives and Records Service. Tenth Census of the United States, 1880 and Twelfth Census of the United States, 1900 (Washington: NARS). Aging of the agents also accounts for the increase in their average family size from 2 children in 1880 to 3 children in 1900.
70. Second Annual Conference of County Agents, 1883, p. 14.
71. Fourth Annual Conference of County Agents, 1885, p. 9.
72. Eighth Annual Conference of County Agents, 1889, p. 20.
73. Bolt, Juvenile Offenders in the City of Detroit.
74. Seventh Annual Conference of County Agents, 1888, p. 28.
75. Eighth Annual Conference of County Agents, 1889, p. 22.
76. Fourth Annual Conference of County Agents, 1885, p. 28.
77. J. H. Wellings, "The Trial System of Juvenile Offenders," Twelfth Annual Conference of County Agents, 1893, p.20-24. Wellings was agent for Ingham county.
78. Twelfth Annual Conference of County Agents, 1893, p. 20-24.
79. Fourth Annual Conference of County Agents, 1885, pp. 46-47; Fifth Biennial Report of the SBCC, 1881/82, p. 137.
80. Fourth Annual Conference of County Agents, 1885, pp. 46-47; Fifth Biennial Report of the SBCC, 1881/82, p. 137.
81. See Fifth Biennial Report of the SBCC, 1879/80, p. 47.
82. Fourth Annual Conference of County Agents, 1885, p. 28.
83. Public Acts of Michigan, 1883, Act No. 144, "An Act to provide for the compulsory education for children in certain cases."
84. Public Acts of Michigan, 1887, Act No. 222.
85. Fourth Annual Conference of County Agents, 1885, p. 9.
86. Sixth Biennial Report of the SBCC, 1883/884, p. 213.
87. Fifth Biennial Report of the SBCC, 1881/82, p. 46.
88. Sixth Biennial Report of the SBCC, 1883/84, p.213-14.
89. Fifth Biennial Report of the SBCC, 1881/82, p. 45-46.
90. Sixth Annual Conference of County Agents, 1887, p. 18.
91. Seventh Biennial Report of the SBCC, 1883/84, p. 210.
92. Fourth Annual Conference of County Agents, 1885, p. 27.
93. Seventh Annual Conference of County Agents, 1888, p. 15.
94. Tenth Biennial Report of the SBCC, 1889/90, table X, p. 132. The 1889 report for Wayne county revealed 183 arrests, 45 children sent to public institutions, and no indentured children placed or visited. There was no explanation of the lack of reports from Wayne county; an agent was reportedly appointed throughout the decade.
95. Sixth Biennial Report of the SBCC, 1881/82, p. 144, 139.
96. Fourth Annual Conference of County Agents, 1885, p. 55.
97. Seventh Biennial Report of the SBCC, 1883/84, p. 223.
98. Sixth Biennial Report of the SBCC, 1881/82, p. 19.
99. Sixth Biennial Report of the SBCC, 1881/82, p. 136.
100. Sixth Annual Conference of County Agents, 1887, p. 20.
101. Hurl, "Gender and Auspice."
102. E. L. Sprague, "The Proper Homes for the Wards of the State and how to Find Them," Fourth Annual Conference of County Agents, 1885, pp. 43-44.
103. Fifth Annual Conference of County Agents, 1886, p. 31.
104. Ninth Annual Conference of County Agents, 1890, p. 55.
105. Seventh Annual Conference of County Agents, 1888, p. 29.
106. Under the terms of the "Act to prevent crime and punish truancy" children could be brought before a justice of the peace by several individuals, including the mayor, the county supervisor, a parent or the police.
107. The last figures provided for Wayne county, 1889, revealed that approximately 20 percent of all arrests of children in Michigan were made in the Detroit area. Additionally in Detroit, proportionately fewer children in British and American-born parents were arrested (30.6 percent compared with 52.6 percent in the rest of the state); proportionately more children of Irish descent were arrested (17.5 percent compared with 10.5 percent in the rest of the state) and proportionately more children of European descent were arrested (44.8 percent compare with 21.5 percent in the rest of the state).
108. 1880 U. S. Federal Census, table v, p. 395 and 1900 Federal Census; table lxxxv, p. clxxxv.
109. Seventh Annual Conference of County Agents, 1888, p. 11-17.
110. It is interesting to note that in the 1900 census, several Michigan agents listed the position of "county agent" as their primary occupation.
111. Ryerson, The Best Laid Plans: America's Juvenile Court Experiment, p. 88.
112. Governor Fred M. Warner, "Address," Twenty-sixth Annual Conference of the County Agents, 1907, p. 4-5. It is not clear whether the Governor was referring to Richard Tuthill, judge of the Chicago Juvenile Court from 1899 to 1903, or to Julian W. Mack, judge from 1904 to 1907. It is not clear in which forum the judge made this comment. Also, histories of the Chicago juvenile court movement reveal that Chicago reformers visited Massachusetts, using their probation system as the model for the Chicago juvenile court.
113. Schultz, "The Cycle of Juvenile Court History,"; Rothman, Conscience and Convenience; Sutton, "The Juvenile Court and Social Welfare: Dynamics of Progressive Reform," pp. 107-145.
114. Schultz, "The Cycle of Juvenile Court History,"; Rothman, Conscience and Convenience; Sutton, "The Juvenile Court and Social Welfare: Dynamics of Progressive Reform," pp. 107-145.
115. Schultz, "The Cycle of Juvenile Court History,"; Rothman, Conscience and Convenience; Sutton, "The Juvenile Court and Social Welfare: Dynamics of Progressive Reform," pp. 107-145.
116. Platt, The Child Savers; Rothman, Conscience and Convenience.
117. Platt, The Child Savers; Rothman, Conscience and Convenience.
118. See e.g., Roy Lubove, The Professional Altruist: The Emergence of Social Work as a Career, 1880-1930 (Cambridge MA, 1965); Clarke A. Chambers, "Women in the Creation of the Profession of Social Work," Social Service Review 60 (March 1986):1-33; Phyllis Day, A New History of Welfare (Englewood Cliffs NJ, 1990); Mary Odem, "Maternal Justice in the Juvenile Court."
119. See e.g., Roy Lubove, The Professional Altruist: The Emergence of Social Work as a Career, 1880-1930 (Cambridge MA, 1965); Clarke A. Chambers, "Women in the Creation of the Profession of Social Work," Social Service Review 60 (March 1986):1-33; Phyllis Day, A New History of Welfare (Englewood Cliffs NJ, 1990); Mary Odem, "Maternal Justice in the Juvenile Court."
120. See e.g., Roy Lubove, The Professional Altruist: The Emergence of Social Work as a Career, 1880-1930 (Cambridge MA, 1965); Clarke A. Chambers, "Women in the Creation of the Profession of Social Work," Social Service Review 60 (March 1986):1-33; Phyllis Day, A New History of Welfare (Englewood Cliffs NJ, 1990); Mary Odem, "Maternal Justice in the Juvenile Court."
121. See e.g., Roy Lubove, The Professional Altruist: The Emergence of Social Work as a Career, 1880-1930 (Cambridge MA, 1965); Clarke A. Chambers, "Women in the Creation of the Profession of Social Work," Social Service Review 60 (March 1986):1-33; Phyllis Day, A New History of Welfare (Englewood Cliffs NJ, 1990); Mary Odem, "Maternal Justice in the Juvenile Court."
122. Sutton, "The Juvenile Court and Social Welfare: Dynamics of Progressive Reform," p. 110.
123. Gary G. Hamilton and John R. Sutton, "The Problem of Control in the Weak State," Theory and Society 18 (1989): 1-46.